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"We know that non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have analgetic, antipirettan and anti-inflammatory effect. This drugs can decrease pain simptomaticly, the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide and being the drugs of first choice other inflammatory pain. There is many kind NSAIDs that we knaw, like aspirin, parasetamol, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, endometasin, diklofenak, piroksikan and nemosulide. Every kind of NSAIDs has its advantage and dis advantage for that beneficial actions and side effects. That beneficial actions and harmful side effects of NSAID can be associated with its mechanism of action. Using NSAID for children must in attention. This article is expented to give information and to help the collegnes in the selecting drugs NSAID for child."

"Obat golongan anti-inflamasi nonsteroid (AINS) digunakan secara luas sebagai analgesik dan anti-inflamasi. Obat golongan anti-inflamasi nonsteroid (AINS) sangat umum diresepkan, terutama pada penduduk usia lanjut. Risiko mengalami efek yang tidak diinginkan dari penggunaan AINS umumnya terjadi pada penduduk usia lanjut. Secara teori toksisitas AINS kemungkinan dapat meningkat dengan adanya pemakaian bersama sehingga menimbulkan interaksi obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran peresepan dan masalah interaksi obat AINS di Apotek "X" Jakarta Timur. Data penggunaan resep dari 180 resep yang mendapatkan 2 obat atau lebih selama bulan Maret-Mei 2005 dikumpulkan untuk mengidentifikasi terjadinya interaksi obat. Dokter meresepkan secara rata-rata 3 obat secara bersamaan. Ditemukan adanya 96 resep yang mengalami interaksi obat. Diperoleh rata-rata 2 interaksi obat per resep. Melalui uji statistik Kai Kuadrat diketahui adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara jumlah obat dalam satu resep yang mengandung AINS dengan jumlah interaksi obat yang teridentifikasi.

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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) are widely used for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) are very commonly prescribed, especially in the elderly population. Advanced age has emerged as one of the most striking risk factors for all of these factors for all of these adverse effects commonly associated with NSAID therapy . From a theoretical point of view the toxicity of NSAIDs may be increased by coadministration of interacting drugs. This study was conducted to identify prescription and the prevelance of drug interaction of NSAIDs at the Apotek "X" in East Jakarta . Data were collected from 180 recipes., receiving at least 2 concomitant drugs, admitted during the study period of Maret - Mei 2005. Doctor prescribed an average 3 drugs per recipes. 96 recipes of the total recipes were identified as having at least 1 interaction. On average, there were 2 interaction per recipes. Using Chi Square test it was concluded that were a significant correlation between the number of drugs on the recipes contents NSAIDs and the number of interaction were identified."

"Obat tradisional yang oleh masyarakat lebih dikenal sebagai jamu, sudah sejak dahuiu digunakan untuk kesehatan. Berdasarican Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No. 246/ Menkes/ Per/ V/ 1990 tentang Izin Usaha Industri Obat Tradisional dan Pendaftaran Obat Tradisional dinyatakan bahwa obat tradisional tidak boleh mengandung bahan kimia sintetik atau basil isolasi yang berkhasiat obat. Salah satu obat yang mungkin ditambahkan dalam jamu adalah obat-obat golongan anti inflamasi non steroid (AINS). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis obat anti inflamasi non steroid yang digunakan dalam jamu secara kromatografl lapis tipis.. Metode yang digunakan adalah ekstraksi jamu dengan etanol absolut selama 40 detik dilanjutkan dengan kromatografl lapis tipis dengan menggunakan fase gerak toluena ; etanol (7:3) dan etil asetat:metanol:amonia (85:10:5) dengan penampak noda cahaya uv gelombang pendek. Dari sampel yang diperiksa, ditemukan sembilan sampel yang positif mengandung obat golongan anti inflamasi non steroid. Sampel tersebut.yaitu S4, 35, 36, 311 dan 313 mengandung antaigin. 39 mengandung as am mefenamat dan indometasin. Sedangkan 35, 38, 310 dan 311 mengandung parasetamol dan 36 serta 312 mengandung fenilbutazon.

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Indonesian traditional medicine which is widely known as jamu has been used for along time in medicatioa According to the regulation of Minister Of Health No. 246 / Menkes / Per / V / 1990 on Industrial Permission and the Registrj' of Traditional Medicine stated that traditional medicine must not contain chemical substance or active drug isolation product One of possibly added drug in jamu is classified as Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID). This research was aimed to analyze NSAID added in jamu using thin layer chromatography. IT Method applied was jamu extraction with absolute ethanol for 40 seconds followed by TLC using mobile phase toluene : etiianol (7:3) and ethyl acetate: methanol: ammonia (85:10:5) with short waved UV as detection mediod. From samples analyzed, it was found that 9 samples contained NSAID drugs which were S4, S5, S6, S7, Sll, S13 containing antalgin and S9 containing raefenamic acid and indometacin while S5, S8, SIO, Sll contained paracetamol, and S6, SI2 contained phenylbutazoa"

"Anak dengan HIV/AIDS membutuhkan terapi Antiretroviral (ARV) danmerupakan suatu tantangan bagi keluarga untuk tetap mempertahankankepatuhan terhadap terapi. Penelitian kualitatif ini menggunakan pendekatanfenomenologis deskriptif yang bertujuan mengeksplorasi pengalaman keluargamerawat anak dengan HIV/AIDS yang menjalani terapi ARV. Partisipan yangterlibat dalam penelitian ini adalah lima orang. Hasil penelitian inimengidentifikasi 5 tema yaitu 1) dimensi pemberian terapi ARV, 2) keyakinanterhadap pengobatan, 3) dukungan dari tenaga kesehatan terhadap terapi ARV, 4)merasa takut, 5) mengalami proses berduka. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapatmeningkatkan pengetahuan, pengalaman dan masukan bagi perawat dalammemberikan pelayanan keperawatan pada anak dengan HIV/AIDS

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AbstractChildren living with HIV who undergo Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy givechallenge to their family in order to adhere to the therapy. This qualitative studyused descriptive phenomenology approach, the purpose of this study is to explorefamily?s experience in caring children living with HIV who undergoAntiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Five participants were involved in this study. Fivethemes were identified, namely: 1) Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy dimension, 2)faith on the therapy, 3) health professional support in Antiretroviral (ARV)therapy, 4) feeling afraid, and 5) experienced grieving process. From this study, itis suggested that nurses need to improve their knowledge and skill in caringchildren living with HIV."

"Obat golongan anti inflamasi non steroid (AINS) digunakan secara luas sebagai analgesik dan anti inflamasi. Obat golongan anti inflamasi non steroid sangat umum diresepkan, terutama pada pasien usia lanjut. Resiko mengalami efek yang tidak diinginkan dari penggunaan AINS umumnya terjadi pada pasien usia lanjut. Secara teori toksisitas AINS kemungkinan dapat meningkat dengan adanya pemakaian bersama sehingga menimbulkan interaksi obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran peresepan dan masalah interaksi obat AINS di Rumah Sakit Prikasih Jakarta Selatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode survei yang bersifat deskriptif-analitis dan retrospektif. Data diambil dari 156 resep obat AINS pada pasien rawat jalan selama bulan Juni-Agustus 2006. Dari sejumlah resep tersebut ditemukan adanya 58 resep yang mengalami interaksi obat, dimana 38 resep memiliki sedikit interaksi obat, 18 resep kategori sedang dan 4 resep memiliki banyak potensi interaksi obat. Dengan menggunakan uji Kai Kuadrat diketahui hubungan yang bermakna antara jumlah obat dalam satu resep yang mengandung AINS dengan jumlah interaksi obat yang teridentifikasi.Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are very commonly prescribed, especially in the geriatric patients who have emerged as one of the most striking risk factors commonly associated with NSAIDs therapy. From a theoretical point of view the toxicity of NSAIDs may be increased by coadministration with interacting drugs. The objectives of this study were to identify prescription and the prevalence of drug interaction of NSAIDs at the hospital Prikasih in South Jakarta. The method of this study was survey method in analytical-descriptive retrospective. Data were collected from 156 outpatient recipes of NSAIDs admitted during the study period of Juni- Agustus 2006. From the recipes were identified 58 recipes have potency of drug interaction where 36 recipes have a few potency of drug interaction, 18 recipes in medium category, and 4 recipes have many potency of drug interaction. By using Chi Square test it was concluded that were a significant correlation between the number of drugs on the recipes content NSAIDs and the number of interaction were identified."

"Orang dewasa yang lebih tua rentan terhadap masalah terkait narkoba karena polifarmasi dan penurunan fungsi organ. Salah satu obat paling umum yang diresepkan orang dewasa yang lebih tua adalah obat antiinflamasi non steroid (NSAID). NSAID efektif untuk keluhan umum untuk orang dewasa yang lebih tua. Resep NSAID pada lansia perlu dipantau dengan hati-hati untuk menghindari efek samping. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan karakteristik resep NSAID dan menganalisis potensi masalah yang berkaitan dengan NSAID di Puskesmas Kecamatan Kebayoran Baru untuk periode Juli hingga Desember 2018. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan desain studi cross-sectional. Pengambilan data secara rectrospektif dari data resep dengan teknik random sampling. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah resep pasien NSAID dengan usia 60 tahun ke atas pada periode Juli hingga Desember 2018. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 384 resep pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Pengguna NSAID pada pasien usia lanjut terdiri dari 56,25% wanita dan 43,75% pria. Distribusi usia terdiri dari 82,55% usia 60-69, 19,01% berusia 70-79, 1,30% berusia 80-89, dan 0,26% berusia 90-99. Resep polifarmasi ditemukan 15,37%. NSAID yang paling diresepkan adalah natrium diklofenak (69,01%), asam mefenamat (14,32%) dan piroksikam (11,20%). Peristiwa pengobatan yang tidak kompatibel tidak ditemukan. Insiden ketidakcocokan dosis dalam resep NSAIDs untuk pasien usia lanjut di Puskesmas Kecamatan Kebayoran Baru periode Juli hingga Desember 2018 adalah dosis yang melebihi rekomendasi, itu piroksikam (0,78%). Potensi interaksi antar obat adalah 22,34%. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah ada potensi masalah terkait obat NSAID di Puskesmas Kecamatan Kebayoran Baru periode Juli hingga Desember 2018 sehingga diperlukan perbaikan resep dan pemantauan obat untuk meminimalkan masalah terkait obat dan menyediakan terapi obat yang rasional.

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Older adults are vulnerable to drug-related problems due to polypharmacy and decreased organ function. One of the most common medications prescribed by older adults is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs are effective for general complaints for older adults. NSAID prescriptions in the elderly need to be monitored carefully to avoid side effects. This study aims to describe the characteristics of prescription NSAIDs and analyze potential problems related to NSAIDs in the Kebayoran Baru District Health Center for the period July to December 2018. This research is a descriptive study with cross-sectional study design. Retrieving data in a rectrospective way from recipe data with random sampling techniques. The sample in this study was the prescription of NSAID patients aged 60 years and over in the period July to December 2018. This study was conducted on 384 prescription patients who met the inclusion criteria. NSAID users in elderly patients consisted of 56.25% women and 43.75% men. The age distribution consisted of 82.55% aged 60-69, 19.01% aged 70-79, 1.30% aged 80-89, and 0.26% aged 90-99. The polypharmacy prescription was found to be 15.37%. The most prescribed NSAIDs were diclofenac sodium (69.01%), mefenamic acid (14.32%) and piroxicam (11.20%). Incompatible treatment events not found. The incidence of dosage mismatch in NSAIDs prescriptions for elderly patients in the Kebayoran Baru District Health Center for the period July to December 2018 was a dose that exceeded the recommendation, it was piroxicam (0.78%). Potential interactions between drugs are 22.34%. The conclusion of this study is that there are potential problems related to NSAID drugs in the Kebayoran Baru District Health Center in the period July to December 2018 so that it is necessary to improve prescription and drug monitoring to minimize drug-related problems and provide rational drug therapy."

"ABSTRAKObat anti-inflamasi nonsteroid (OAINS) nonselektif banyak digunakan oleh lansia. OAINS nonselektif oral memiliki efek samping terhadap gastrointestinal baik lokal maupun sistemik. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan rute untuk menghantarkan OAINS nonselektif yang nyaman dan efek samping yang minimal. Salah satunya rute alternatif yaitu penghantaran melalui kulit yang disebut rute transdermal. Stratum korneum menjadi tantangan utama dalam rute transdermal. Hal ini dapat dibantu dengan adanya peningkat penetrasi agar jumlah obat dapat mencapai efek terapeutiknya. Peningkat penetrasi sintesis menyebabkan berbagai masalah. Terpen, minyak atsiri, dan asam lemak dapat diperoleh dari alam. Minyak atsiri daun zodia (Evodia suaveolens) memiliki kandungan terpen yaitu linalool, alfa-pinen, dan limonen. Tinjauan ini membahas mengenai hubungan antara OAINS nonselektif dengan sistem penghantaran transdermal, pengaruh peningkat penetrasi dari alam terhadap OAINS nonselektif, serta potensi minyak atsiri daun zodia sebagai peningkat penetrasi pada OAINS nonselektif. Sistem penghantaran transdermal dapat mengurangi efek samping lokal yang terdapat pada gastrointestinal, selain itu sistem transdermal nyaman dan mudah digunakan. Peningkat penetrasi dapat menjadi alternatif untuk peningkat penetrasi sintesis OAINS nonselektif. Dari beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkat penetrasi dari alam mampu meningkatkan penetrasi obat melalui kulit. Kandungan minyak atsiri daun zodia mengandung linalool, alfa-pinen, dan limonen yang dapat berpotensi untuk menjadi peningkat penetrasi OAINS nonselektif. Untuk memperbaiki dari penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya, maka disarankan penelitian dilengkapi dengan membandingkan pengaruh dari kontrol, peningkat penetrasi sintesis (sebagai standar), serta peningkat penetrasi uji; uji kompatibilitas; penggunaan membran hewan (tikus/kelinci) pada uji in vitro; serta uji mekanisme kerja dari peningkat penetrasi

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ABSTRACT

Non-selective anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used by the elderly. Oral non-selective NSAIDs have side effects on both local and systemic gastrointestinal. Therefore, a route is needed to deliver convenient non-selective NSAIDs and minimal side effects. One alternative route is delivery through the skin called the transdermal route. The stratum corneum is the main challenge on the transdermal route. This can be helped by increasing penetration so that the amount of drug can reach its therapeutic effect. Synthesis penetration enhancers causes various problems. The terpenes, essensial oil, and fatty acid can be obtained from nature. Zodia (Evodia suaveolens) contain terpenes namely linalool, alpha-pinene, and limonene. This review discusses the relationship between non-selective NSAIDs and transdermal delivery systems, the effect of penetration enhancers from nature on non-selective NSAIDs, and the potential of Zodia as penetration enhancers in non-selective NSAIDs. The transdermal delivery system can reduce the local side effects in the gastrointestinal, besides that the transdermal system is comfortable and easy to use. Penetration enhancers can be an alternative to synthesis penetration enhancers nonselective NSAIDs. Several studies shown that natural penetration enhancers can increase drug penetration through the skin. The zodia leaf oil contains linalool, alpha-pinene, and limonene which can be potential to increase penetration of non-selective NSAIDs. To improve from previous studies, it is recommended that research should be completed by comparing the effects of controls, synthetic penetration enhancers (as a standard), and penetration enhancer test; compatibility test; use of animal membranes (mice/rabbits) for in vitro tests; and the mechanism action of penetration enhancers testing.

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"Current guide to antibiotic and anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy in ophthalmology and ocular surgery. Coverage includes up-to-date information on new generation fluoroquinolones, new uses of tetracyclines, topical azithromycin, new anti-inflammatory drugs, endophthalmitis prophylaxis and management, and treatment of corneal ulcers, uveitis, cystoid macular edema, blepharitis, and post-refractive keratitis. Close attention is given to preoperative and postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy to optimize outcomes in cataract and refractive surgeries. A section on recent advances includes toxic anterior segment syndrome, topical immune therapy, and nanotechnology"

"Asam salisilat memiliki aktivitas anti-inflamasi dan antioksidan, namun dapat menimbulkan efek samping pada saluran cerna. Modifikasi gugus karboksilat senyawa tersebut menjadi turunan amida dapat menjadi solusi untuk mengatasi kekurangannya. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis senyawa analog salisilamida, 2‐hidroksi‐N‐(piridin‐2‐il)benzamida (1) dan turunan basa Mannich-nya (2a-f). Berdasarkan hasil uji aktivitas anti-inflamasi in vitro dengan metode penghambatan denaturasi protein, senyawa hasil sintesis menunjukkan aktivitas anti-inflamasi dengan hasil uji IC50 pada rentang = 0,118-0,434 mM. Aktivitas tersebut lebih rendah dibandingkan piroksikam yang digunakan sebagai senyawa standar (IC50 = 0,0073 mM). Senyawa 2e, 2‐hidroksi‐N‐(piridin‐2‐il)benzamida tersubstitusi basa Mannich 2,6-dimetilmorfolin merupakan senyawa paling tinggi aktivitasnya. Energi ikatan (DG) yang diperoleh dari studi penambatan molekul adalah -8,49 kkal/mol pada reseptor COX-1 (PDB ID: 1EQG) dan -8,92 kkal/mol pada reseptor COX-2 (PDB ID: 5KIR). Pengujian antioksidan dengan metode DPPH diperoleh rentang IC50 = 0,63-12,90 mM, sedangkan dengan metode FRAP diperoleh EC50 antara 0,68-0,91 mM. Semua senyawa hasil sintesis memiliki aktivitas antioksidan lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan standar asam askorbat (metode DPPH, IC50= 0,0021 mM; metode FRAP, EC50= 0,008 mM).

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Salicylic acid is a natural active substance known to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, but it has side effects in gastrointestinal tract. The modification of its carboxylic groups into amide derivatives can be a solution to overcome its weakness. In this study we synthesized salicylamide analog, 2‐hydroxy‐N‐(pyridine‐2-yl)benzamide (1) and its Mannich base derivatives (2a-f). Based on an in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity test using the inhibition protein denaturation method, the synthesized compounds showed anti-inflammatory activity. The IC50 obtained was in the range of 0.118-0.434 mM. The activity was lower than piroxicam used as a standard compound (IC50 = 0.0073 mM). Compound 2e, 2‐hydroxy‐N‐(pyridine‐2-yl)benzamide substituted by 2,6-dimethylmorpholin Mannich base, showed the highest activity with IC50= 1.18 mM. The binding energy (DG) obtained from molecular docking study was -8.49 kcal/mol and -8.92 kcal/mol for COX-1 and COX-2 receptors (PDB ID: 1EQG and 5KIR) protein target respectively. The antioxidant activity using DPPH test was obtained with IC50 in the range of 0.63-12.90 mM, while using the FRAP method EC50 in the range of 0.68-0.91 mM. All the synthesized compounds had lower antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid used as a standard (DPPH method, IC50 = 0.0021 mM; FRAP methode, EC50 = 0.008 mM)"