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"At the end of treatment with extraction, it is often found root paralleling problem on upper second insicive, lower premolar and adjacent teeth of extraction. This caused by failure of angulation correction on finishing stage. Objective : To describe whether any differences in angulation of teeth after treatment with extraction and without extraction of patients treated in Orthodontic Clinic, RSGM FKGUI. Material and methods : The angulation measurement is doneby using Ursi methode on panoramic radigraphic. Result : Based on independent t test analysis, there were a significant differences (p<0.05) between tooth angulation after orthodontic treatmentwith extraction and without extraction on upper right second premolar and upper left canine, also on lower right canine and lower left second premolar, whereas there are no difference. Conclusion : It appeared that, tooth angulation after orthodontic treatment has a significant differences between extraction case and non extraction case (adjacent teeth of extraction). Panoramic radiograph required before finishing stage to evaluate tooth angulation and root parallelism for increasestability after orthodontic treatment."

"ABSTRAKPencabutan gigi untuk keperluan perawatan ortodonti telah menjadi perdebatan selama bertahun-tahun. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, maka telah dilakukan studi pendahuluan untuk melihat "Kecenderungan perawatan ortodonti dengan pencabutan gigi ditinjau dari faktor usia, jenis kelamin dan maloklusi " pada pasien ortodonti di Jakarta periode tahun 1993 - 1995.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perawatan ortodonti dengan pencabutan cenderung meningkat pada periode tersebut, meskipun prosentasenya masih dalam rentangan 25 % - 85 % . Pasien perempuan jumlahnya lebih banyak daripada laki-laki. Pada penelitian ini terlihat bahwa kelompok umur 13-17 tahun adalah yang terbanyak mendapat perawatan ortodonti dan maloklusi yang terbanyak dijumpai adalah maloklusi klas I .Angka prevalensi dan data-data yang diperoleh memperlihatkan bahwa pencabutan cukup sering menjadi pilihan dalam melakukan perawatan ortodonti, meskipun pasien masih berusia muda dan maloklusi bersifat dental."

"Ekstraksi premolar dalam perawatan ortodonti membantu proses uprighting gigi molar 3 impaksi sehingga dapat erupsi dengan baik. Tujuan: mengukur perubahan angulasi gigi molar 3 rahang bawah yang impaksi mesioangular sebelum dan sesudah perawatan ortodonti. Metode: penelitian ini menggunakan 25 radiograf panoramik berusia 10-21 tahun sebelum dan sesudah perawatan ortodonti. Hasil: uji Wilcoxon dan uji T berpasangan (p<0,05) menunjukkan tidak ada perubahan angulasi molar 3 yang bermakna pada kedua sisi (p>0,05) dan cenderung mengalami peningkatan angulasi dengan meskipun secara statistik perbandingan perubahan keduanya tidak berbeda bermakna (p>0,05). Peningkatan angulasi paling banyak terjadi pada kelompok usia dewasa (17-21 tahun). Kesimpulan: ekstraksi premolar dalam perawatan ortodonti tidak memengaruhi angulasi gigi molar 3 impaksi secara bermakna.

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Premolar extraction in orthodontic treatment helps uprighting process of impacted third molars so that they could erupt well.

Aim: to measure mesioangular impacted lower third molars angulation change during orthodontic treatment.

Methods: this study used 25 panoramic radiograph aged 10-21 years old before and after orthodontic treatment.

Result: Wilcoxon test and paired Ttest (p<0,05) showed there were no significant change in lower third molars angulation on both sides (p>0,05) and tended to experience the increase in angulation though statistically comparison between them were not significant (p>0,05). These increase happen the most in the adult group (17-21 years old).

Conclusion: premolars extraction in orthodontic treatment does not affect impacted third molars angulation significantly."

"Latar Belakang: Kooperasi pasien merupakan faktor yang penting dalam perawatan ortodonti. Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran tingkat kooperasi pasien ortodonti cekat di klinik spesialis ortodonti RSGMP FKG UI.Metode: Penelitian dilakukan pada 94 pasien ortodonti cekat di klinik spesialis ortodonti RSGMP FKG UI yang sudah dirawat selama paling sedikit 12 bulan. Pasien diminta mengisi kuesioner tentang tingkat kooperasi yang digambarkan melalui frekuensi kontrol rutin.Hasil: 43,6% pasien tergolong kooperatif, 43,6% pasien tergolong cukup kooperatif, 7,4% pasien tergolong tidak kooperatif, dan 5,3% pasien tergolong sangat tidak kooperatif.Kesimpulan: Sebagian besar pasien ortodonti cekat di RSGMP FKG UI tergolong kooperatif dan cukup kooperatif.

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Background: Patient's cooperation is important in determining the result of orthodontic treatment.Objective: To understand the cooperation level of patients with fixed orthodontic treatment in Postgraduate Orthodontic Clinic at RSGM-P FKG UI.Methods: A descriptive study of 94 patients with fixed orthodontic treatment treated for at least 12 months. They're asked to fill a questionnaire about cooperation predicted by frequency of miss-appointment.Results: 43.6% patients are cooperative, 43.6% patients are cooperative-enough, 7.4% patients are non-cooperative, and 5.3% patients are very non-cooperative.Conclusion: Majority of patients with fixed orthodontic treatment in Postgraduate Orthodontic Clinic at RSGM-P FKG UI are cooperative and cooperative-enough."

"Smile is a non-verbal communication to express spontaneous feelings and emotions. Most patients that come to have orthodontic treatments want to have an attractive smile, but before the treatment smile has not yet been studied. There are eight components to make ideal frontal smile: lip line, smile arc, upper lip curve, buccal corridor, symmetry of smile, occlusal plane, dental and gingival components. This study was descriptive in design, in order to obtain frontal smile description beforeorthodontic treatment of RSGMP FKG UI patients that were grouped according to facial form, age, and gender. The results of the study show that patient smile before orthodontic treatment frequently exhibits medium lip line and the mean of incisor display at 75% of clinical crown. Most subjects show gingival display of 2 mm or less. On the smile arc, the most common features are straight smile and consonant smile. Equally common smile arc positions are those touching and not touching lower lip. The average buccal corridor is in medium smile, and thus most subjects have straight upper lip curves and symmetric smiles."

"The purpose of this study was to evaluate relapse on mandibular anterior teeth after orthodontic treatment using irregularity index. In total 44 subjects were included, 10 men and 34 woman, aged 15 to 37 years. All patients were Hawley retainers. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the values of irregularity index at the completion of orthodontic therapy (mean ii T2 = 0.57 mm) and in the retention periods (mean ii T3 = 2.36 mm). The changes of mandibular anterior teeth irregularity were in the minimal category for the majority of cases."

"Pendahuluan : Overjet yang besar pada maloklusi kelas II divisi 1 ditengarai mampumenimbulkan gangguan pada sendi temporomandibula. Perawatan ortodontik denganpencabutan dua gigi premolar bertujuan untuk memperbaiki profil sertamenyeimbangkan oklusi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis perubahanposisi kondilus sebelum dan sesudah perawatan ortodontik.Metode : Digunakan 60 foto transkranial sebelum dan sesudah perawatan ortodontik.Subjek penelitian dipilih berdasarkan kriteria inklusi berupa kasus maloklusi kelas IIdivisi 1, ANB ³ 50, overjet ³ 6 mm, memiliki gangguan sendi temporomandibulasebelum perawatan ortodontik dimulai serta memiliki foto transkranial. Evaluasi posisikondilus dilakukan dengan mengukur jarak Anterior Joint Space, Posterior Joint Spacedan Superior Space yang diterjemahkan menjadi posisi supero-anterior dan posisi nonsupero-anterior pada kondilus kanan dan kiri. Perubahan posisi kondilus sebelum dansesudah perawatan ortodontik diuji menggunakan Mc Nemar.Hasil : Diketahui bahwa tidak ada perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05) posisi kondilus sebelumdan sesudah perawatan ortodontik pada kasus maloklusi kelas II divisi 1 denganpencabutan dua gigi premolar. 19 subjek memiliki posisi supero-anterior pada kondiluskanan dan kiri sebelum dan sesudah perawatan, sedangkan 11 subjek memiliki posisi nonsupero-anterior pada kondilus kanan dan kiri sebelum dan sesudah perawatan.Kesimpulan : Perawatan ortodontik disertai pencabutan dua gigi premolar menyebabkanperubahan posisi kondilus, namun tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik. Sebelum dansesudah perawatan ortodontik, sebagian besar kondilus tetap berada di posisi superoanterior.Sesudah perawatan ortodontik, gejala berupa rasa tidak nyaman saat membukamulut lebar dan keterbatasan membuka mulut sudah hilang, sedangkan gejala berupakliking dan krepitasi masih ada.

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Introduction : Increased overjet in malocclusion class II div 1 leads totemporomandibular joint dysfunction. Orthodontic treatment with upper premolarsextraction is due to correct profile and to harmonize occlusion. This paper will analyzealteration condylar position before and after orthodontic treatment.Methods : Transcranial projection was performed of 60 radiographs (30 radiographbefore and 30 radiograph after orthodontic treatment). Subjects were choosed based oninclusion criteria : malocclusion class II div 1, ANB ³ 50, overjet ³ 6 mm, patient hadtemporomandibular symptoms before orthodontic treatment, and all patients hadtranscranial radiograph. Condylar position was determined according to Anterior JointSpace, Posterior Joint Space and Superior Space which convert to supero-anteriorposition condyle right and left and non supero-anterior position condyle right and left.The Mc Nemar Test was used to analyze the data.Results : No statistically significant (p>0,05) alteration condyle position before and afterorthodontic treatment with extraction upper premolar. 19 subjects had supero-anteriorcondyle position, before and after orthodontic treatment and 11 subjects had non superoanteriorcondyle position before and after orthodontic treatment.Conclusion : The results of this study showed that orthodontic treatment with extractionupper premolars cause alteration condylar positions, but not statistically significant.Before and after orthodontic treatment, most of all condyles showed in superoanteriorpositions."

"Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan Indeks Gingiva antara penggunaan sikat gigi ortodonti dan sikat gigi non-ortodonti pada pasien yang dirawat dengan piranti ortodonti cekat. Metode: Penelitian eksperimental klinis, blinded-examiner dengan 32 (tiga puluh dua) subjek yang dibagi secara acak menjadi dua kelompok sikat gigi. Dilakukan pemeriksaan Indeks Gingiva Löe dan Silness pada gigi 16, 21, 25, 36, 41, dan 45 sebelum perlakuan dan tiga minggu setelah perlakuan. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan Indeks Gingiva yang bermakna antara penggunaan sikat gigi ortodonti dan sikat gigi non-ortodonti pada pasien perawatan ortodonti cekat (uji Mann-Whitney; p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Penggunaan sikat gigi ortodonti maupun sikat gigi non-ortodonti, keduanya dapat menurunkan Indeks Gingiva pada pasien perawatan ortodonti cekat.

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Objective: To analyze the differences of Gingival Index between usage of orthodontic toothbrushes and non-orthodontic toothbrushes in fixed orthodontic patients.

Method: The study is clinical experimental with blinded examiner. Thirty-two subjects were randomly divided into two groups of toothbrushes. Examinations were done using Gingival Index Löe and Silness on teeth 16, 21, 25, 36, 41, 45 before experiment and three weeks after experiment.

Result: There was no significant difference in Gingival Index between usage of orthodontic toothbrushes and non-orthodontic toothbrushes in fixed orthodontic patients (Mann-Whitney test; p>0,05).

Conclusion: Usage of orthodontic toothbrush and non-orthodontic toothbrush both can reduce Gingival Index in fixed orthodontic patients."

"A factor to pay attention to in orthodontic treatment is the inclination of upper and lower incisives. The inclination could be evaluated from interincisal angle and angle of upper incisive (UI) with cranium base (SN). This research is to evaluate those angles after the retraction of upper and lower incisives on malocclusion class I with bimaxillary prostrusion. In total, 34 samples were treated using edgewise system. The results show that mean for UI ? LI is 138.06°±1.47°, and for UI ? SN 95.97°±1.27°."

"Latar Belakang: Kebersihan mulut yang baik dibutuhkan oleh pasien yang dirawat dengan alat ortodonti cekat, karena adanya alat-alat ortodonti seperti brackets, arch wire, bands, ligatures dan auxaillaries dapat memudahkan plak dan debris terkumpul di sekitarnya. Salah satu cara kontrol plak gigi yang paling umum ialah dengan menyikat gigi. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan indeks plak antara penggunaan sikat gigi ortodonti dan sikat gigi konvensional pada pasien yang dirawat dengan alat ortodonti cekat. Metode: Pada penelitian eksperimental klinis ini, 32 (tiga puluh dua) subjek yang dibagi secara acak ke dalam dua kelompok yaitu kelompok sikat gigi ortodonti dan kelompok sikat gigi konvensional. Subjek diberikan pasta gigi yang sama dan diinstruksikan untuk menyikat gigi dua kali sehari dengan metode Bass selama dua menit. Skor Indeks Plak diukur sebelum dan sesudah penggunaan sikat gigi selama tiga minggu berturut-turut. Hasil: Hasil uji Mann-Whitney menyimpulkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik antara penggunaan sikat gigi ortodonti dan sikat gigi konvensional pada pasien perawatan ortodonti cekat (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Penggunaan sikat gigi ortodonti maupun sikat gigi konvensional sama-sama efektif menurunkan indeks plak pada pasien yang dirawat dengan alat ortodonti cekat.

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Background: Patients with fixed orthodontic appliances need to maintain good oral hygiene because the presence of orthodontic appliances such as brackets, arch wire, bands, ligatures and auxaillaries can facilitate plaque and debris accumulation around those sites. The most common way to control dental plaque is by toothbrushing.

Aim: To analyze plaque index differences between the use of orthodontic toothbrush and conventional toothbrush in patients with fixed orthodontic treatment.

Method: In this clinical experimental study, thirty two subjects were randomly divided into two groups which are orthodontic toothbrush group and conventional toothbrush group. Subjects were given the same toothpaste and instructed to brush their teeth twice a day with Bass method for two minutes. Plaque index scores were measured before and after three consecutive weeks of toothbrush usage.

Result: The results of Mann-Whitney test concludes that there is no statistically significant difference between the use of orthodontic toothbrush and conventional toothbrush in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances (p>0,05).

Conclusion: The use of orthodontic toothbrush and conventional toothbrush equally effective to decrease plaque index in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances."