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"Fluorosis is a condition due to ingestion of excessive amounts of flour which can cause the change in tooth structure and strength. However, there is still lack of explanation on the surface structure of crystal hydroxyapatite that influences the microscopic characteristic of fluorosis enamel. Objectives: To investigate the surface structure of crystal hydroxy-apatite in fluorosis enamel. Materials and methods: Determination of fluor concentration and the surface structure of normal and fluorosis enamel specimen were carried out by using Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Disperse X-Ray (SEM/ EDX). Results: Fluor concentration of fluorosis enamel was significantly higher with increased surface roughness and porosity than normal enamel. SEM observation also showed gaps areas between enamel rods and visible aprismatic zone in some regions. Conclusion: High level of fluor concentration on fluorosis enamel indicated the subtitution of OH- by F- increasing the surface roughness of enamel surface."

"ABSTRAKRuang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian: Mikoflora yang merupakan bagian dari plak yang melekat di permukaan gigi dan tumbuh dalam biakan anaerob adalah jamur Actinomyces. Di Indonesia, penelitian terhadap mikoflora Actinomyces sebagai bagian dari komposisi plak belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan prevalensi Actinomyces pada plak di dalam kavitas karies, kalkulus dan permukaan utuh gigi; apakah terdapat perbedaan prevalensi menurut lokalisasi plak pada permukaan gigi. Bahan pemeriksaan diambil dari penderita yang datang ke Laboratorium Ilmu Penyakit Mulut FKGUI. Bahan pemeriksaan adalah kerokan jaringan karies di bagian 2/3 oklusal dan bagian 1/3 servikal, kerokan kalkulus supragingiva dan subgingiva, serta kerokan plak pada permukaan utuh gigi. Bahan pemeriksaan dikelompokkan menurut macam penderita, yakni penderita karies (I), penderita kalkulus (II), dan penderita karies dan kalkulus (III). Bahan tersebut dibiak dan diisolasi secara anaerob dalam medium BHI cair. Hasil biakan dianggap positif berdasarkan morfologi sal, dan bentuk makrokoloni dan mikrokoloni Actinomyces sp.Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Telah diperiksa 65 penderita karies dan/atau kalkulus. Pada kelompok I dan II, mikoflora Actinomyces lebih sering ditemukan pada plak di permukaan utuh gigi (14,8% dan 13,3%). Pada kelompok III, Actinomyces lebih sering ditemukan pada plak di dalam kavitas karies di bagian 1/3 servikal (23%). Berdasar lokalisasi plak, pada setiap kelompok tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang bermakna prevalensi Actinomyces. Mikoflora yang ditemukan dari isolasi anaerob sebagian besar (90,7%) adalah Actinomyces AR. yang fakultatif anaerob.

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ABSTRACT

Scope and Method of Study: The mycoflora isolated from dental plaques and grown anaerobically are fungi which belong to the genus Actinomyces. In Indonesia, the study of Actinomyces sp. as a part in the composition of dental plaque has not been reported. This study was taken to determine the prevalence of Actinomyces as a part of dental plaque the cavity of caries, on calculus and in the plaque deposited on the smooth teeth surface, whether the prevalence differ according to the location of the plaque. The clinical materials were taken from patients who attended the Laboratory of Oral Medicine of the School of Dentistry of the University of Indonesia. The materials are caries tissues taken from 2/3 occlusal and 1/3 cervical of the tooth, curettage of supragingival and subgingival calculus and from plaques deposited on the smooth teeth surface. The material was divided into three groups according to the condition of the patients: the patients with caries (I), patients with calculus (II), and patients with both caries and calculus {III). The samples were cultured on BHI broth and isolated anaerobically. The identification of positive cultures was based on the morphology of the cell, as well as by studying the shape of macro and microcolonies.

Findings and Conclusions: A total of 65 patients had been observed. In group I and II, Actinomyces sp. was found most frequently on plaques of the smooth teeth surface (14,8 % and !3,3 %, respectively). In group III, Actinomyces sp. was most frequent on plaques in the cavity of caries at 1/3 cervical part of the teeth {23 %). There were no significant difference on the prevalence of Actinomyces sz. in the third group in relation to the location of the plaque. The majority of the mycoflora (90,7 %) isolated anaerobically are facultative anaerobic Actinomyces sp."

"Karies adalah penyakit infeksi yang merusak jaringan keras gigi sehingga berlubang dan disebabkan oleh aktivitas bakteri kariogenik yang diaktivasi oleh karbohidrat. Streptococcus mutans adalah bakteri kariogenik dominan yang menyebabkan karies. Pada tahun 2018, tercatat bahwa 93% anak di Indonesia yang berusia 5 sampai 6 mengalami karies. Terapi topikal dalam bentuk fluoride varnish menjadi salah satu pencegah terjadinya karies pada gigi. Adapun, penelitian terdahulu membuktikan bahwa walaupun fluoride varnish memiliki kemampuan antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans ketika diaplikasikan pada orang dewasa, hal yang sama tidak terjadi pada anak-anak. Selain itu, fluoride varnish dengan minyak perasa berbeda memiliki pelepasan ion fluoride yang berbeda pula. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan penambahan minyak perasa dan agen antibakteri pada komposisi fluoride varnish. Penelitian ini akan mempelajari metode formulasi fast release fluoride varnish dengan menggunakan penambahan minyak perasa merk LorAnn Oils dengan variasi strawberry-kiwi, cinnamon roll, dan marshmallow, serta agen antibakteri dari bahan alam yaitu ekstrak buah delima (Punica granatum), daun sirih merah (Piper crocatum), dan daun sirsak (Annona muricata) yang diperoleh melalui metode maserasi untuk menginhibisi bakteri Streptococcus mutans dengan waktu pelepasan ion fluoride di bawah 4 jam. Uji pelepasan ion fluoride dilakukan menggunakan elektroda ion selektif fluoride. Uji inhibisi bakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi cakram pada bakteri Streptococcus mutans yang dibiakkan pada media BHI. Kontrol positif pada penelitian ini yaitu 3M Clinpro White Varnish. Hasil fast release fluoride varnish terbaik diperoleh pada variasi fast release fluoride varnish dengan penambahan 2% minyak perasa strawberry-kiwi dengan ekstrak daun sirih merah 1 g/L, dengan jumlah fluoride dalam larutan uji senilai 72,29 g/L pada jam ke-4 dan zona inhibisi bakteri Streptococcus mutans sebesar 3,81 mm.

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Caries is an infection that destroys teeth structure and is caused by the activity of cariogenic bacteria which are activated by the presence of carbohydrates. Streptococcus mutans is a dominant cariogenic bacteria that causes caries in oral cavity. In 2018, it is recorded that 93% of children aged 5 to 6 experience caries disease. Topical therapy in the form of fluoride varnish is one of many ways to prevent caries on teeth. However, although fluoride varnish is proven to have antibacterial activities against Streptococcus mutans when applied to adults, this does not happen to children. Fluoride varnish with an addition of different flavors also have different fluoride release performance. That is why an addition of flavor oils and antibacterial agents to fluoride varnish is needed. This research will conduct a study of fluoride varnish formulation using addition of LorAnn Oils flavor oils with the flavors strawberry-kiwi, cinnamon roll, and marshmallow, and also natural antibacterial agents from extracts of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit, betle (Piper crocatum) leaves, and soursop (Annona muricata) leaves obtained through maceration to inhibit Streptococcus mutans bacteria with the highest fluoride release rate. Fluoride release test is done in four hours by using fluoride ion selective electrode. Bacterial inhibition test is done by disc diffusion method on Streptococcus mutans bacteria grown on BHI agar. The positive control for this research is 3M Clinpro White Varnish. The best fast release fluoride varnish goes to the one with an addition of 2% strawberry-kiwi flavor oil and 1 g/L addition of betle leaves extract, with a highest fluoride release at 72,29 mg/L at the fourth hour and an inhibition zone of 3,81 mm against Streptococcus mutans bacteria."

"Latar belakang: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) terjadi apabila terdapat satu atau lebih gigi karies, gigi yang hilang akibat karies atau gigi yang telah ditambal pada anak usia dibawah 71 bulan. Dalam dua dekade terakhir berbagai studi menunjukkan Candida albicans (C. albicans) juga merupakan faktor utama penyebab karies. Tindakan pencegahan ECC dapat dilakukan dengan menyikat gigi menggunakan pasta gigi secara rutin. Salah satu bahan herbal yang telah terbukti memiliki efek antimikroba adalah Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). Kandungan asam lemak pada VCO menyebabkan VCO memiliki efek antifungal, antibakteri dan antivirus Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini menguji VCO sediaan pasta gigi konsentrasi 8% dan 80% terhadap viabilitas biofilm C. albicans pasien ECC. Biofilm dibentuk pada 96-microwell plate. Setelah inkubasi 24 jam, plat dimasukkan ke dalam microplate reader untuk mendapatkan nilai viabilitas biofilm diukur menggunakan perhitungan optical density (OD). Hasil: Analisis data menggunakan uji t-test tidak berpasangan menunjukkan nilai viabilitas biofilm C. albicans setelah pemberian VCO sediaan pasta gigi konsentrasi 8% berbeda tidak bermakna dengan kontrol negatif (tanpa bahan uji). Sedangkan nilai viabilitas biofilm C. albicans setelah pemberian VCO sediaan pasta gigi konsentrasi 80% menunjukkan nilai viabilitas biofilm C. albicans berbeda bermakna dengan kontrol negatif. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan viabilitas biofilm C. albicans setelah pemberian VCO sediaan pasta gigi konsentrasi 8% meningkat. Sebaliknya, VCO sediaan pasta gigi konsentrasi 80% menurunkan viabilitas C. albicans.

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Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is defined as a child 71 months of age or younger with the presence of one or more decayed teeth, missing (due to caries) or filled teeth surface. In the past two decades, various studies have shown Candida albicans (C. albicans) also the main etiology of dental caries. ECC prevention can be carried out by brushing teeth regularly using toothpaste. VCO is one of natural product that has been proven to have antimicrobial effect. The fatty acid content in VCO causes VCO to exhibit antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral effect. Methods: This study tested VCO 8% and 80% toothpaste against C. albicans biofilm viability. Biofilm was formed on 96-microwell plate. After 24 hours incubation, plate was inserted into microplate reader to obtain biofilm viability value measured using optical density (OD). Results: Data analysis using independent t-test showed C. albicans biofilm viability in VCO 8% toothpaste group was not significantly different from negative control. However, C. albicans biofilm viability in VCO 80% toothpaste was significantly different from negative control. Conclusion: This study showed increasing C. albicans biofilm viability after VCO 8% toothpaste exposure. In contrast, VCO 80% toothpaste decreased C. albicans biofilm viability."

"Latar Belakang: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) adalah karies yang menyerang anak-anak pada umur dibawah 71 bulan, sedangkan Severe – Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) adalah ECC yang keparahannya ekstensif. Salah satu faktor utama terjadinya ECC adalah bakteri Streptococcus mutans dan progresitifitas dari ECC dapat didukung oleh adanya jamur Candida albicans, tetapi hubungan antara Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, dan tingkat karies masih dipertanyakan. Tujuan: Mengetahui kuantitas dan hubungan antara antigen Streptococcus mutans serotipe c dan Candida albicans dari plak gigi yang dikorelasikan dengan OHI-S dan dmft pada pasien ECC dan S-ECC. Metode: Kuantitas antigen Streptococcus mutans serotipe c dan Candida albicans dari 37 sampel plak gigi pasien ECC dan S-ECC diukur menggunakan metode ELISA. Nilai optical density dideteksi pada panjang gelombang 450 nm kemudian dikorelasikan dengan OHI-S dan kategori ECC serta S-ECC. Hasil: Analisis statistik dengan menggunakan uji Mann – Whitney untuk menguji perbedaan kuantitas Streptococcus mutans serotipe c pada kelompok sampel ECC dan S-ECC didapatkan nilai p=0,424. Sedangkan uji Independent T test untuk menguji perbedaan kuantitas Candida albicans pada kelompok sampel ECC dan S-ECC didapatkan nilai p=0,535. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian Mann Whitney untuk menganalisis perbedaan kuantitas Streptococcus mutans serotipe c pada kelompok sampel OHI-S sedang dan OHI-S baik dan didapatkan nilai p=0,070. Untuk menguji kuantitas Candida albicans pada kelompok sampel OHI-S sedang dan OHI-S baik menggunakan uji independent T test didapatkan nilai p=0,353. Hasil analisis uji korelasi Spearman antara kuantitas antigen Streptococcus mutans serotipe c dan Candida albicans pada kategori ECC didapatkan hasil korelasi linier negatif kuat (r=-0,900 ; p=0,037). Serta hasil analisis uji korelasi Pearson antara kuantitas antigen Streptococcus mutans serotipe c dan Candida albicans pada kategori S-ECC didapatkan hasil kecenderungan korelasi linier positif lemah (r=0,018 ; p=0,923). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kuantitas Streptococcus mutans serotipe c dan Candida albicans yang diambil dari plak gigi pasien ECC dan S-ECC serta pada beberapa derajat OHIS dan terdapat hubungan antara antigen Streptococcus mutans serotipe c dan Candida albicans dari plak gigi ECC dan S-ECC.

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Background: Childhood Caries (ECC) is caries that attacks children under the age of 71 months, while Severe - Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) is an ECC of extensive severity. One of the main factors of ECC is the Streptococcus mutans and the progression of ECC can be supported by the presence of the Candida albicans, but the relationship between Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, and ECC is still questionable. Objective: To determine the quantity and relationship between Streptococcus mutans serotype c and Candida albicans antigens from dental plaque correlated with OHI-S and dmft in ECC and S-ECC patients. Methods: The quantity of Streptococcus mutans antigens serotype c and Candida albicans from 37 dental plaque samples of ECC and S-ECC patients were measured using the ELISA method. Optical density values ​​were detected at a wavelength of 450 nm and then correlated with OHI-S and ECC and S-ECC categories. Results: Statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney test to test differences in the quantity of Streptococcus mutans serotype c in the ECC and S-ECC sample groups showed a value of p = 0.424. While the Independent T test to test differences in the quantity of Candida albicans in the ECC and S-ECC sample groups obtained p = 0.535. Mann Whitney test was then performed to see differences in the quantity of Streptococcus mutans serotype c in the moderate OHI-S and good OHI-S sample groups and obtained p = 0.070. To test the quantity of Candida albicans in the moderate OHI-S and good OHI-S sample groups both using the independent T test, p = 0.353 was obtained. Spearman correlation test analysis results between the quantity of Streptococcus mutans serotype c and Candida albicans antigens in the ECC category showed strong negative linear correlation results (r = -0,900; p = 0.037). And the results of the Pearson correlation test analysis between the quantity of Streptococcus mutans serotype c and Candida albicans antigens in the S-ECC category showed a positive weak linear correlation trend (r = 0.018; p = 0.923). Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the quantity of Streptococcus mutans serotype c and Candida albicans taken from the dental plaque of ECC and S-ECC patients and to some degree of OHIS and there was a relationship between Streptococcus mutans serotype c antigens and Candida albicans from ECC dental plaque and S-ECC."

"Latar Belakang: Protein merupakan komponen utama yang berperan dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan jaringan tubuh. Protein terdiri dari protein hewani dan nabati. Protein hewani terdapat dalam ikan, daging, dan telur. Defisiensi protein hewani dapat menyebabkan karies akibat menurunnya sistem pertahanan tubuh, atropi kelenjar saliva, serta adanya risiko kelainan struktur email gigi. Gigi molar satu permanen merupakan gigi yang dapat digunakan untuk menilai status kesehatan gigi anak karena memiliki anatomi pit dan fissure yang dalam, dan gigi tersebut erupsi pada usia dimana anak sering mengkonsumsi makanan manis. Usia 8 – 9 tahun dipilih karena pada usia tersebut gigi molar satu permanen telah erupsi dan gigi tersebut telah terpapar selama 2- 3 tahun di dalam rongga mulut, serta pada usia tersebut membutuhkan asupan nutrisi yang baik untuk mendukung pertumbuhan.Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan tingkat konsumsi protein hewani dengan karies gigi molar satu permanen pada anak usia 8 – 9 tahun di Jakarta Pusat. Metode: Desain studi cross sectional. Subjek penelitian berjumlah 109 orang, yang dipilih menggunakan purposive sampling. Variabel yang digunakan bertujuan untuk menganalisis korelasi antara frekuensi konsumsi protein hewani dengan karies gigi molar satu permanen. Kuesioner yang digunakan untuk mengukur frekuensi konsumsi protein hewani yaitu Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) dan pemeriksaan klinis karies gigi molar satu permanen menggunakan skor International Caries Detection and Assesment System (ICDAS).Hasil: Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan distribusi frekuensi karies pada gigi molar satu permanen anak usia 8-9 tahun adalah 1,8% bebas karies, 63,3% karies email, dan 34,9% karies dentin-pulpa. Hubungan frekuensi konsumsi protein hewani dengan karies menunjukkan hubungan tidak bermakna secara statistik (p>0,05). Kesimpulan : Terdapat hubungan tidak bermakna antara frekuensi konsumsi protein hewani dengan karies gigi molar satu permanen pada anak usia 8 – 9 tahun di Jakarta Pusat.

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Background : Protein is the main component that have a role in body tissue’s growth and development. Protein consists of animal protein and plant protein. Animal protein can be found in fish, meat and egg. Protein deficiency can increase caries risk because of decreased immune system, salivary gland atrophy, and abnormalities of enamel structure. First permanent molar is a teeth that can be used to assess children’s oral health because it is more susceptible to caries than any other teeth. This tooth is susceptible to caries because it has deep pit & fissure anatomy and erupts at the age where children consume sweet food more often. Children aged 8 – 9 years is chosen because the first permanent is exposed long enough to oral environment and needed good nutrition for growth.

Aim: To analyze the correlation between animal protein consumption frequency and first permanent molar caries on children aged 8 – 9 years in Central Jakarta.

Method: This study design is cross sectional. Total research subject is 109 people that is chosen by purposive sampling method. The variables that are used in this research aim to analyze the correlation between animal protein consumption frequency and first permanent molar caries. Questionnaire that is used to assess the consumption frequency is Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and clinical examination to assess severity of first permanent molar caries uses International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) score.

Result: This research shows first permanent molar caries frequency as follows; 1,8% free caries, 63,3% enamel caries, and 34,9% dentin-pulp caries. The correlation between animal protein consumption frequency and caries does not show any significant correlation (p>0,05).

Conclusion: There is no significant correlation between animal protein consumption frequency and first permanent molar caries in children aged 8 – 9 tahun in Central Jakarta."

"Latar Belakang: Prevalensi karies gigi anak di Indonesia yang tinggi disebabkan karena perilaku ibu yang buruk dalam menjaga kebersihan gigi anaknya. Tujuan: Mengetahui peran lembar balik dan lembar evaluasi KMGS dalam merubah perilaku ibu terhadap kesehatan gigi mulut balita. Metode: melakukan pelatihan kader menggunakan lembar balik, pemeriksaan kesehatan gigi mulut balita, kemudian dievaluasi setelah diintervensi menggunakan lembar evaluasi KMGS. Hasil: terdapat peningkatan (57,15%) bermakna (p<0,05) perilaku ibu pada kelompok intervensi, penurunan bermakna (p<0,05) indeks plak (60%) dan skor kematangan plak (25,71%) anak. Kesimpulan: media lembar balik efektif meningkatkan perilaku ibu.

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Background: The high prevalence of early childhood caries in Indonesia is caused bymother’s behaviour of maintaining children’s oral hygiene.

Purpose: to know aboutthe role of flipchart and KMGS in maintaining mother's behaviour toward children's dental health.

Methods: training for cadre by using flipchart, examination of children's dental and oral health and evaluating after the intervention by using KMGS.

Results: there’s a significant improvement (57.15%) of mother’s behaviour (p<0,050) in intervention group, a significant reduction (p<0.05) of child plaque index (60%) and plaque maturity score (25.71%).

Conclusion: flipchart is an effective media to improve mother’s behaviour."

"Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek aplikasi SDF pada anak usia 36-71 bulan dalam menghentikan karies aktif dan menurunkan faktor risiko karies. Sampel yang digunakan adalah anak-anak PAUD Rama-rama yang dibagi menjadi dua kelompok secara acak: kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan. Skor karies dan pH plak anak diperiksa sebelum dan tiga bulan setelah dilakukan aplikasi SDF. Kuesioner ADA Caries Risk Assessment diisi oleh ibu subjek saat baseline. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada jumlah karies aktif dan pH plak anak kelompok perlakuan setelah dilakukan aplikasi SDF. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa SDF berpotensi efektif dalam menghentikan karies aktif gigi sulung dan menurunkan faktor risiko karies.

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The study aimed to assess the effect of SDF application to 36-71 months children in arresting active caries and decreasing caries risk factor. Samples were children at PAUD Rama-rama, randomly divided into two groups: control and intervention group. Caries score and plaque pH were examined before and three months after SDF application. ADA Caries Risk Assessment questionnaire was filled by subject’s mother. There were significant differences at number of active caries and plaque pH in intervention group after SDF application. It was concluded that SDF was potentially effective in arresting active caries on primary teeth and decreasing caries risk factor. rama randomly divided into two groups which are control and intervention group Teeth caries score and plaque pH were examined before and three months after SDF application ADA Caries Risk Assessment questionnaire was answered by subject rsquo s mother Result There were significant differences at number of active caries on decayed teeth p 0 000 mean SD 2 61 2 44 extracted teeth p 0 001 mean SD 1 10 2 80 and plaque pH p 0 008 mean SD 6 53 0 40 in control gorup compared to intervention group after SDF application Conclusion SDF was potentially effective in arresting active caries on primary teeth and decreasing caries risk factor."

"ABSTRAKKaries gigi masih menjadi masalah kesehatan gigi di Indonesia, sehingga pencegahan menjadi penting. Email gigi merupakan lapisan terluar gigi yang berperan dalam ketahanan gigi terhadap penyebab karies. Biji Kakao Sulawesi Tengah merupakan bahan alam hasil perkebunan unggulan Indonesia, mengandung senyawa alkaloid yang berpotensi meningkatkan ketahanan host email gigi . Penelitian ini merupakan studi biomimetika eksperimental laboratorik in vitro, yang mencakup identifikasi karakteristik senyawaan alkaloid biji kakao klon Sulawesi-1 S1 dan Sulawesi-2 S2 asal Sulawesi Tengah untuk mendapatkan prototype biomimetika, uji khasiat formula alkaloid pada email gigi berupa uji kekerasan email gigi, karakteristik permukaan dan kristal apatit email, serta uji karakteristik permukaan email setelah proses demineralisasi dan remineralisasi email gigi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa senyawaan alkaloid klon biji kakao klon S1 dan S2 asal Sulawesi Tengah teridentifikasi mengandung Teobromin T , Teofilin TF dan Kafein K , dengan komposisi T : TF : K = 6 : 1 : 1 untuk S1 dan T : TF : K = 4 : 1 : 1 untuk S2. Formula alkaloid biomimik S1 lebih bermakna dalam meningkatkan kekerasan mikro email gigi dibandingkan S2. Formula alkaloid biomimik S1 dapat mempengaruhi karakteristik permukaan dan meningkatkan derajat kristalinitas apatit email gigi, serta berkhasiat terhadap remineralisasi email gigi. Dengan demikian alkaloid biji kakao Sulawesi Tengah dalam bentuk formula biomimik, berpotensi sebagai alternatif agen remineralisasi email gigi.

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ABSTRACTDental caries is still a major dental health problem in Indonesia, and preventive measures needs to be done to resolve it. The enamel is the outermost layer of teeth in which play a role in resistance to the cause of dental caries. Central Sulawesi cacao beans are natural materials featured Indonesian plantation crops, contains the alkaloid compounds that could potentially increase the resistance of the host the enamel . The research was a biomimetic study laboratory experiment in vitro, which covered identification of the characteristics of cacao beans s alkaloid compounds of clones Sulawesi 1 S1 and Sulawesi 2 S2 from Central Sulawesi, to obtain biomimetics prototype, to test the efficacy of the alkaloid formula to tooth enamel i.e. enamel microhardhess, surface and apatite crystal characteristics test, and also enamel surface characteristics test after demineralization and remineralization process of tooth enamel. The results of this research showed that the cacao beans s alkaloid compounds of clones S1 and S2 from Central Sulawesi contains Theobromine T , Theophylline TF and Caffeine K , with composition T TF K 6 1 1 for S1 and T TF K 4 1 1 for S2. The S1 biomimic alkaloid formula was more significant in increasing tooth enamel microhardness than S2. S1 biomimic alkaloid formula affected the characteristics of the surface and increased the degree of apatite crystallinity of tooth enamel, as well as efficacious against the remineralization of tooth enamel. Thus Central Sulawesi cacao beans alkaloid in the form of biomimic formula, have potential as an alternative remineralization agents of tooth enamel."

"Pemanfaatan sumber daya alam Indonesia seperti ikan teri jengki (Stolephorus insularis), yang mengandung konsentrasi fluor tinggi (CaF2), perlu dikembangkan untuk fluoridasi topikal. Penelitian eksperimental laboratorik in vivo menggunakan 14 ekor tikus Sprague dawley yang dibagi menjadi kelompok baseline, kontrol negatif pakan, kontrol negatif pengolesan, perlakuan pemberian pakan, dan perlakuan pengolesan larutan teri. Setelah 15 hari, gigi dipotong dan dianalisa dengan EDX. Terdapat peningkatan kadar retensi fluor pada email gigi kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan kontrol negatif (p<0.05). Tidak terdapat perbedaan retensi fluor antar kelompok perlakuan (p>0.05). Maka pemberian substrat ikan teri jengki, baik lewat pengunyahan maupun pengolesan, meningkatkan retensi fluor pada email.

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Usage of Indonesian resource like anchovy (Stolephorus insularis), which contains high fluoride concentration (CaF2), needs to be pursued as of topical fluoridative agent. This experimental laboratory in vivo research used 14 Sprague dawley rats which were divided into baseline, experimental (feeding and smearing), and their negative control groups. After 15 days, teeth were extracted and analyzed using EDX. There were increased fluoride retention on enamel of experimental groups compared to negative control groups (p<0.05). Fluoride retention levels in both experimental groups were not different (p>0.05). Thus, anchovy substrate application, either by chewing or smearing, increases fluoride retention on tooth enamel."