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"Natural recovery from disease and damage in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is limited compared with that in lower vertebrate species, including fish and salamanders. Species-specific differences in the plasticity of the CNS reflect these differences in regenerative capacity. Despite numer- ous extensive studies in the field of CNS regeneration, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms determining the regenerative capacity of the CNS is still relatively poor. The discovery of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) in mammals, including humans, in the early 1990s has opened up new possibilities for the treatment of CNS disorders via self-regeneration through the mobilization of these cells. How- ever, we now know that aNSCs in mammals are not plastic enough to induce significant regeneration. In contrast, aNSCs in some regenerative species have been found to be as highly plastic as early embry- onic neural stem cells (NSCs). We must expand our knowledge of NSCs and of regenerative processes in lower vertebrates in an effort to develop effective regenerative treatments for damaged CNS in humans. "

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini membahas mengenai pemanfaatan fauna vertebrata di situs Gua Kidang dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui jenis dan variasi fauna vertebrata yang dikonsumsi manusia serta habitatnya. Di samping itu, juga untuk menggambarkan lanskap lingkungan alam situs Gua Kidang pada masa prasejarah. Dalam penelitian ini fragmen fauna yang dianalisis sudah diidentifikasi taksa dan bagian-bagian anatomisnya. Oleh karena itu, analisis yang dilakukan dimulai dengan menyortir kembali fragmen tulang-tulang fauna yang ada, mengklasifikasikan serta mengolahnya untuk memperoleh jumlah spesimen yang dapat diidentifikasi NISP/Number of Identified Specimens bagi masing-masing taksa, dan jumlah minimal individunya MNI/Minimum Number of Individuals . Dari 8265 fragmen tulang, hanya 1378 yang dapat diidentifikasi secara anatomis dan taksonomis. Penghitungan MNI menunjukkan adanya 23 taksa yang dapat diidentifikasi sampai ke tingkat famili dan hanya dua sampai ke tingkat kelas. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa beraneka ragam fauna yang dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan makanan berasal dari habitat yang berbeda-beda. Berdasarkan jenis-jenis fauna tersebut dapat diperkirakan keadaan lingkungan di sekitar Gua Kidang pada masa prasejarah. Kata kunci: pemanfaatan, fauna vertebrata, fragmen tulang, prasejarah, Gua Kidang.

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ABSTRACTThe research discusses the utilization of vertebrate fauna at the Kidang Cave site to identify the types and variations of vertebrate animals as subsistence and their respective habitats. The analysis was also instrumental in defining the natural landscape of Kidang Cave during the prehistoric era. Faunal fragments were previously analysed and identified taxonomically and anatomically. The analysis started with re sortation of faunal bone fragments, classifying and further analyzing the data to obtain the number of identified specimens for each taxon NISP and the minimum number of individuals MNI . From 8,265 bone fragments, only 1,378 were anatomically and taxonomically identifiable. The MNI calculation revealed a number of 23 taxa that were identified down to their familial levels and only two to class levels. The result of this research identified various fauna from different habitats were part of the human diet. Based on this analysis, the natural environment surrounding Kidang Cave during the prehistoric era was then predicted.Keyword utilization, vertebrate animal, bone fragment, prehistory, Gua Kidang."

"This volume presents information on stem cells and cancer stem cells, therapeutic applications in disease and tissue/organ injury. Methodologies of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are major components of this volume. Specific stem cells discussed are, human embryonic stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, cord blood stem cells, human pluripotent stem cells, gliosarcoma stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, intestinal stem cells, human thyroid cancer stem cells, tumor stem cells, menstrual stem-like cells, neural stem cells, breast cancer stem cells, allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells, fetal membrane-derived mesemchynmal stem cells, and omental stem cells. The method for isolating bone marrow stromal cells is explained. Method for generating marmoset-induced pluripotent stem cells, using transcription factors, is also explained. Use of stem cell lines in therapeutic applications is discussed. Programming of stem cells is described. Methods for transplantation of stem cells are presented. Use of various types of stem cells for conditions such as stroke, ischemia, heart diseases, Alzhemier’s disease, and neurogenerative diseases in general, is explained. For example, generation of human cardiac muscle cells from adipose-derived stem cells is included. Another example is repairing bone defects using mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal-derived endothelial cells. Differentiation of new neurons from neural stem cells is described. Method for repairing retina condition using human embryonic stem cells is explained; these cells can induce neural differentiation. Treatment of graft-versus-host disease resulting from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is elaborated."

"Lembah Cisaar di Sumedang adalah salah satu lokasi baru dalam penelitian paleontologi vertebrata di Jawa. Pada tahun 2019, Tim dari Badan Geologi dan Museum Geologi Bandung melakukan survey awal dan berhasil mengekskavasi beberapa temuan paleontologi pada Lembah Cisaar. Titik ekskavasi terbagi menjadi lima lokasi, dengan masing masing mewakilkan beberapa lingkungan pengendapan dan satuan batuan pada Formasi Citalang. Penelitian ini memfokuskan dalam deskripsi awal dan analisis pemfosilan pada masing masing temuan. Temuan terdeskripsi menjadi 31 jenis temuan/kelompok temuan, didominasi oleh fosil vertebrata. Teridentifikasi beberapa fauna seperti Proboscidae, Bovidae serta reptil yang mencerminkan dominasi kelompok fauna cisaat. Dari segi pemfosilan, temuan telah mengalami alterasi seperti oksidasi, disolusi mineral bioapatit dan presipitasi mineral kalsit sekunder. Proses ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik litologi, reaksi dengan fluida eksternal, dan lingkungan pengendapan. Berdasarkan keberadaan fauna yang teridentifikasi, Paleoekologi pada Lembah Cisaar dapat diinterpretasikan memiliki dua fase lingkungan. Lingkungan pertama didominasi daerah transisi fluvial-estuari dan lingkungan kedua menggambarkan wilayah hutan terbuka.

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Cisaar Valley in Sumedang is one of the newest locations in the research of vertebrate palaeontology in Java. In 2019, a team from the Geology Agency (Badan Geologi) and Bandung Geological Museum conducted an initial survey and succeed to excavated several paleontological findings in the Cisaar Valley. The excavation point is divided into five locations, with each representing several depositional environments and rock units in the Citalang formation. This study focuses on the initial description and fossilisation process of each finding. The findings were described as 31 types of finds/groups of findings, dominated by vertebrate fossils. Several faunas, such as Proboscidae, Bovidae and reptiles, were identified, reflecting the dominance of the Cisaat fauna group. In terms of fossilization, the findings have undergone alterations such as oxidation, bioapatite mineral dissolution and secondary calcite mineral precipitation. These processes are greatly influenced by the characteristics of the lithologies, reaction with an external fluid, and the depositional environment. Based on the presence of identified faunas, Paleoecology in the Cisaar Valley can be interpreted as two phases of environmental setting. The first environment is dominated by the fluvial-estuary transition area and the second environment describes open woodland areas."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Cidera saraf perifer sebagai keluaran dari post operatif hingga saat ini belum ditangani dengan maksimal. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menentukan potensi dari sekretom pada regenerasi cidera saraf perifer.Metode: Cidera saraf perifer buatan dilakukan pada tikus dengan melakukan diseksi pada saraf sciatic. Evaluasi perbaikan motorik dilakukan mengunakan Sciatic Functional Index (SFI) pada minggu ke enam (SFI 1), minggu ke sembilan (SFI 2), dan minggu ke dua belas (SFI 3). Rasio berat basah antara otot gastrocnemius kanan dan kiri dibandingkan serta dilakukan histomorphometry saraf sciatic pada tiap kelompok.Hasil: Kelompok III menunjukan SFI 1 yang lebih baik dibandingkan kelompok I (p=0.017). Kelompok I dan III menunjukan perbedaan SF2 yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kelompok II dan IV (p<0.001). Rasio tertinggi dari otot gastrocnemius ditemukan pada kelompok I dan III, yang bernilai 0.65 ± 0.059 dan 0.67 ± 0.179 (p<0.001). Pada histomorphometry, akson termyelinisasi paling banyak ditemukan pada kelompok I dan III, yang bernilai p<0.001.Kesimpulan: Sekretom sel punca mesenkimal korda umbilikalis dapat digunakan sebagai terapi baru untuk menggantikan autograf pada penanganan kerusakan saraf perifer.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Currently, the post-surgical outcome of peripheral nerve injury has not been optimal. The purpose of this research is to determine the potency of secretome in peripheral nerve injury regeneration.Method: The mice had artificially-induced peripheral nerve injury, which was created by dissecting the sciatic nerve. Sciatic Functional Index (SFI) was used to evaluate the motoric recovery on week six (SFI 1), week nine (SFI 2), and week twelve (SFI 3). The mice was sacrificed on week twelve. The wet mass ratios of the right and left gastrocnemius muscle were compared, then the sciatic nerve histomorphometry evaluation was performed on each group.Results: Group III showed a better SFI 1 result than Group I (p=0.017). Group I and III showed significantly better SFI 2 than group II and IV (p<0.001). The highest ratio of gastrocnemius muscle was found in group I and III, which were 0.65 ± 0.059 and 0.67 ± 0.179 (p<0.001). On histomorphometry, the highest number of myelinated axons were found in group I and III, which were p<0.001.Conclusion: Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome can be used as a new therapy to replace the autograft in peripheral nerve defect management."