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"Indonesia has been experiencing a rapid economic growth amid global crises in the United. States and the European Union countries. In addition, government expenditures in Indonesiahave also shown an increasing trend in recent years. Using panel data from 33 provinces inIndonesia from 2007 to 2012, this paper describes the current condition of GDP growth andgovernment expenditures, examines the relationship between government expenditure andeconomic growth, and formulates government expenditure policy in order to harmonize GDPgrowth, poverty alleviation, and income inequality. The result indicates that governmentexpenditure for development, such as building roads, hospital, bridges, electricity, and watersupply, has a significant and positive effect on the regional economic growth rate. Not onlycan government expenditures affect economic growth but it also can reduce poverty bystrengthening human capital through better education and health facilities."

"Pada awal 1970-an, Indonesia adalah negara dengan sumber daya alam yang melimpah seperti minyak bumi yang merupakan penggerak utama perekonomian. Penurunan harga minyak dunia pada pertengahan 1980-an menandai berakhirnya masa minyak di Indonesia. Meskipun saat ini pendapatan minyak tidak lagi menjadi penggerak utama perekonomian, pemerintah optimis untuk memulihkan kembali sektor minyak. Di sisi lain, belanja pemerintah memainkan peran penting dalam memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi secara umum. Studi ini menganalisis pengaruh pendapatan minyak dan belanja pemerintah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia dengan menggunakan uji ko-integrasi serta vector error correction model (VECM) untuk periode 1968-2017. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan minyak memiliki efek positif pada produk domestik bruto (PDB) karena pemerintah berhasil mengelola pendapatan minyak untuk pembangunan perekonomian. Pengeluaran pemerintah secara negatif mempengaruhi PDB karena alokasi anggaran yang besar untuk subsidi dan pembayaran bunga.

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In the early 1970s, Indonesia was a country with an abundance of natural resources such as oil which was the main engine of the economy. The mid 1980s decline of world oil price signaled the end of the oil period in Indonesia. Although oil revenues are not the main drivers in the economy, the government is optimistic about recovering the oil sector. On the other hand, public expenditure plays an important role in piloting significant effects on the general growth of the economy. This study analyzes the effects of oil revenue and government expenditure on the economic growth in Indonesia by using the co-integration test as well as the vector error correction model (VECM) for the period 1968-2017. The result shows that oil revenue has a positive effect on gross domestic product (GDP) because the government succeeded in managing oil revenues for spending it on the development of the economy. Government expenditure negatively affects GDP due to substantial budget allocations for subsidies and interest payments."

"Tesis ini membahas pengaruh pengeluaran pemerintah daerah sepanjang tahun 2007-2011 terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah. Penelitian dengan menggunakan analisis ekonometri data panel terhadap provinsi/kabupaten/kota di Indonesia dari tahun 2007-2011. Hasil studi memperlihatkan bahwa pengeluaran konsumsi dan pengeluaran kapital pemerintah daerah berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah.

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This thesis explores the influence of local government expenditure during the year 2007-2011 on regional economic growth. Research using panel data econometric analysis of the provinces / districts / cities in Indonesia from 2007 to 2011. The study results showed that consumption expenditure and local government capital expenditures and significant positive effect on economic growth in the region."

"Economists have talked about government expenditure and its relation to poverty, health, and education for decades. Indeed, many theories and empirical evidence have been conducted since then. This study evaluates the relationship between Special Autonomy Fund (SAF) and poverty, health, and education indicators in Aceh province, Indonesia, using a panel dataset of 30 regions in the 2002-2018 period. Synthetic Control Method (SCM) is used as the model to accommodate the allocation of SAF to Aceh given by the central government since it is commonly applied to the cases of policy intervention in comparative case studies. This paper discovers that the SAF plays a vital role in lowering the poverty rate, escalating access to safe sanitation, and improving the net enrollment ratio of senior secondary schools. However, there is no prominent association between SAF allocation and access to safe water. This outcome variable shows positive and negative signs; therefore, a conclusion could not be provided."

"Tesis ini membahas pelaksanaan Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah (RPJM) 2005 - 2009 oleh pemerintah terhadap pelaksanaan pembangunan di daerah tertinggal di Indonesia. Kebijakan pemerintah pusat yang diwujudkan dalam instrumen kebijakan fiskal berupa dana perimbangan (Intergovermental transfer). Besaran dana perimbangan yang telah diberikan pemerintah pusat diharapkan akan mampu mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi dan mempercepat proses pembangunan di daerah tertinggal.Analisis desentralisasi fiskal pada penelitian ini difokuskan pada indikator pengeluaran, yang merupakan rasio total pengeluaran pemerintah daerah terhadap total pengeluaran pemerintah pusat, serta menggunakan satu set variabel kontrol yang terdiri dari Level Awal Pertumbuhan, Pertumbuhan Penduduk, Investasi, dan Human Capital sebagai variabel independen dan pertumbuhan PDRB percapita sebagai variabel dependen. Data berupa data panel dan diestimasi dengan pendekatan Least Square Dummy Variabel (LSDV) atau dikenal juga sebagai Fixed Effect Model (FEM) dengan crosssection weigth (pembobotan).Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa desentralisasi fiskal berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di daerah tertinggal namun nilai pertumbuhan yang dihasilkan relatif masih sangat kecil sehingga rata-rata PDRB per kapita di daerah tertinggal masih jauh di bawah rata-rata PDRB perkapita nasional.

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This thesis discusses the implementation of the National Mid-term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2005 - 2009 by the government in developing disadvantaged regions in Indonesia. Central government policies embodied in the instruments of fiscal policy in the form of grants (Intergovernmental transfer). The amount of grants which is provided by the central government is expected to accelerate economic growth and development in disadvantaged regions.

Analysis of fiscal decentralization in this study focused on expenditure approach, which is the ratio of total expense of local government to the total expense of the central government, as well as applying a set of control variables consist of Initial Level of Growth, Population Growth, Investment, and Human Capital as independent variable and regional srowth as dependent variable. Panel data is used and estimated by adopting Least Square Dummy variable approach (LSDV), also known as Fixed Effect Model (FEM) with a cross-section weight.

The results indicate that the effect of fiscal decentralization have positive and significant impact on economic growth in disadvantaged regions, but the resulting growth rate is relatively small, therefore the average of GDP per capita in disadvantaged regions is far behind the average of national GDP per capita."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan menguji pengaruh dari pengeluaran pemerintah di bidang kesehatan yang dilihat dari Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (APBD), serta faktor kontrol lainnya seperti PDRB, tingkat pendidikan yang diukur dengan rata-rata lama sekolah, fasilitas persentase fasilitas sanitasi, fasilitas akses air minum, dokter, dan perbedaan antara Pulau Jawa dengan selain Pulau Jawa terhadap kualitas kesehatan masyarakat di 508 kabupaten atau kota di Indonesia pada tahun 2018 dengan perluasan time frame pada variabel independen sehingga data yang digunakan untuk variabel independent merupakan rata-rata tahun 2014 – 2018. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Beta Regression Model. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengeluaran pemerintah daerah di bidang kesehatan dapat memperbaiki tingkat kualitas kesehatan di daerah. Hal ini berarti anggaran pemerintah pada bidang kesehatan efektif dalam memperbaiki kualitas kesehatan masyarakat di daerah.

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This study aims to analyze and examine the effect of Public Expenditure in the Health Sector as seen from the Regional Government Budget (APBD), as well as other control factors such as GRDP, education level as measured by mean years of schooling, the percentage of sanitation facilities, access to drinking water facilities, doctors, and the difference between Java and non-Java on the Public Health Development Index in 508 districts or cities in Indonesia in 2018 using the Beta Regression Model. The results of this study indicate that local government spending in the health sector can improve the level of health quality in the regions. This means that the government budget in the health sector is effective in improving the quality of public health in the regions."

"ABSTRAKStudi ini meneliti pengeluaran pemerintah untuk pendidikan dan kesehatan di Indonesia dan pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi menggunakan panel kointegrasi dan analisis kausalitas. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menggunakan regresi data panel standar dan panel data regresi dengan variabel instrumen. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa adanya kausalitas dua arah antara pengeluaran pendidikan dan produk domestik regional bruto (PDRB) serta pengeluaran kesehatan dan PDRB. Dari hasil regresi data panel dengan variabel instrumen, belanja pendidikan memiliki hubungan positif dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan secara statistik signifikan. Sebaliknya, pengeluaran kesehatan hanya memiliki tanda positif tetapi secara statistik tidak signifikan. Temuan ini memiliki implikasi kebijakan utama seperti kebutuhan untuk meningkatkan alokasi anggaran daerah terutama untuk sektor pendidikan dan kesehatan dan sektor-sektor produktif lainnya. Provinsi-provinsi dengan tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi yang rendah harus memperkuat keuangan daerah dengan pendapatan asli daerah sehingga mereka dapat meningkatkan PDRB dan mengalokasikan anggaran lebih untuk pendidikan dan kesehatan.

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ABSTRACT

This study investigates government's expenditure on education and health in Indonesia and its effect on economic growth using panel cointegration and causality analysis. Furthermore, this study also employs standard panel data regression and panel data regression with instrument variable. The results show that the existence of bidirectional causality among education expenditure and gross regional domestic product (GRDP) as well as health expenditure and GRDP. From the result of panel data regression with instrument variable, education expenditure has a positive relationship with economic growth and statistical significance. On the contrary, health expenditure only has a positive sign but is statistically not significant. These findings have main policy implications such as the need to increase the allocation of the local budget especially for education and health sectors and other productive sectors. Indeed, the low-growth provinces should strengthen their regional finance with local own revenue so that they can increase GRDP and allocate more budget for education and health."

"This study investigates the relationship of a country's sophisticated products and institutional indicators on income inequality. Cross-country OLS and fixed-effects estimate regression analysis show that countries with productive economic structures have less inequality. Meanwhile, three government indicators in accountability, political stability, and the rule of law show mixed results. Using the system generalized method of moments (GMM) to control endogeneity, we find evidence of a causal link from economic complexity to income inequality in the short run. Meanwhile, the government's political stability is not a significant predictor."

"Masalah ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat yang semakin besar terjadi pada era desentralisasi. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dana perimbangan (DBH, DAU, DAK) terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat di 33 provinsi tahun 2006-2013. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa DBH, DAU, dan rasio belanja APBD terhadap PDRB meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat di daerah secara signifikan. Sedangkan DAK menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat di daerah secara signifikan. Sementara itu tingkat partisipasi sekolah di level universitas dan konstribusi sektor pertambangan terhadap PDRB meningkatkan ketimpangan, namun tidak signifikan dalam mempengaruhi ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat. Sedangkan tingkat partisipasi sekolah di level SMU menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat namun tidak signifikan.

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The problem of income inequality occurred greater in the era of decentralization. This study aimed to determine the effect of equalization funds (DBH, DAU, DAK) against income inequality in 33 provinces in 2006-2013. The results showed that DBH, DAU, and the ratio of budget expenditures to the GRDP increased income inequality in the region significantly. DAK decreased income inequality in the region significantly. The rate of enrollment at the university level and the mining sector's contribution to the GRDP increased income inequalities, but not significant. While enrollment in the high school level decreased income inequality but not significant."

"[Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis struktur perekonomian di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur, sektor mana saja yang menjadi unggulan dan bagaimana peranan Pemerintah Daerah untuk mendorong berkembangnya sektor-sektor perekonomian tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis Input-Output (I-O). Berdasarkan hasil pengolahandata diperoleh hasil yaitu tahun 2010 sektor kunci dalam perekonomian Provinsi NTT adalah sektor bangunan. Nilai pengganda output terbesar adalah Industri Semen. Nilai pengganda pendapatan dan tenaga kerja terbesar adalah Jasa-jasa lainnya. Grafik MPM paling tinggi pada tahun 2010 adalah Sektor bangunanKajian ini berkesimpulan bahwa anggaran dan belanja pemerintah daerah bisa mendorong perekonomian tumbuh lebih baik apabila dialokasikan ke sektor perkebunan dan sektor bangunan.

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The research wants to analyze which one is the leading sector of Nusa Tenggara Timur Province and how gornment spend their budget to stimulate these sector. The result shows that the leading sector in economy of Nusa Tenggara Timur Province on 2010 is building sector. While sector with highest output multiplier is cement industry and sector with highest income multiplier and employment multiplier is Others Service sector. Base on simulation there are two sector that can be priority sector namely plantion sector and building sector. The conclusion of this research is government spending will give big impact to the economy of Nusa Tenggara Timur Province if they spend more in bulding sector and plantation sector., The research wants to analyze which one is the leading sector of Nusa

Tenggara Timur Province and how gornment spend their budget to stimulate

these sector. The result shows that the leading sector in economy of Nusa

Tenggara Timur Province on 2010 is building sector. While sector with highest

output multiplier is cement industry and sector with highest income multiplier

and employment multiplier is Others Service sector. Base on simulation there are

two sector that can be priority sector namely plantion sector and building sector.

The conclusion of this research is government spending will give big impact to the

economy of Nusa Tenggara Timur Province if they spend more in bulding sector

and plantation sector.]"