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"Ekstrak daun kersen menghambat aktivitas glukosiltransferase pada Streptococcus mutans. Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman yang digunakan masyarakat Indonesia sebagai obat tradisional. Daun kersen memiliki kandungan tanin, flavonoid, serta senyawa polifenol yang dipercaya memiliki kemampuan sebagai antibakteri. Salah satu bakteri utama penyebab karies gigi adalah Streptococcus mutans yang memiliki enzim glukosiltransferase (GTF) yang mampu mengatalisis sintesis glukan dalam proses terjadinya karies gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun kersen konsentrasi 10% terhadap aktivitas GTF S. mutans. Metode:Penelitian ini menggunakan ekstrak daun kersen konsentrasi 10% sebagai perlakuan, klorheksidin glukonat 0,12% sebagai kontrol positif, dan akuades sebagai kontrol negatif. Pengujian aktivitas GTF dilakukan dengan menghitung luas area fruktosa menggunakan High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Pembacaan luas area fruktosa dilakukan berdasarkan waktu retensi dari masing-masing kelompok perlakuan. Konsentrasi fruktosa dinyatakan dalam persen (%), selanjutnya dikonversikan ke dalam satuan µmol/mL fruktosa yang didefinisikan sebagai satu unit aktivitas enzim GTF. Hasil: Analisis data hasil penelitian dengan one-way Anova menunjukkan terdapat penurunan aktivitas enzim GTF yang bermakna antarkelompok perlakuan (p<0.05). Simpulan: Ekstrak daun kersen konsentrasi 10% dapat menghambat aktivitas GTF S. mutans.

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Jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) is one type of plants that used by Indonesians as traditional medicine. Muntingia calabura L. leaves contain tannins, flavonoids, and polyphenolics that are believed to have capability as antibacterial agent. One of bacteria that can cause dental caries is Steptococcus mutans that has glucosyltransferase (GTF) which is capable to catalyze glucan synthesis in the progression of dental caries. Objective: To study the effect of 10% Muntingia calabura L. leaves extract toward S. mutans GTF activity. Methods: This research used 10% concentration of Muntingia calabura L. leaves, chlorhexidine gluconate 0.12%, and sterile distilled water, as the treatment, positive control and negative control group, respectively. GTF activity assays through fructose extensive area analysis by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Fructose extensive area determined based on time retention from each groups. Fructose concentrations were expressed in percent (%) then converted into μmol/ml fructose that defined as a unit of GTF activity. The data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results: One-way ANOVA analysis showed a significantly lower GTF activity in the treatment group compared to the negative control (p<0.05). Conclusion: 10% Muntingia calabura L. leaves extract capable to inhibit S. mutans GTF activity."

"Hipertensi merupakan salah satu penyakit kronis yang paling banyak terjadi. Penurunan resistensi perifer oleh vasodilator memiliki peranan dalam menurunkan tekanan darah. Inhibitor angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) selain dapat menurunkan efek vasokonstriksi juga mengurangi degradasi bradikinin yang berperan dalam pembentukan vasodilator kuat NO (nitrat oksida). Pencegahan penurunan aktivitas NO oleh radikal bebas dapat mendukung efek vasodilatasi NO. Daun kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) ditemukan memiliki efek hipotensi melalui jalur NO. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji secara in vitro penghambatan aktivitas ACE dari ekstrak etanol 96% daun kersen menggunakan ACE kit-WST dan menguji kapasitas antioksidan dengan metode FRAP, senyawa fenolik total, dan flavonoid total dari fraksi n-heksana, etil asetat, dan n-butanol. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan ekstrak etanol memiliki aktivitas penghambatan ACE dengan IC50 sebesar 1,25 μg/mL. Nilai EC50 antioksidan fraksi n-heksana, etil asetat, dan n-butanol adalah 7,47 μg/mL, 1,84 μg/mL, dan 5,02 μg/mL, secara berturut-turut. Fraksi etil asetat merupakan fraksi dengan nilai kapasitas antioksidan, senyawa fenolik total, dan flavonoid total tertinggi. Senyawa fenolik total dan flavonoid total memiliki korelasi terhadap EC50 antioksidan (r=-0,967 dan r=-0,908) tidak signifikan (p>0,05). Ekstrak etanol daun kersen memiliki aktivitas penghambatan ACE dan fraksi kaya senyawa fenolik dan flavonoid memiliki aktivitas antioksidan paling tinggi.

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Hypertension is one of the most common chronic diseases. Peripheral resistance reduction by vasodilator has big role in reducing the blood pressure. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitors minimize the degradation of bradykinin which is important for NO(nitric oxide) activation. Prevention of reduction activity of NO by free radical will support the vasodilation effect. Jamfruit leaf (Muntingia calabura L.) was reported to have excellent hypotensive effect and antioxidant activity. This research was aimed to test in manner of in vitro the inhibitory activity of ACE from jamfruit leaves ethanol extract using ACE kit-WST and antioxidant activity using FRAP assay, total phenolic compound, and total flavonoid from n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions. The result showed that Jamfruit leaf extract had ACE inhibitory activity with IC50 value was 1.25μg/mL. Antioxidant EC50 value of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions were 7.47 μg/mL, 1.84 μg/mL, and 5.02 μg/mL successively. Ethyl acetate fraction was fraction with highest antioxidant activity, total phenolic compound and total flavonoid. Total phenolic compound and total flavonoid values had correlation with EC50 antioxidant (r=-0,967 and r=-0,908) with no significancy (p>0,05). Ethanol extract of jamfruit leaves had ACE inhibitory activity and its phenolic and flavonoid-rich fraction had higher antioxidant activity."

"Salah satu penyakit infeksi mulut dengan prevalensi tinggi di Indonesia adalah karies gigi. Hasil SKRT tahun 2009 mencatat bahwa 73% penduduk Indonesia menderita karies gigi. Streptococcus mutans merupakan agen utama penyebab karies gigi. Telah diketahui bahwa umbi binahong mempunyai sifat antibakteri. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan efek antibakteri infusum umbi binahong terhadap Streptococcus mutans secara in vitro. Infusum dibuat dalam 4 konsentrasi berbeda: 100%, 50%, 25% dan 10%. Uji dilusi dilakukan dengan media BHI cairdan TYS20B untuk mengetahui KHM dan KBM. Uji difusi menggunakan media BHA dan BHA darah untuk mengetahui besar zona hambatan. Dari uji dilusi, didapatkan KHM 25% dan KBM diatas 25%. Dari uji difusi pada media BHA, didapatkan besar zona hambatan: 1,375 mm (10%), 1,125 mm (25%), 0,75 mm (50%) dan 1,25 mm (100%). Dari uji difusi pada media BHA darah, didapatkan besar zona hambatan: 1,5 mm (10%), 1,625 mm (25%), 1,5 mm (50%) dan 0,75 mm (100%). Bakteri S. mutans sensitif terhadap infusum umbi binahong.

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As one of the most common infectious oral diseases in Indonesia, dental caries has relatively high prevalence. Streptococcus mutans appears to be a prominent causative agent of caries. Evidence shows that binahong rhizomes have antibacterial properties. Thus, the aim of the research is to prove whether infusion of binahong rhizomes is effective as an antibacterial agent against Streptococcus mutans, in vitro. The infusion was made into four different concentrations: 100%, 50%, 25, and 10%. To determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), dilution test was performed on BHI broth and TYS20B mediums. As to measure the zone of inhibition, diffusion test was performed on Brain-Heart Agar and Brain-Heart-Blood Agar mediums. MIC is achieved on 25% concentration and the MBC is above 25%. Inhibitory zone results on BHA diffusion test are: 1.375 mm (10%), 1.125 mm (25%), 0.75 mm (50%) and 1.25 mm (100%). While on BHB Agar medium: 1.5 mm (10%), 1.625 mm (25%), 1.5 mm (50%) and 0.75 mm (100%). It is concluded that S. mutans is sensitive to binahong rhizomes infusion."

"Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate chemotactic activity of neutrophil to S. mutans. Chemotaxix assay was performed in blind well chambers. Materials & methods: Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS) containing 106 S. mutants, 108 S. mutans, 10-8 M fMLP, or HBSS alone were placed in the lower wells of the chamber and covered with polycarbonate membrane filter. Neutrophils suspension (2X105 cells) was then placed in the upper compartment. After incubation for 60 mins at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2, the filters were removed and stained with Giemsa. Result: ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences among groups (p<0.05), indicating that S. mutans induced neutrophils chemotaxis. The number of neutrophils migration in response to 108 S. mutans and 106 S. mutans were significantly greater compared to fMLP (p<0.05). Conclusion: S. mutans may active human neutrophils, resulting in the chemotaxis of the neutrophils."

"Latar Belakang : Ekstrak kismis telah dikenal sejak dahulu dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri patogen, karena mengandung oleanolic acid yang telah terbukti dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri rongga mulut.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan efek antimikroba infusum Kismis terhadap Streptococcus mutans.Metode: Infusum Kismis dibuat dengan proses pemanasan 100oCselama 15 menit pada 50 gr kismis dalam 500ml air (konsentyrasi 10%), kemudian diopanaskan lagi sehingga larutan tersisa 50ml (konsentrasi 100%). Untuk penelitian ini dibuat infusum 80%, 60%, 40%, 30%, dan 15% sesuai dengan prosedur yang benar. Efek antimikroba masing2 infusum kismis diperiksa dengan metode dilusi sehingga diperoleh nilai KHM dan KBM serta metode difusi sehingga diperoleh nilai Zona Hambatan terhadap 6 koloni streptococcus mutans.Hasil: Efek infusum Kismis terhadap Streptococcus mutans adalah sebagai berikut : Pada koloni 1 : zona hambatan 1,00 mm; KHM 30% /ml ,KBM 60% /ml ; koloni 2 : zona hambatan 1,50 mm; KHM 30% /ml ,KBM 60% /ml; koloni 3 : zona hambatan 1,00 mm; KHM 30% /ml ,KBM 60% /ml; koloni 4 : zona hambatan 0,50 mm; KHM 30% /ml ,KBM 60% /ml; koloni 5 : zona hambatan 1,00 mm; KHM 30% /ml ,KBM 60% /ml; koloni 6 : zona hambatan 1,00 mm; KHM 30% /ml ,KBM 60% /ml;Kesimpulan: Secara in vitro, infusum kismis dengan konsentrasi 30% bersifat bakteriostatik, sedangkan pada konsentrasi 60% bersifat bakterisid dengan rata-rata Zona hambatan 1,0625 mm.

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Background : Seedless Raisins has been known that it can inhibit the growth of pathogen bactery, because it contains of oleanolic acid that can inhibit the growth of oral pathogen.Objectives: The aim of the study is to determine the sensitivity of Infusum Raisins on mutans streptococci.Methods: Infusum is the product of the process of steeping Raisins for extraction of its medicinal principle. The effect of infusum Raisins was examined in vitro on the inhibit the bacterial growth by determining the inhibition zone (agar diffusion method), minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The microorganisms tested were composed 6 colony of Streptococcus mutans wild strain that taken from Oral Biology Laboratory of Faculty of Dentistry University of Indonesia, labeled as Streptococcus mutans1, Streptococcus mutans2, Streptococcus mutans3, Streptococcus mutans4,Streptococcus mutans5, Streptococcus mutans6. Data obtained was done in a descriptive method.Results: showed that Raisins?s Infusum had effect on all of mutans of Streptococcus mutans 1 (inhibition zone 1.00 mm; MIC 30% /ml ,MBC 60% /ml); Streptococcus mutans 2 (inhibition zone 1.50 mm; MIC 30%/ml ,MBC 60%/ml); Streptococcus mutans 3 (inhibition zone 1.00 mm; MIC 30%/ml ,MBC 60%/ml); Streptococcus mutans 4 (inhibition zone 0.50 mm; MIC 30%/ml ,MBC 60%/ml); Streptococcus mutans 5 (inhibition zone 1.00 mm; MIC 30%/ml ,MBC 60%/ml), Streptococcus mutans6 (inhibition zone 1.00 mm; MIC 30/ml ,MBC 60%/ml).Conclusion: We concluded that Raisins's Infusum has anti microbial activity against 6 colony of Streptococcus mutans in oral cavity, in vitro. Hence it may have potential anti-cariesproperty."

"Latar belakang: Kadar Bunuh Minimal (KBM) ekstrak etanol temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb.) terhadap Streptococcus mutans 25% dan 15% terhadap Streptococcus sanguinis single species (in vitro). Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sanguinis saling berkompetisi untuk memperoleh nutrisi. Tujuan: Menganalisis efek antibakteri ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap dual species Streptococcus in vitro. Metode: Uji antibakteri dengan metode perhitungan koloni dan kuantifikasi dengan Real-time PCR. Analisis data menggunakan Kruskal Wallis, Mann-Whitney dan Unpaired T-test. Hasil: KHM ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap dual species Streptococcus 0,2% dan KBM 10%. Di dalam biofilm dual species Streptococcus, proporsi S.mutans lebih tinggi daripada S. sanguinis (p<0.05). Simpulan: Konsentrasi efektif ekstrak etanol temulawak sebagai antibakteri terhadap S.mutans dan S.sanguinis dalam dual species lebih rendah dari pada terhadap kedua bakteri tersebut sebagai single species. Di dalam biofilm dual species, S. sanguinis lebih sensitif terhadap ekstrak temulawak daripada S.mutans.

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Background: Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb.) ethanol extract against Streptococcus mutans is 25% and 15% against Streptococcus sanguinis. In dental biofilm S.mutans and S.sanguinis competes each other to obtain nutrients.

Objectives: Analize the antibacterial effect of Java tumeric ethanol extract (MIC and MBC) against dual species Streptococcus in vitro.

Methods: Antibacteria activity of the extract was analyzed by measuring the growth of the bacteria after being exposed to the extract by counting colony formation and by quantifying the existing bacterial cell number using real-time PCR. Statistic analysis using Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney test and Unpaired t-test.

Results: The MIC of the extract was 0,2% and the MBC was 10%. After exposure of the extract to the dual species biofilm, the growth of S.mutans was higher than S.sanguinis (p<0,05).

Conclutions: Java tumeric ethanol extract is more effective against S.mutans and S.sanguinis as dual species Streptococcus than as single species. S.sanguinis is more sensitive to Java tumeric ethanol extract than S. mutans."

"Probiotik adalah mikroorganisme hidup yang ketika diberikan dalam jumlah yang tepat dapat memberikan manfaat bagi kesehatan host. Lactobacillus Casei merupakan salah satu contoh bakteri asam laktat yang digunakan dalam probiotik. Bakteri ini dapat mencegah adhesi dan invasi bakteri patogen, memodifikasi lingkungan usus dan memodulasi respon imun. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan jumlah koloni S.mutans pada plak gigi anak sebelum dan setelah minum minuman probiotik di Jakarta. Subyek penelitian berusia 9-12 tahun, sebanyak 13 orang anak. Sampel penelitian berupa koloni S.mutans yang terdapat dalam plak gigi anak. Jumlah koloni diukur dengan colony forming unit. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan rerata jumlah koloni S.mutans pada hari ketiga dan ketujuh, sebelum dan setelah minum probiotik. Pada perhitungan statistik ditemukan perbedaan bermakna antara jumlah koloni S.mutans pada plak gigi anak sebelum dan setelah minum minuman probiotik.

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Probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Lactobacillus Casei is one example of lactic acid bacteria used in probiotics. These bacteria may prevent bacterial adhesion and invasion of pathogens, modify the intestinal environment and modulate the immune response. This research was conducted to determine the differences of total S.mutans colony on children dental plaque before and after probiotics consumption in Jakarta. Subjects aged 9-12 years, 13 children. Research sample are S.mutans on children dental plaque. Total S.mutans colony were measured using colony forming unit. The results showed a mean difference between total S.mutans colony on children dental plaque, on the third day and the seventh day, before and after probiotics consumption. From the results of statistical analysis showed significant differences between total S.mutans colony on children dental plaque before and after probiotics consumption."

"Latar belakang : S. mutans merupakan patogen utama penyebab karies. NSF diketahui memiliki sifat antibakterial. Tujuan : Menganalisis pengaruh NSF dalam menghambat virulensi dan pembentukkan biofilm S. mutans. Metode : Suspensi bakteri S. mutans dalam media BHI yang diperkaya sukrosa 0.2 dipaparkan NSF diinkubasi selama 20 jam. Persen inhibisi biofilm dinilai menggunakan uji crystal violet. Hasil : Nilai KHM NSF adalah 2.66 dan nilai KBM 4.16 . NSF mampu menghambat pembentukkan biofilm S. mutans. Kesimpulan : NSF mampu menghambat virulensi dan pembentukkan biofilm S. mutans.

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Background: S. mutans are the primary pathogens that cause caries. NSF known to have antimicrobial properties.

Aim: To analyze the effect of NSF in inhibiting virulence and biofilm formation of S. mutans.

Methods: Bacterial suspension of S. mutans in BHI medium enriched 0.2 sucrose exposed with NSF incubated for 20 hours. Percent inhibition of biofilm was assessed using crystal violet test.

Result: NSF MIC value is 2.66 and MBC value is 4.16 . NSF is able to inhibit biofilm formation of S. mutans.

Conclusion: NSF is able to inhibit virulence and biofilm formation of S.mutans. "

"Latar Belakang: Propolis fluoride salah satu sediaan yang dapat menghambat perkembangan bakteri penyebab karies. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh propolis fluoride terhadap viabilitas biofilm S. mutans dalam berbagai fase. Metode: Model biofilm S.mutans di inkubasi selama 4 jam fase adesi, 12 jam fase akumulasi aktif, dan 24 jam fase maturasi, kemudian dipaparkan dengan propolis fluoride 3,3 ; 6,6, 10 kelompok perlakuan, dan SDF 38 kelompok kontrol. Analisis Viabilitas biofilm S.mutans dilakukan dengan uji MTT untuk dibaca pada microplate reader. Hasil: Pada pemaparan Propolis 3,3, persentase viabilitas biofilm S.mutans pada fase adesi 14,89 3,19; fase akumulasi aktif 24,37 7,43; dan fase maturasi 21,35 3,06. Pada pemaparan Propolis 6,6, persentase viabilitas biofilm S.mutans pada fase adesi 10,10 2,43; fase akumulasi aktif 20,88 13,17; dan fase maturasi 18,82 4,51. Pada pemaparan Propolis 10, persentase viabilitas biofilm S.mutans pada fase adesi8,04 1,59; fase akumulasi aktif 11,17 8,90; dan fase maturasi 16,75 1,83. Kesimpulan: Propolis fluoride 10 dapat menurunkan viabilitas biofilm S.mutans pada fase adesi.

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Background: Propolis fluoride in one of dosage could inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause caries.

Objective: To analyze the effect of propolis fluoride on the viability of S. mutans biofilm in various phases.

Method: S. mutans biofilm models were incubated for 4 hours adhesion phase, 12 hours active accumulation phase, and 24 hours maturation phase, then presented with propolis fluoride 3.3 6.6, 10 treatment group, and SDF 38 control group. Analysis of S. mutans biofilm viability is tested by MTT in the microplate reader.

Results: Exposure of Propolis Flouride 3.3, the percentage of S. mutans biofilm viability in the adhesion phase is 14.89 3.19 active accumulation phase is 24.37 7.43 and the maturation phase is 21.35 3.06. On exposure of Propolis Flouride 6.6, the percentage of S. mutans biofilm viability in adhesion phase is 10,10 2,43 active accumulation phase is 20.88 13.17 and the maturation phase is 18.82 4.51. On exposure of Propolis Fluoride 10, the percentage of S. mutans biofilm viability in the phase of adhesion is 8.04 1.59 active accumulation phase is 11.17 8.90 and the phase of maturation is 16.75 1.83.

Conclusion: Propolis fluoride 10 could reduced the viability of S. mutans biofilm in adhesion phase."

"Latar Belakang : Jambu air Semarang (Syzygium samarangenase) atau jambu cincalo telah terbukti dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri patogen, karena mengandung senyawa Tannin dan Oleanolic acid.Tujuan: Penelitian ini untuk membuktikan daya antimikroba infusum Jambu air Semarang terhadap Streptococcus mutans.Metode: Infusum Jambu air Semarang dibuat dengan proses pemanasan 100o C selama 15 menit terhadap 50 gram jambu air semarang dalam 500 ml air, kemudian disaring untuk mendapatkan 500 ml larutan (konsentrasi 10%), dipanaskan lagi sehingga larutan tersisa 50 ml (konsentrasi 100%), untuk penelitian ini dibuat infusum 80%, 60%, 40%, 30%, 20%, dan 15% sesuai prosedur yang benar. Efek antimikroba masing-masing konsentrasi infusum diperiksa dengan metode difusi serial dilusi sehingga diperoleh nilai KHM dan KBM serta metode difusi sehingga diperoleh nilai zona hambatan terhadap 6 koloni S.mutans.Hasil: Terhadap ke-6 koloni S.mutans diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut: KHM : 80%/ml dan KBM tidak diketahui serta rata-rata zona hambatan 1,533 mm.Kesimpulan: Secara in vitro, Infusum Jambu air Semarang dengan konsentrasi 80% berkhasiat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri S.mutans(efek bakteriostatik).

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Background : Wax apple (Syzygium samarangenase) has been known to prevent the growth of pathogen bacteria since anciety because it is contain fenol (tannin) and oleanolic acid which had been proved to prevent the growth of bacteria.Objectives: This research are for determine the antimicroba activity of Wax apple?s infusum on Streptococcus mutans.Methods: Wax apple?s infusum was made by the process of steeping seedless 50 gram Wax apple in 500 ml water, to see it?s medicinal properties after getting 100% concentration of solution. After that we made 80%, 60%, 40%, 30%, 20%, and 15% infusum. The antimicrobial activity of wax apple?s infusum was examined by dilution method to get the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and diffusion method to get the inhibition zone to 6 colony of S.mutans. Data obtained from this research in a descriptive method.Results: Effect of Wax apple?s infusum on Streptococcus mutans are : Streptococcus mutans type 1 inhibition zone 1,5 mm; MIC 80% /ml ,MBC unknown; Streptococcus mutans type 2 inhibition zone 1,5 mm; MIC 80% /ml ,MBC unknown; Streptococcus mutans type 3 inhibition zone 1,4 mm; MIC 80% /ml ,MBC unknown; Streptococcus mutans type 4 inhibition zone 1,6 mm; MIC 80% /ml ,MBC unknown; Streptococcus mutans type 5 inhibition zone 1,7 mm; MIC 80% /ml ,MBC unknown; Streptococcus mutan type 6 inhibition zone 1,5 mm; MIC 80% /ml ,MBC unknown;Conclusion: We conclude that Wax apple?s Infusum has anti microbial activity against Mutans Streptococci, in vitro. Hence it may have potential anticariesproperty."