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"Pemutihan gigi dilakukan untuk gigi yang mengalami diskolorasi menggunakan hidrogen peroksida. Salah satu teknik dalam pemutihan gigi adalah at-home bleaching. Aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi juga dapat dilakukan pada gigi yang telah ditumpat dengan resin komposit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh lama aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 6% terhadap kekerasan resin komposit hibrid. Penelitian ini menggunakan 30 spesimen yang dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok, yaitu 10 spesimen kontrol, 10 spesimen yang diaplikasi bahan pemutih gigi selama 4 jam dan 10 spesimen yang diaplikasi bahan pemutih gigi selama 8 jam. Aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi dilakukan selama 4 hari. Pengukuran kekerasan dilakukan per hari menggunakan Knoop Microhardness Tester.Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan perbedaan penurunan kekerasan berdasarkan lama aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi. Namun tidak terdapat perbedaan penurunan kekerasan bermakna dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 6% dapat digunakan pada pasien dengan tumpatan resin komposit hibrid dengan aplikasi 4 jam selama 1 hari.

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Dental bleaching is one of treatment for discoloured teeth using hydrogen peroxide. One of dental bleaching method is at-home bleaching. Application of bleaching agent is also applied on the tooth that has been restorated with dental composite resin. The purpose of this research is to analyse the effect of different time of 6% hydrogen peroxide application to the surface hardness of hybrid composite resin. In this research 30 specimens hybrid composite resin were divided into 3 groups of specimen. These are 10 specimens as control group, 10 specimens applied with bleaching agent for 4 hours and 10 specimens applied with bleaching agent for 8 hours each day for 4 days. Measurement with Knoop Hardness Tester has been done each day.The result of this research is the surface hardness value of hybrid composite resin was decreased significantly after the application of bleaching agent 6% hydrogen peroxide according to time of application. But there?s no significantly differences compared to control group. The conclusion is bleaching agent that contain 6% hydrogen peroxide can be used for patient with hybrid composite resin in 4 hour application for one day."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Special Edition KPPIKG XIV: 368-373Tooth bleaching has become a popular treatment for esthetic improvement in dentistry. There are several 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agents that are available in Indonesia which contained potasium nitrate-flouride or without potasium nitrate-flouride. However, there was no clinical report about these products in Indonesia. This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of two bleaching and sensitivity of tooth and gingiva. Sixty-four participants were divided into 2 groups. The first group was treated with bleaching agent that contained potasium nitrate-flouride (Opalescence PF, Ultradent) and the second group with bleaching agent without potasium nitrate-flouride (Vivastyle, Ivoclar Vivadent). Bleaching treatment was done for 6-8 hours per night over a 2 week-period. Evaluations were performed at baseline and at 3, 7, 14 day afterwards. Color change was measured using a value-ordered Vita classic shade guide; tooth and gingival sensivity were examined using Electric Pulp Tester, Gingival Index and a patient log. The results showed that there were no statistical difference in degree of color change between the two products. The mean color change after 2 weeks was 7-8 tabs lighter than baseline. Also there was no statistical difference in tooth and gingival sensitivity between the products. It can be concluded that 10% carbamide peroxide containing potasium nitrate-flouride has the same effectiveness compared to other agent without potasium nitrate-flouride for tooth color change and tooth and gingival sensitivity."

"ABSTRACTLatar Belakang: Bleaching kimiawi dapat merusak email gigi dan jaringan lunak. Daun stroberi mempunyai zat aktif berupa asam ellagat yang dapat berperan sebagai oksidator pada proses pemutihan gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui perubahan warna pada email gigi setelah aplikasi ekstrak murni daun stroberi serta mengetahui sistem ruang warna yang paling sesuai untuk mengukur perubahan warna tersebut. Metode: Menggunakan ekstrak murni daun stroberi dengan konsentrasi 25 dan 50 diaplikasikan pada email gigi selama 7 jam hingga 28 kali aplikasi. Analisis warna menggunakan spektrofotometri dengan software Adobe Photoshop. Hasil: Perubahan warna email gigi mejadi lebih terang. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak murni daun stroberi mampu mengubah warna email gigi menjadi lebih terang. RGB merupakan sistem ruang warna yang paling sesuai untuk mengukur perubahan warna email gigi setelah bleaching.

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ABSTRACTBackground Bleaching using chemicals can damage tooth enamel and soft tissue. Strawberry leaves contain active compounds in the form of acid ellagat that can act as an oxidant in the process of teeth whitening. Objective To determine discoloration of the tooth enamel after application of direct extracts of strawberry leaves and determine the color space which appropiate to measure the color change. Methods Using direct extracts of strawberry leaves with a concentration of 25 and 50 applied on enamel for 7 hours until 28 times repetition of application. Color analysis conducted using a spectrophotometry with software Adobe Photoshop. Results Enamel surface becoming brighter. Conclusions Direct extraction of strawberry leaves able to change the color of the enamel becomes brighter. RGB is a color space system which most appropriate for measuring changes in the color of enamel after bleaching. "

"Latar belakang: Resin komposit nanofill dan bulkfill adalah restorasi estetik yang banyak digunakan untuk gigi anterior dan posterior. Meskipun demikian, pengaruh paparan obat kumur klorheksidin 0,2% dan povidone iodine 1% maupun bleaching karbamid peroksida 10% lebih sedikit dibandingkan jenis resin komposit lainnya. Oleh sebab itu, dilakukan pengujian perubahan warna nanofill dan bulkfill oleh aplikasi bleaching karbamid peroksida 10% setelah paparan obat kumur klorheksidin 0,2% dan povidone iodine 1%. Tujuan: Menganalisa pengaruh bleaching karbamid peroksida 10% setelah paparan obat kumur klorheksidin 0,2% dan povidone iodine 1% terhadap perubahan warna nanofill dan bulkfill. Metode: Spesimen resin komposit nanofill dan bulkfill (n=24) dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok, kemudian direndam dalam obat kumur klorheksidin 0,2% (n=6) dan povidone iodine 1% (n=6) selama 2 menit/hari dalam waktu 2 minggu, lalu diaplikasikan bleaching karbamid peroksida 10% selama 4 jam/hari dalam waktu 14 hari. Pengukuran warna dilakukan di awal, setelah perendaman dalam obat kumur dan setelah bleaching menggunakan colorimeter. Hasil: Perubahan warna nanofill dan bulkfill setelah perendaman klorheksidin 0,2% dan aplikasi bleaching berbeda bermakna (p≤0,05). Akan tetapi, tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05) pada perubahan warna nanofill dan bulkfill setelah perendaman povidone iodine 1% dan aplikasi bleaching. Perbedaan bermakna (p≤0,05) juga ditemukan antara nanofill dan bulkfill yang terpapar obat kumur yang berbeda. Sedangkan perbedaan tidak bermakna (p>0,05) ditemukan pada nanofill dan bulkfill yang terpapar obat kumur yang sama kecuali klorheksidin 0,2%. Kesimpulan: Povidone iodine 1% menghasilkan perubahan warna yang lebih besar pada resin komposit. Resin komposit nanofill mengalami perubahan warna yang lebih besar dibandingkan resin komposit bulkfill.

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Background: Nanofill and bulkfill composite resins are aesthetic restorations that are widely used for anterior and posterior teeth. However, the effect of 0.2% chlorhexidine and 1% povidone iodine mouthwash as well as 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching were less than other types of composite resins. Therefore, the color change of nanofill and bulkfill by the application of 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching were tested after the exposure to 0.2% chlorhexidine and 1% povidone iodine mouthwash. Aim: To analyze the effect of 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching after exposure to 0.2% chlorhexidine and 1% povidone iodine mouthwash on the color change of nanofill and bulkfill. Method: Nanofill and bulkfill composite resin specimens (n=24) were divided into 4 groups, then immersed in 0.2% chlorhexidine (n=6) and 1% povidone iodine (n=6) mouthwash for 2 minutes/day in 2 weeks, later 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching was applied for 4 hours/day in 14 days. Color measurement was carried out in the beginning, after immersion in mouthwash and after bleaching using a colorimeter. Result: The color change of nanofill and bulkfill after 0.2% chlorhexidine immersion and bleaching application were significantly different (p≤0.05). However, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the color change of nanofill and bulkfill after 1% povidone iodine immersion and bleaching application. A significant difference (p≤0.05) was also found between the nanofill and bulkfill exposed to different mouthwashes. Meanwhile, no significant difference (p>0.05) was found between the nanofill and bulkfill exposed to the same mouthwash except 0.2% chlorhexidine. Conclusion: 1% povidone iodine produced a greater color change in the composite resins. The nanofill composite resin experienced a greater color change than the bulkfill composite resin."

"Carbamide peroxide as a whitening agent for teeth is very popular because the use of this agent is easy and inexpensive. There are two kinds of concentrations, i.e. 10%-15% and 35%. The methods are home bleaching and in office bleaching. For home bleaching, the duration of whitening application is 2-6 weeks, each day for 8 hours, whilst for in office leaching, two hour application will be required. Whitening efficacy might be increased up to 2-5 levels and the color may sustain for 1-3 years, and this treatment could be reapplied. There is an effect on pulp system, but the effect is reversible, i.e. sensitivity which could be treated with flouridation or application of potassium nitrate. The side affects on gingiva include inflammation which is caused by the buffer and is only temporary. Bleaching is safe to be use the result will be satisfying if proper procedure is followed."

"Nowadays the use of over the counter (OTC) bleaching material become more popular. The most common composition of this OTC material is mainly carbamide peroxyde and hydrogen peroxyde in various concentration. There many methods for using carbamide peroxyde as bleaching material, such as spray, gel tray or applicable solution, etc. According to the using methods, the possibility contamination between the material and oral mucous membrane is very high. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of 2% carbamide peroxyde solution on oral mucous membrane. Materials and method : 30 rats of wistar strain divided to 2 groups, the control group consist of 10 rats, and experimental group of 20 rats. The animal of control group received application on their labial vestibulum with aquadest, while for the experimental group applicated with 2% carbamide peroxyde solution. The applications were done for 1 minute, 3 times daily with 10 minutes interval periods. 5 rats of the control group and 10 of the experimental group were killed by epidural anaesthetic after 1 day application. The rest animals were killed after 3 days application. Inferior labia then taken as the specimen, fixated using formaldehyde and processed for microscopic slides stained with HE. Microscopic analyze were done using modified inflammation scoring system developed by Eda & Fukuyama. Statistical analyze shows that there are significant differences of the experimental group inflammation compare to control group, both for 1 day and 3 days application. However there are no differences of oral mucous inflammation between 1 day and 3 days application for both control and experimental groups. Based on this research's result, it can be concluded that bleaching material contain carbamide peroxyde can caused oral mucous inflammation."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 254-259There are two basic kinds of tooth whitening agents. The first is over the counter materials and the other is materials used by the dentist or under dentist control. Home bleaching is a technique using l0% carbamide peroxide on a tray applied by patient under dentist supervision. This paper is a review of the effect of 10 % carbamid peroxide home bleaching technique. It is revealed that this metode is simple, safe, economic, and has short chiar side time."

"Latar Belakang: Aplikasi bahan internal bleaching dapat meninggalkan residu radikal bebas yang akan menghambat penetrasi resin tag. Penghilangan residu radikal bebas dapat dilakukan dengan pengaplikasian bahan antioksidan berupa natrium askorbat. Pemberian natrium askorbat dapat mencegah timbulnya terminasi dini, sehingga dapat memungkinkan proses polimerisasi resin adhesif dapat berlanjut. Penggunaan konsentrasi natrium askorbat yang sebanding dengan konsentrasi hidrogen peroksida diharapkan dapat menghilangkan residu radikal bebas sehingga nantinya dapat meningkatkan resistensi resin komposit yang dilihat melalui kedalaman panjang penetrasi resin tag. Tujuan: mengetahui kedalaman panjang penetrasi resin tag pada dentin gigi pasca internal bleaching dengan hidrogen peroksida yang diaplikasikan natrium askorbat 10% dan 35% selama 2 menit dan 10 menit. Metode: proses internal bleaching dilakukan dengan menggunakan hidrogen peroksida 35% selama 5 hari. Selanjutnya, dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok uji yaitu tanpa pemberian natrium askorbat, diberikan askorbat 10% selama 2 menit, diberikan natrium askorbat 10% selama 10 menit, diberikan natrium askorbat 35% selama 2 menit, dan diberikan natrium askorbat 35% selama 10 menit. Pengamatan kedalam penetrasi resin tag dilakukan dengan menggunakan Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM). Hasil: terdapat perbedaan kedalaman penetrasi resin tag pada gigi pasca internal bleaching yang diberikan bahan antioksidan berupa natrium askorbat dan tanpa antioksidan, diuji dengan menggunakan CLSM. Kesimpulan: pemberian bahan antioksidan berupa natrium askorbat dapat memengaruhi kedalaman penetrasi resin tag pada gigi pasca internal bleaching.

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Background: The application of internal bleaching materials can leave free radical residues that will inhibit the penetration of resin tags. Application of sodium ascorbate as antioxidant agent will remove the residual free radical. Sodium ascorbate can prevent premature termination, thus allowing the adhesive resin polymerization process to continue. Concentration of sodium ascorbate should be proportional to the hydrogen peroxide concentration so that will remove free radical residues and it can increase the composite resin resistance as seen through the depth of penetration length of the resin tag.

Objective: determine the depth of penetration length of resin tags on dentin after internal bleaching with hydrogen peroxide which was applied with 10% and 35% sodium ascorbate for 2 minutes and 10 minutes.

Methods: the internal bleaching process was carried out using 35% hydrogen peroxide for 5 days. Furthermore, the specimen divided into 5 test groups, without sodium ascorbate, 10% sodium ascorbate for 2 minutes, 10% sodium ascorbate for 10 minutes, 35% sodium ascorbate for 2 minutes, and 35% sodium ascorbate for 10 minutes. Observations into the resin tag penetration were carried out using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM).

Results: there were differences in the depth of penetration of resin tags on teeth after internal bleaching which was given an sodium ascorbate and without sodium ascorbate, tested using CLSM.

Conclusion: application of sodium ascorbate can affect the depth of penetration of resin tags on teeth after internal bleaching."

"Saat ini penggunaan material berbasis polimer semakin meningkat seiring dengan pertumbuhan populasi manusia. Kebutuhan akan material berbasis polimer tersebut didasari oleh harga yang relatif murah dan fungsinya serba guna. Polimer berbasis pada minyak bumi merupakan jenis polimer yang sulit untuk diuraikan oleh mikroorganisme sehingga dibutuhkan material polimer alternative yang berasal dari alam untuk mengatasi isu lingkungan tersebut. Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) merupakan salah satu polimer alam yang cukup banyak digunakan. Namun PLA memiliki sifat mekanik dan ketahanan termal yang kurang baik, sehingga dibutuhkan pengisi dari bahan alam seperti serat ijuk untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan percobaan untuk mengetahui kompatibilitas pengisi dan matriks, konsentrasi optimal pemutihan serat, waktu optimal pemutihan serat dan komposisi optimal antara pengisi dan matriks. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap morfologi permukaan serat ijuk dan fraktografi material komposit menggunakan FE-SEM, mengetahui perubahan kristalinitas serat ijuk menggunakan X-RD, mengetahui gugus fungsi dari serat ijuk untuk melihat kandungan lignin dan hemiselulosa menggunakan FTIR serta kekuatan tarik material komposit menggunakan micro-tensile. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu pemutihan dapat meningkatkan kompatibilitas pengisi dan matriks, konsentrasi optimal pemutihan adalah 7,5% NaClO selama 2 jam dan waktu optimal pemutihan adalah 1 jam dengan 10% NaClO. Dengan penambahan komposisi ijuk 10%, 20%, 30% ke dalam matriks PLA maka kekuatan tarik material komposit semakin meningkat.

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Nowadays, The necessity of polymer-based material is getting higher because of its versatile utilization and relatively low cost. Petroleum polymer is difficult to be processed by micro-organism so that the alternative natural polymer is required to tackel this issue. Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) is one of the polymer used in many industries but PLA has the poorness on its mechanical properties and thermal resistance. Therefore, the addition of reinforcement such as ijuk fiber can be used to optimize its properties.

In this research, the compability of reinforcement and matrix, the optimum concentration of bleaching, the time of bleaching and the composition of reinforcement and matrix are studied. Visual observation on the morfology and fractography of ijuk fiber surface was performed using FE-SEM, the crystallinity of ijuk fiber was conducted using XRD, the functional group of ijuk fiber was carried out using FTIR to examine lignin and hemi-cellulose content and the tensile test of this composite material was performed using micro-tensile test.

From the data, it was acquired that bleaching enhance the compability between filler and matrix, the optimum concentration of bleaching is 7,5% NaClO for 2 hours and the optimum time of bleaching is 1 hour with 10% NaClO. In the mechanical properties aspect, it is obtained that as the higher ijuk addition, from 10% to 30%, into the PLA matrix, the tensile strength of the composite is improve."