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"Objective: To investigate the phenotype and genotype of E. faecalis isolated from the root canal and saliva of primary endodontic patients with periapical lesions.Methods: Eighte variations en adult male and female individuals suffering from primary endodontic infection, either with or without periapical lesions, were involved in this study. Root canal scraping and saliva were collected from each subject and used for bacterial quantitation using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Enterococci were isolated using ChromAgar medium and then identified using both biochemical (Gram staining and catalase tests) and molecular biology (conventional PCR) methods. Gelatinase activity, polysaccharide capsul profile and mRNA ace expression level were determined using microbiological, biochemical and molecular biology approach, respectively. Genotype of E. faecalis was determined based on nucleotide sequence of ace and gelE genes analyzed using web-based 3730xl DNA Analyze software.Results: The results showed that except for its proportion, no significant difference was found in phenotypes (gelatinase activity and mRNA ace expression levels) and genotypes (polymorphism of Cps operon and variation of ace and gelE nucleotide sequences) of E. faecalis isolated from the root canal and saliva of primary endodontic patients had or had no periapical lesions.Conclusion: It can be concluded that E. faecalis proportion had a role in the occurrence of periapical lesions in the primary endodontic patients, but not gelatinase activity, mRNA ace expression level, Cps operon polymorphism or ace and gelE nucleotide sequence variations."

"Enterococcus faecalis adalah bakteri yang paling dominan pada kasus infeksi pasca perawatan endodontik. Telah diteliti aktivitas fenotipnya (kemampuan membentuk biofilm dan Gel E serta viabilitasnya terhadap NaOCL dan khlorheksidin) dan profil genotipnya. Ternyata tidak ada perbedaan aktivitas Gel E E. faecalis saluran akar dan saliva pasien pra dan pasca perawatan. Dalam membentuk biofilm, kemampuan E. faecalis saluran akar pra-perawatan lebih kuat daripada pasca-perawatan, sedangkan kemampuan E. faecalis saliva tidak berbeda. Viabilitas E. faecalis menurun jika kadar NaOCl dan khlorheksidin meningkat; 30 menit adalah waktu inkubasi efektif. Terdapat keragaman profil genotip antara E. faecalis saliva dan saluran akar, pra dan pasca perawatan.

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Enterococcus faecalis is strong dominance bacteria in post treatment endodontic disease. Its phenotype activity (its ability to produce biofilms and Gel E also its viability to NaOCL and chlorexidine) and its genotype profile has been observed. It turns out that there?s no difference in E. faecalis Gel E activity of root canal and saliva from pre- nor post-endodontic treated patients. In producing biofilms, the ability of E. faecalis pre-endodontic treated root canal was stronger than the postendodontic treated root canal, while the ability of E. faecalis from saliva have no difference. The viability of E. faecalis decline if the concentration of NaOCl and chlorexidine were increasing; the effective incubation time was 30 minutes. There?s various genotype profile between E. faecalis of saliva and root canal either pre- or post-endodontic treatment."

"Latar Belakang: Menghilangkan seluruh bakteri, khususnya E. faecalis di dalam saluran akar masih menjadi masalah dalam perawatan saluran akar karena bentuknya yang ireguler di sepertiga apikal. Jumlah kunjungan perawatan endodontik konvensional yang berulang juga masih di rasakan tidak praktis. Pemakaian laser terapi foto dinamik dan kalsium hidroksida dalam bentuk larutan adalah upaya menemukan teknik dan bahan untuk eliminasi tersebut. Mengetahui sifat-sifat spesifik bakteri berupa keragaman genotip dan karakter fenotip yaitu perilakunya terhadap perubahan lingkungan, diharapkan akan dapat menemuka tekanik dan medikamen terbaik untuk sterilisasi saluran akar. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan jumlah dan karakter genotip bakteri E. faecalis di saluran akar yang mengalami infeksi intra radikuler primer dan persisten serta menganalisis perubahan karakter fenotip pada kasus infeksi intra radikuler persisten setelah mendapat perlakuan dengan laser terapi foto dinamik dan larutan kalsium hidroksida 50%. Material dan Metode: Bakteri E. faecalis diisolasi dari saluran akar kemudian dilakukan penentuan tipe genotip cps nya. Perubahan karakter fenotip dilakukan dengan melihat sensitivitas, profil protein dan profil kapsul polisakarida dengan di beri perlakuan menggunakan sinar laser foto dinamik terapi dan larutan kalsium hidroksida 50%. Hasil: Sensitivitas bakteri E. faecalis terhadap Laser foto dinamik terapi dan kalsium hidroksida 50% yang diaplikasikan selama 60 detik pada infeksi intra radikuler persisten efektif dalam sterilisasi saluran akar. Kesimpulan: Laser foto dinamik terapi dan kalsium hidroksida 50% dapat menyebabkan perubahan sensitivitas, profil protein dan profil kapsul polisakarida pada genotip cps 1, 2 dan 5 bakteri E. Faecalis pada infeksi intra radikuler persisten.

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Background: Eliminating all bacteria, especially E. faecalis in the root canal remains a problem in root canal management due to its irregular shape at one third of apical area. The repeating endodontic visits also seem to be less practical. Utilization of photo dynamic laser and calcium hydroxide solution therapy is an attempt in finding the suitable technique and materials for eliminating this issue. Knowledge of specific characters of bacteria such as the various genotypes and the phenotype character, which is its behavior towards environmental changes, is expected to be helpful in finding the best technique and medicament for root canal sterilization.

Objective: Analyse the amount and genotypic characters difference of E. faecalis in the root canal affected with primary and persistent intra radicular infection and analyse phenotypic character changes in persistent intra radicular infections cases after application of photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide therapy.

Material and Method: E. faecalis was isolated from the root canal and its cps genotype was determined. Phenotypic character changes were observed with sensitivity, protein profiling and polysaccharide capsule profiling after getting photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide 50% therapy.

Results: E. faecalis sensitivity towards photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide treatment for 60 seconds acquired from persistent intra radicular infection was effective in root canal sterilization.

Conclusion: Photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide therapy can change the sensitivity, protein profile, and polysaccharide capsule profile of cps 1, 2 and 5 genotype E. faecalis in persistent intra radicular infection."

"Salah satu peran protein saliva adalah sebagai sistem pertahanan rongga mulut. Tujuan: Menganalisis efek protein saliva spesifik dan non-spesifik C. albicans dari kelompok usia anak, dewasa, lansia dalam pembentukan biofilm E. faecalis in vitro. Metode: Uji biofilm dengan crystal violet. Hasil: Pembentukan biofilm E. faecalis pada protein spesifik C. albicans dari kelompok dewasa dan lansia mengalami penurunan saat inkubasi 18 jam (p≤0.05). Pembentukan biofilm E. faecalis pada protein non-spesifik C. albicans dari ketiga kelompok usia mengalami peningkatkan saat inkubasi 6 jam dan 18 jam (p≤0.05). Kesimpulan: Protein spesifik C. albicans pada kelompok dewasa dan lansia menurunkan pertumbuhan bakteri E. faecalis. Protein non-spesifik C. albicans meningkatkan adhesi dan pertumbuhan bakteri E. faecalis.

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One of the function of salivary proteins, it works as the first line of defense in the oral cavity. Objectives: to analyse the effect of specific and non specific salivary protein to C. albicans from children, adults and elderly on E. faecalis biofilm formation in vitro. Methods: Crystal violet assay. Results: Biofilm formation of E. faecalis on specific salivary protein to C. albicans, from adults and elderly, decreases when incubated for 18 hours (p≤0.05). Biofilm formation of E. faecalis on non-spesific salivary protein to C. albicans, from children, adults and elderly, increases when incubated for 6 hours and 18 hours (p≤0.05). Conclusion: Spesific salivary protein to C. albicans, from adults and elderly, decreases the growth of E. faecalis. Non-spesific salivary protein to C. albicans increases the adhesion and growth of E. faecalis."

"Latar Belakang: Mukopolisakaridosis tipe IV A (MPS IV A, Morquio A syndrome) merupakan kelainan autosomal resesif yang disebabkan adanya mutasi pada gen N-acetylgalactosamine-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS atau galactosamine (N-acetyl)-6-sulfate sulfatase; MIM #612222). Diagnosis MPS IV A dapat dicurigai melalui pemeriksaan penapisan GAGs (glukosaminogikans) urin dan ditegakkan dengan pemeriksaan dan aktifitas enzim GALNS pada leukosit atau kultur fibroblast. Pemeriksaan molekuler diperlukan karena bervariasinya gejala klinis yang berhubungan dengan variasi mutasi pada gen GALNS. Namun, lokasi mutasi hot spot berbeda-beda antar daerah dan etnis, Heterogenitas ini dapat menjadi tantangan bagi interpretasi pemeriksaan molekular pasien dengan MPS IV sehingga perlu strategi diagnostik yang efektif biaya untuk menemukan mutasi penyebab kelainan MPS tipe IVA di Indonesia. Tujuan: Mengetahui profil fenotipe-genotipe pasien MPS tipe IV A di Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah studi potong lintang yang dilakukan di Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak RSCM-FKUI dan Human Genetic Cluster (HGRC) IMERI FKUI sejak tanggal 1 Januari-13 Desember 2019. 3. Data terkait fenotipe, yaitu anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisis (PF), dan pemeriksaan penunjang, diambil dari data rekam medis. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengambilan darah dalam tabung EDTA sebanyak 5 mL. Tahapan pemeriksaan molekular meliputi isolasi DNA, desain primer, PCR, sequencing, dan analisis varian. Kategori varian baru (novel) yang ditemukan akan dibuat berdasarkan panduan dari American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Hasil: Total subjek penelitian adalah 7 pasien MPS tipe IV A di Indonesia yang berasal dari 5 kota berbeda. Subjek terdiri dari 2 pasien lelaki dan 5 pasien perempuan. Rentang usia saat pemeriksaan antara 2-17 tahun. Terdapat riwayat keluhan serupa pada kakak subjek 1 dan 6. Pada kelima pasien lain, awitan gejala mukopolisakaridosis disadari pada usia antara 2-3 tahun. Tidak ada riwayat konsanguinitas pada orangtua subjek penelitian. Seluruh subjek pada penelitian ini diklasifikasikan sebagai tipe berat. Manifestasi klinis yang ditemukan pada seluruh subjek penelitian adalah leher pendek, genu valgum, pectus carinatum, sendi yang longgar, serta gangguan pada cara berjalan. Tiga dari 7 subjek saat ini masih dapat berjalan tanpa alat bantu. Data aktivitas enzim dan glikosaminoglikans pada subjek tidak seragam karena tempat pemeriksaan berbeda dan menggunakan metode yang berbeda pula. Sebanyak 24 varian ditemukan pada 7 subjek. Sebagian besar varian ditemukan pada ekson 7 (29,2%), diikuti ekson 5, 10, dan 12 (masing-masing 16,7%), ekson 13 (sebesar 12,5%). Sisanya varian ditemukan pada ekson 1, 11 dan ekson 14 (masing-masing 4,2%). Sebagian besar varian yang ditemukan merupakan varian missense (54,2%), diikuti varian silent (45,8%), dan hanya 1 (4,2%) varian yang ditemukan berupa varian nonsense. Varian tersering yang ditemukan adalah varian c.708C>T yang ditemukan pada 5 subjek, diikuti oleh varian c.510T>C dan c.1354 T>C yang ditemukan pada 3 subjek. Berdasarkan hasil temuan varian terdapat 12 varian benign, 4 VUS, dan 8 varian patogenik. Terdapat 3 varian novel pada subjek penelitian, satu di antaranya adalah varian likely pathogenic, yaitu varian c.1348 G>A. Simpulan: Dari tujuh subjek dalam penelitian ini, ditemukan 8 varian patogenik, di antaranya terdapat 1 varian likely pathogenic baru. Sebanyak 9 dari 14 alel (64,3%) dapat ditemukan varian patogenik, sedangkan 5 varian patogenik lainnya belum ditemukan. Fenotipe paling berat dialami oleh subjek 4 yang memiliki tinggi badan T.

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Background: Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA, Morquio A syndrome) is an autosomal recessive disease which is caused by defect in the N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase gene (GALNS, galactosamine (N-acetyl)-6-sulfate sulfatase; MIM #612222). After urine glycosaminoglycan is performed as a screening tool, diagnosis is confitmed through measuring GALNS enzyme activity in leucocyte or fibroblast. Molecular testing is needed because clinical symptoms are variable. Mutation in GALNS gene are many and can be different in each ethnicity and country. This heterogeneity poses a challenge to the diagnosis of MPS IVA especially in Indonesia. Therefore, data on clinical spectrum and genetic mutation of MPS IVA in Indonesian population is needed. Aim: To determine the phenotype-genotype correlation of MPS IVA in Indonesia Method: Subjects were recruited from Department of Pediatrics, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, while molecular testing was performed in the Human Genetic Cluster (HGRC) IMERI Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia between Januari 1st until December 13th, 2019. Data on phenotype was evaluated from medical records. A 5 ml EDTA whole blood was then collected from the subjects. Molecular testing consists of DNA isolation, primer design, PCR, sequencing, and variant analysis. Novel variants are then classified according to guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Results: A total of 7 subjects from 5 different cities was included in this study, consisting of 2 boys and 5 girls. Age at recruitments was between 2 to 17 years-old. Two subjects had history of MPS IVA in older sibling. Age of onset were between 2-3 years-old. No history of consanguinity in the subjects parents. All subjects were classified as severe type. Clinical manifestations found in all patients were short neck, genu valgum, pectus carinatum, loose joint, and difficulty walking. Three out of 7 subjects were still able to walk. Data on enzyme activity and glycosaminoglycans could not be compared because they were performed with different methods. Twenty four variants were found in 7 subjects. Mostly located on exon 7 (29.2%), followed by exon 5, 10, dan 12 (each 16.7%), exon 13 (12.5%), and the rest were found in exon 1, 11, and 14. Missense variants are the most commonly found (54.2%), followed by silent variants (45.8%), and 1 nonsense variant (4,2%). The most common variants found was c.708C>T in 5 subjects, followed by c.510T>C and c.1354 T>C, each on 3 subjects. These variants are classified as benign variants (50%), VUS (1.7%), and pathogenic variants (33.3%). Three novel variants were found in this study, including one likely pathogenic variants, c.1348 G>A. Conclusion: Eight pathogenic variant were found including one novel likely pathogenic variant. Nine out of 14 alleles (64.3%) were found. The most sever phenotype was found in subject 4 who had nonsense homozygous pathogenic variant c.751 C>T."

"Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) merupakan bakteri yang resisten terhadap antibiotik methicillin dan antibiotik golongan β-laktam lainnya. MRSA adalah patogen umum di rumah sakit dan masyarakat. Isolasi MRSA tidak mudah dilakukan karena seringkali bercampur atau terkontaminasi dengan flora normal seperti coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) yaitu Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Studi ini menggunakan metode fenotipik berupa pengamatan morfologi, pengecatan Gram, Uji biokimia, serta kepekaan antibiotik sedangkan uji genotipik (metode molekular) berupa PCR gen nuc dan mec, SCCmec typing, MLST dan sekuensing. Subyek penelitian sebanyak 48 isolat tersimpan di Laboratorium Bakteriologi Molekular, Lembaga Eijkman Jakarta. Diperoleh sebanyak 33 sampel (68.75%) memiliki tipe 5 ccr, 9 sampel (18.75 %) tipe 2 ccr dan 6 sampel (12.5 %) nontypeable. Sequence type (ST) yang dominan pada penelitian ini adalah ST239 (2-3- 1-1-4-4-3) dan merupakan strain yang multidrug resistant dominan. Pada penelitian ini semua isolat MRSA yang berjumlah 48 isolat telah dikonfirmasi memiliki ciri-ciri fenotipik yang sesuai, yaitu Gram positif coccus menyerupai buah anggur, β-hemolisis, oksidase negatif, katalase positif dan koagulase positif. Sifat bakteri MRSA secara genotipik mempunyai gen nuc dan gen mecA positif. Hubungan antara sifat genotipe dan sifat fenotipe MRSA yang terlihat dalam penelitian ini adalah semua isolat MRSA yang multidrug resistant (uji secara fenotipik) juga merupakan sequence type yang dominan di rumah sakit (uji genotipik).

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Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that is resistant to the methicillin antibiotics and other β-lactam group antibiotics. MRSA is a common pathogen in hospitals and communities. Isolation of MRSA is not easy to do because it is often mixed or contaminated with normal flora such as coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS), namely Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus.

This study used phenotypic methods in the form of morphological observations, Gram staining, biochemical tests, and antibiotic sensitivity while genotypic tests (molecular methods) in the form of nuc and mec PCR, SCCmec typing, MLST and sequencing. The research subjects were 48 isolates stored in the Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Eijkman Institute Jakarta. Thirty three samples (68.75%) had type 5 ccr, 9 samples (18.75%) type 2 ccr and 6 samples (12.5%) nontypeable. The dominant sequence type (ST) in this study is ST239 (2-3-1-1-4-4-3) and is a multidrug resistant dominant strain.

In this study, all isolates of MRSA, total of 48 isolates, were confirmed to have appropriate phenotypic features, which are Gram positive cocci resembling grapes, β-hemolysis, negative oxidase, positive catalase and positive coagulase. Genotypically all isolates have positive nuc gene and mecA gene. The relationship between genotype features and MRSA phenotype seen in this study is that MRSA isolates that are multidrug resistant (phenotypic test) are also the dominant sequence types in the hospital (genotypic test). "

"ABSTRAKMethicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) merupakan bakteri yang resistenterhadap antibiotik methicillin dan antibiotik golongan β-laktam lainnya. MRSA adalahpatogen umum di rumah sakit dan masyarakat. Isolasi MRSA tidak mudah dilakukankarena seringkali bercampur atau terkontaminasi dengan flora normal seperti coagulasenegative Staphylococci (CoNS) yaitu Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Staphylococcushaemolyticus. Studi ini menggunakan metode fenotipik berupa pengamatan morfologi,pengecatan Gram, Uji biokimia, serta kepekaan antibiotik sedangkan uji genotipik(metode molekular) berupa PCR gen nuc dan mec, SCCmec typing, MLST dansekuensing. Subyek penelitian sebanyak 48 isolat tersimpan di LaboratoriumBakteriologi Molekular, Lembaga Eijkman Jakarta. Diperoleh sebanyak 33 sampel(68.75) memiliki tipe 5 ccr, 9 sampel (18.75) tipe 2 ccr dan 6 sampel (12.5 )nontypeable. Sequence type (ST) yang dominan pada penelitian ini adalah ST239 (2-3-1-1-4-4-3) dan merupakan strain yang multidrug resistant dominan. Pada penelitian inisemua isolat MRSA yang berjumlah 48 isolat telah dikonfirmasi memiliki ciri-cirifenotipik yang sesuai, yaitu Gram positif coccus menyerupai buah anggur, hemolisis,oksidase negatif, katalase positif dan koagulase positif. Sifat bakteri MRSA secaragenotipik mempunyai gen nuc dan gen mecA positif. Hubungan antara sifat genotipedan sifat fenotipe MRSA yang terlihat dalam penelitian ini adalah semua isolat MRSAyang multidrug resistant (uji secara fenotipik) juga merupakan sequence type yangdominan di rumah sakit (uji genotipik).

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ABSTRACTMethicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that is resistant tothe methicillin antibiotics and other β-lactam group antibiotics. MRSA is a commonpathogen in hospitals and communities. Isolation of MRSA is not easy to do because itis often mixed or contaminated with normal flora such as coagulase negativeStaphylococci (CoNS), namely Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcushaemolyticus. This study used phenotypic methods in the form of morphologicalobservations, Gram staining, biochemical tests, and antibiotic sensitivity whilegenotypic tests (molecular methods) in the form of nuc and mec PCR, SCCmec typing,MLST and sequencing. The research subjects were 48 isolates stored in the MolecularBacteriology Laboratory, Eijkman Institute Jakarta. Thirty three samples (68.75) hadtype 5 ccr, 9 samples (18.75) type 2 ccr and 6 samples (12.5) nontypeable. Thedominant sequence type (ST) in this study is ST239 (2-3-1-1-4-4-3) and is a multidrugresistant dominant strain. In this study, all isolates of MRSA, total of 48 isolates, wereconfirmed to have appropriate phenotypic features, which are Gram positive cocciresembling grapes,-hemolysis, negative oxidase, positive catalase and positivecoagulase. Genotypically all isolates have positive nuc gene and mecA gene. Therelationship between genotype features and MRSA phenotype seen in this study is thatMRSA isolates that are multidrug resistant (phenotypic test) are also the dominantsequence types in the hospital (genotypic test)."

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang : Enterococcus faecalis merupakan bakteri yang mampu membentuk biofilm dan banyak ditemukan pada kasus kelainan periapeks.Tujuan : Melihat daya antibakteri campuran triantibiotik dibandingkan denganklorheksidin 2% terhadap E. faecalis dalam biofilm. Metode : Menilai kekeruhanlarutan E. faecalis dalam biofilm pasca pemaparan bahan uji, dengan ELISAreader. Hasil : Terdapat daya antibakteri campuran triantibiotik terhadap biofilmbakteri E. faecalis tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna dengan klorheksidin2% (p>0.05). Kesimpulan : Daya antibakteri campuran triantibiotik terhadapbiofilm E. faecalis sebanding dengan klorheksidin 2%. ABSTRACT Background : Enterococcus faecalis has the ability to form biofilm and is oftenfound in cases of periapical lesions. Aim: To analyze the effectivity of triantibioticmixture compared to 2% chlorhexidine against biofilm of E. faecalis. Method :Score the turbidity of E. faecalis in biofilm after immersion in antibacterialagent, with ELISA reader. Result : Triantibiotic mixture has antibacterialeffectivity against E. faecalis biofilm but has no significant difference compared to2% chlorhexidine (p>0.05). Conclusion : Antibacterial effectivity of triantibioticmixture against E. faecalis biofilm is equal to2% chlorhexidine. ;Background : Enterococcus faecalis has the ability to form biofilm and is oftenfound in cases of periapical lesions. Aim: To analyze the effectivity of triantibioticmixture compared to 2% chlorhexidine against biofilm of E. faecalis. Method :Score the turbidity of E. faecalis in biofilm after immersion in antibacterialagent, with ELISA reader. Result : Triantibiotic mixture has antibacterialeffectivity against E. faecalis biofilm but has no significant difference compared to2% chlorhexidine (p>0.05). Conclusion : Antibacterial effectivity of triantibioticmixture against E. faecalis biofilm is equal to2% chlorhexidine. ;Background : Enterococcus faecalis has the ability to form biofilm and is oftenfound in cases of periapical lesions. Aim: To analyze the effectivity of triantibioticmixture compared to 2% chlorhexidine against biofilm of E. faecalis. Method :Score the turbidity of E. faecalis in biofilm after immersion in antibacterialagent, with ELISA reader. Result : Triantibiotic mixture has antibacterialeffectivity against E. faecalis biofilm but has no significant difference compared to2% chlorhexidine (p>0.05). Conclusion : Antibacterial effectivity of triantibioticmixture against E. faecalis biofilm is equal to2% chlorhexidine. ;Background : Enterococcus faecalis has the ability to form biofilm and is oftenfound in cases of periapical lesions. Aim: To analyze the effectivity of triantibioticmixture compared to 2% chlorhexidine against biofilm of E. faecalis. Method :Score the turbidity of E. faecalis in biofilm after immersion in antibacterialagent, with ELISA reader. Result : Triantibiotic mixture has antibacterialeffectivity against E. faecalis biofilm but has no significant difference compared to2% chlorhexidine (p>0.05). Conclusion : Antibacterial effectivity of triantibioticmixture against E. faecalis biofilm is equal to2% chlorhexidine. "

"Latar Belakang : Bernapas melalui mulut merupakan upaya adaptasi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan udara. Kebiasaan ini dapat mengubah kondisi biologis di dalam lingkungan rongga mulut serta perkembangan anak-anak. Kondisi tersebut mempengaruhi kebersihan rongga mulut yang dapat menimbulkan bau mulut. Pengukuran kondisi bau mulut dapat diukur menggunakan metode organoleptik dengan indra. Enterococcus faecalis merupakan bakteri transien rongga mulut yang dapat ditemukan terutama pada saluran akar yang mengalami kegagalan perawatan endodontik. Penelitian mengenai keberadaan Enterococus faecalis pada anak-anak belum diketahui. Tujuan : Menganalisis keberadaaan Enteroccocus faecalis pada sampel saliva dan plak gigi anak-anak berdasarkan kelompok skor organoleptik dan OHI-S (Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified). Metode : Sampel saliva dan plak gigi anak usia 8-11 tahun diuji menggunakan metode ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), kemudian dikelompokkan berdasarkan nilai organoleptik dan OHIS. Pengelolaan data dilakukan dengan membandingkan nilai antar kelompok anak-anak memiliki kecenderungan bernapas melalui mulut dengan tidak melalui mulut (bernafas melalui hidung). Hasil : Sebagian besar tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok anak-anak memiliki kecenderungan bernapas melalui mulut dan hidung berdasarkan pembagian nilai organoleptik dan OHI-S. Pada salah satu uji ditemukan terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kelompok bernapas melalui hidung berdasarkan nilai organoleptik. Terdapat kecenderungan keberadaan antigen Enterococcus faecalis lebih tinggi pada plak gigi daripada saliva. Kesimpulan : Keberadaan antigen Enterococcus faecalis ditemukan lebih tinggi pada plak gigi dan terdapat kecenderungan keberadaan antigen Enteroccocus faecalis meningkat berkaitan dengan kondisi OHI-S.

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Background: Mouth breathing is a type of habitual adaptation of breathing to fulfill the needs of oxygen. This habit could alter the biological oral condition and development of children. The altered condition of the oral environment could affect oral hygiene and cause oral malodor. Organoleptic is using human sense as a measurement to assess severity of oral malodor. Enterococcus faecalis is the transient bacteria of the oral cavity particularly found in the root canal of the failed endodontic treatment teeth. Based on previous studies, Enterococcus faecalis existence in children is unknown.

Purpose: To analyze the existence of Enterococcus faecalis antigen in salivary and tooth plaque samples of children based on organoleptic and OHI-S (Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified) score.

Methods: Salivary and tooth plaque sample of children age 8-11 were tested with ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) technique and divided into several groups. The grouping was done based on the organoleptic and OHI-S score of subjects. Data analyzed by comparing scores between children who have a tendency toward mouth breathing with those who breathe with nose based on their organoleptic and OHI-S score.

Result: Mostly, there is no significant difference between groups who tend mouth breathing with those who breathe with nose based on organoleptic and OHI-S score. However, in one of the tests, there is significant difference within groups who breathe with nose based on organoleptic score. The antigen amount of Enterococcus faecalis was found higher in tooth plaque rather than in saliva.

Conclusion: The amount of Enterococcus faecalis antigen is higher in tooth plaque and there is a tendency that the amount of Enterococcus faecalis is influenced by the OHI-S score."

"Metode paling efektif eliminasi E. faecalis adalah kombinasi NaOCl, EDTA, dan CHX.Namun penelitian menunjukkan presipitasi mengandung para-chloroaniline (PCA) akibat reaksi NaOCl dengan CHX.Oleh karena itu alexidine (ALX) diteliti sebagai alternatif irigan CHX Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan daya antibakteri ALX 2% dan CHX 2% terhadap biofilm E. faecalis.Biofilm E. faecalis ATCC 29212 pada membran selulosa nitrat dipapar ALX 2% dan CHX 2%.Sebelum tahap real-time PCR ditambahkan PMA (100 um). Jumlah bakteri hidup lebih rendah secara signifikan pada CHX 2% dibandingkan ALX 2% dan kontrol (P ≤ 0,05). Hasilnya dapat disimpulkan bahwa daya antibakteri ALX 2% lebih rendah dibandingkan CHX 2%.

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Most effective methods to eliminate E. faecalis is combination NaOCl, EDTA, and CHX. However studies reported formation para-chloroaniline (PCA) after a reaction of NaOCl and CHX. Therefore Alexidine was studied to be a possible replacement of CHX. Objective of this studies is to evaluate antibacterial efficacy of ALX 2% and CHX 2% against E. faecalis biofilm. Membrane cellulose nitrat containing biofilm E. faecalis ATCC 29212 transferred to each antimicrobial. Before qPCR, PMA was added (100 um). Significantly fewer live bacteria in 2% CHX than 2% ALX and control group (P ≤ 0.05). It was concluded that antibacterial effect ALX 2% is lower than 2% CHX against biofilm E. faecalis."