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"Analisis Morfologi dan Molekular Padi Transgenik cv. Nipponbare yang Membawa Gen CONSTANS (CO) Terkait Umur Pembungaan. Pembungaan merupakan proses penting yang mengawali produktivitas pada tanaman. Metode rekayasa genetika dengan mengintroduksi gen CONSTANS dari tanaman Arabidopsis thaliana (AtCO) ke dalam tanaman padi kultivar Nipponbare digunakan sebagai upaya peningkatan produksi padi. Gen CO diketahui mampu menginduksi terjadinya pembungaan yang lebih awal pada tanaman. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui integrasi gen AtCO pada genom padi, pengaruh gen tersebut terhadap waktu pembungaan, dan karakter agronomi pada tanaman padi Nipponbare transgenik generasi T2. Hasil pengamatan morfologi menunjukkan bahwa tanaman padi transgenik cenderung memiliki karakter agronomi lebih baik dibandingkan tanaman padi kontrol, namun tidak menunjukkan waktu pembungaan lebih cepat. Analisis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) menunjukkan 169 dari 227 tanaman padi transgenik memiliki gen hpt dan CO yang terintegrasi ke dalam genom padi.

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Flowering is an important process that initiates plant productivity. Rice (Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare) was genetically engineered by introducing a CONSTANS (CO) gene from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtCO) to improve rice productivity. The CO gene is a gene responsible for inducing early flowering. The aims of the experiment were to use morphological and molecular analysis to study the integration of the AtCO gene and its influence on agronomic traits in the T2 generation of Nipponbare transgenic AtCO rice. Morphological observations showed that agronomic traits tended to be better in the transgenic plants than in the wild type (controls), although the transgenic plants flowered later than the wild type. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis showed that 169 out of 227 transgenic rice plants showed hpt and CO gene integration."

"Tanaman padi merupakan penghasil beras yang merupakan makanan pokok mayoritas masyarakat dunia. Produksi tanaman padi di Indonesia masih belum optimal. Metode rekayasa genetika dengan mengintroduksi gen CONSTANS (CO) dari tanaman Arabidopsis thaliana ke dalam tanaman padi kultivar Nipponbare digunakan untuk usaha peningkatan produktivitas padi. Gen CO diketahui mampu menginduksi terjadinya pembungaan pada tanaman. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui integrasi gen AtCO, pengaruh gen terhadap karakter agronomi, dan ekspresi dari gen AtCO pada tanaman padi Nipponbare transgenik generasi T2 dengan analisis morfologi dan molekular. Hasil pengamatan morfologi menunjukkan bahwa tanaman padi transgenik memiliki karakter agronomi yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan tanaman padi kontrol, namun tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan umur berbunga yang signifikan. Hasil pengamatan dengan teknik Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) menunjukkan 169 dari 227 tanaman padi transgenik memiliki integrasi gen higromisin dan CO. Ekspresi gen CO terdeteksi rendah pada 3 dari 4 sampel padi transgenik dengan teknik Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Hasil teknik southern blotting yang dilakukan pada 16 sampel padi transgenik menunjukkan masing-masing 6 salinan T-DNA dari 13 sampel padi transgenik.

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Rice is a staple food which is consume by the majority of world’s population. Rice production in Indonesia has not been optimal yet. A method of genetic engineering by introducing CONSTANS (CO) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana into the rice Nipponbare cultivar was used to improve rice productivity. CO gene known to induce early flowering time in plant. The aims of the experiment were to study the AtCO gene integration, the influence of AtCO gene on agronomic traits, and the expression of AtCO gene in transgenic rice Nipponbare AtCO T2 generation by morphological and molecular analysis.

Morphological observations showed that transgenic plant’s agronomic traits were better than controls, but there is no significant difference in flowering time between transgenic rice Nipponbare plants and controls. Observations with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique showed that 169 of 227 transgenic rice Nipponbare plants have hygromycin and CO gene integration. CO gene expression detected in 3 of 4 transgenic rice plants samples using Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR) technique. The southern blotting technique in 16 samples of transgenic plants showed that 13 samples have multi-copies transgen integration (6 copies)."

"Salinitas merupakan salah satu cekaman abiotik yang mengancam produksi padi di Indonesia. Dalam rangka mendukung program ketahanan pangan, BB-Biogen telah melakukan pengembangan varietas padi Ciherang toleran salinitas hingga generasi BC4F2 dan BC5F1. Tanaman generasi BC4F2 dan BC5F1 Ciherang-OsDREB1A selanjutnya memerlukan serangkaian pengujian. Pertama, penapisan toleransi terhadap salinitas tinggi untuk menyeleksi tanaman yang menunjukkan sifat toleran terhadap salinitas tinggi. Kedua, analisis molekuler yang mencakup analisis integrasi, ekspresi OsDREB1A, dan Southern blot. Hasil penapisan salinitas terhadap BC4F2 dan BC5F1 Ciherang-OsDREB1A selama 26 hari dengan EC akhir berkisar 18 mS/cm telah berhasil menyeleksi 134 individu putatif transgenik dari total 543 tanaman uji. Hasil analisis integrasi menggunakan primer hptII menujukkan 73 dari 134 tanaman putatif transgenik memiliki hasil positif hptII. Seluruh tanaman yang positif PCR hptII juga terdeteksi memiliki hasil positif PCR menggunakan primer kombinasi 35S-496-F/OsDREB1A-R, mengindikasikan kestabilan integrasi transgen tetap terjaga selama persilangan. Hasil analisis ekspresi OsDREB1A menunjukkan terdapat variasi level ekspresi OsDREB1A antar individu Ciherang transgenik. Hasil analisis Southern blot menunjukkan jumlah salinan T-DNA berjumlah sekitar 6--8 kopi. Galur terbaik berdasarkan hasil analisis molekuler adalah BC5F1-K14-23-3 dan BC4F2-K13-11-3.

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Salinity is one of the abiotic stresses that threaten rice production in Indonesia. In order to support the food security programs, BB-Biogen has started doing development of salinity tolerant rice varieties Ciherang up to BC4F2 and BC5F1 generations. BC4F2 and BC5F1 generations of Ciherang-OsDREB1A transgenic lines require a series of tests for verifying the salinity tolerance and stability of transgene integration. First, screening for selecting the Ciherang-OsDREB1A transgenic lines that revealed tolerance to high salinity. Second, molecular analysis that includes analysis of integration, OsDREB1A expression, and Southern blot. The screening result of Ciherang-OsDREB1A transgenic lines BC4F2 and BC5F1 for 26 days with final EC approximately 18 mS/cm, had been successfully selected 134 putative transgenic plants of a total 543 tested plants.

PCR analysis results showed that 73 of 134 putative transgenic plants had PCR positive using hptII-F/hptII-R primer. Plants were detected positive in PCR analysis using hptII-F/hptII-R primer were also positive in PCR analysis using specific primer 35S-496-F/OsDREB1A-R, indicating that the stability of the transgene integration is maintained during the crossing. The results of OsDREB1A expression analysis showed that there were variations in expression levels among individuals Ciherang-OsDREB1A transgenic lines. The results of Southern blot analysis showed that the T-DNA copy number around 6--8 copies. Best lines based on the results of molecular analysis is BC5F1-K14-23-3 and BC4F2-K13-11-3."

"Successful application of genetic transformation technique, espicially in developing rice variety resistan to brown plant hopper and stem borer, will depend on transgene being expressed and the gene inherited in a stable and predictable manner...."

"Now completely up-to-date with the latest research advances, the Seventh Edition retains the distinctive character of earlier editions. Twenty-two concise chapters, co-authored by six highly distinguished biologists, provide current, authoritative coverage of an exciting, fast-changing discipline."

"This book provides a comprehensive overview of the multiple strategies that plants have developed to cope with drought, one of the most severe environmental stresses. Experts in the field present 17 chapters, each of which focuses on a basic concept as well as the latest findings.The following major aspects are covered in the book, morphological and anatomical adaptations, physiological responses, biochemical and molecular responses, ecophysiological responses, and responses to drought under field conditions."

"Gibberellic acid (GA3) application in hybrid rice seed production plays a vital role in increasingseed yield; however, improper use of GA3may affect diversely the growth of hybrid parental lines.Thisstudy aimed to investigate the effects of GA3application at different flowering stagesonagronomic traits and seed yieldof hybrid parental lines.A micro-crossing plot experiment was employed for A line multiplication (HCSA/HCSB) under five treatments: applying GA3at 0%, 10%, 30% and 50% panicle heading stagesand not applying GA3. The results indicated flag leaf length, number of internodes, length of base internode, spikelets per panicle,total dry biomass of both lines, panicle length of HCSAline and seed setting rate of HCSBlinewere not significantlydifferent amongthe treatments. However, applying GA3at 10% panicle heading to 50% flowering stagesignificantly increased plant height, length of 1st, 2nd,and 3rdupperinternodes, total length of these three upper internodesandpanicle exsertion rate of these lines.Interestingly, applying GA3at 30% panicle heading stage enhancedA line to producesignificantly higher panicle exsertion, stigma exsertion, andseed setting rates, ultimately leading to the highest seed yieldof A line, whileapplying GA3at0% panicle headingstage slightly reducedpanicle exsertion rate, and produced lowerseed yieldof both parental lines.These results suggest that applying GA3 at 30% panicle heading stage can be aneffective methodfor increasing seed yieldofA line.A verification testis necessary to confirm the present results."

"System cogeneration adalah produksi energi thermal dan listrik secara simultan dengan sebuah sumber energi primer. System ini disusun oleh 5 komponen utama yaitu: kolektor surya (evaporator), motor torak tenaga uap dengan generator set, unit heat exchanger (kondensor) dan sebuah pompa sebagai sirkulator. Dalam kajian yang dilakukan, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Daya listrik dan Thermal yang dihasilkan dalam system cogeneration ditunjukkan dalam sebuah hubungan matematis, serta pemodelan thermal untuk sebuah gedung lantai 3 yang akan diaplikasikan system cogeneration. Metode yang akan digunakan adalah regression multivariate dengan control least square dan meminimalkan residu antara hasil pengukuran dan hasil perhitungan (error analysis). Setelah kajian yang dilakukan, sebuah model kuadratik yang sesuai untuk mempresentasikan phenomena pisik yang terjadi pada motor torak tenaga uap yang akan digunakan dalam cogeneration system pada sebuah bangunan berlantai 3. Motor torak tenaga uap yang digunakan bekerja pada tekanan 30 bar dan memiliki putaran stabil pada 1500 rpm. Dengan menggunakan software TRNSYS 16 kebutuhan energi thermal gedung disimulasikan selama 8760 jam dan disesuaikan dengan kondisi iklim tempat perencanaan model yang akan dibangun. Dari simulasi yang telah dilakukan maka dapat diketahui bahwa total energy yang di konsumsi gedung tersebut adalah 62.5 kWhep/m2/tahun.

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Cogeneration system is the production of thermal and electrical energy simultaneously with a primary energy source. This system is composed by five main components: solar collector (evaporator), steam piston motor with a generator set, the unit heat exchanger (condenser) and a pump as circulator. In a study conducted, the factors that affect the electrical and thermal power generated in the cogeneration system is shown in a mathematical relationship, and thermal modeling for a building that will be applied to cogeneration systems. Methods to be used are a multivariate regression with least square control and minimize the residuals between measurements and calculation response (error analysis). Once the study is done, a quadratic model is appropriate to present the physical phenomena occurring in the small steam engine that will be used in cogeneration system on a three floor building. Small steam engine that has been used work at under pressure of 30 bar on steady rotation at 1500 rpm. By using software TRNSYS 16 thermal energy requirements during 8760 hours of simulated building and adapted to the climatic conditions of the planning model to be built. From the simulations that have been made, it can be seen that the total energy consumption in buildings is 62.5 kWhep/m2/tahun."

"Aplikasi Marka Molekuler untuk Seleksi Ketahanan Blast pada Populasi Padi Haploid Ganda. Penyakit blast, yang disebabkan oleh jamur Pyricularia grisea Sacc., merupakan salah satu penyakit yang paling merusak padi. Penggunaan varietas padi tahan blast adalah salah satu cara yang paling efisien untuk mengendalikan penyakit blast pada padi. Padi tahan blast dapat dihasilkan melalui pemuliaan. Penggunaan marker-assisted selection (MAS) tersedia untuk mendukung seleksi galur tahan berdasarkan gen ketahanan. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah membandingkan respons ketahanan galur haploid ganda dengan varietas diferensial terhadap tiga ras blast Indonesia dan untuk mengidentifikasi gen-gen ketahanan yang menyebabkan ketahanan terhadap blast berdasarkan respon ketahanan dan evaluasi genotipe menggunakan marka molekuler. Empat puluh sembilan galur haploid ganda hasil persilangan ganda IR54/Parekaligolara//Bio110/Markuti diseleksi menggunakan marka molekuler berdasarkan gen target: Pib, Pi1, Pi2, Pi9, Pi33, Pir4, dan Pir7. Untuk membandingkan seleksi fenotipe, sepuluh galur monogenik LTH dari varietas diferensial digunakan. Semua tanaman diinokulasi dengan tiga ras blast yang diisolasi dari Indonesia. Hasil menunjukkan gen Pib berkontribusi membentuk ketahanan terhadap ras 123, sedangkan gen Pi1dan Pir7 berkontribusi membentuk ketahanan terhadap ras 123 dan 133. Gen Pi2, Pi9, Pi33, dan Pir4 tidak bertanggung jawab dengan ketahanan terhadap ras 123, 133, dan 173.

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Blast disease, caused by fungal Pyricularia grisea Sacc., is one of the most devastating diseases in rice. The use of blast-resistant rice varieties is one of the most efficient ways to control blast disease in rice. Blast-resistant varieties can be produced through breeding. The use of marker-assisted selection (MAS) available to support selection of resistant lines based on resistance gene. The objective of this research was to compare the resistance response of the double haploid lines with the differential varieties to three selected Indonesian blast races and to identify the resistance genes caused the resistance to blast based on the resistance response and the genotype evaluation using molecular markers. Forty-nine double haploid lines from a double crossing IR54/Parekaligolara//Bio110/Markuti were selected using molecular markers based on the targeted genes Pib, Pi1, Pi2, Pi9, Pi33, Pir4, and Pir7. To compare the phenotype selection, ten LTH monogenic lines of differential varieties were used. All plants tested were inoculated by three selected Indonesian blast races. The results show that the Pib gene caused a resistance to race 123, while the Pi1 and Pir7 genes caused a resistance to race 123 and 133. The Pi2, Pi9, Pi33, and Pir4 genes did not cause a resistance to race 123, 133, or 173."