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"Perilaku Makan Monyet Tonkean (Macaca tonkeana) di Pusat Primata Schmutzer dan Taman Margasatwa Ragunan, Jakarta. Monyet Tonkean adalah salah satu dari tujuh spesies monyet endemik di Pulau Sulawesi. Manajemen pakan di penangkaran harus memperhatikan kualitas, palatabilitas, dan pola perilaku makan hewan. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk membandingkan perilaku makan pada dua kelompok sosial monyet Tonkean di Pusat Primata Schmutzer (SPC) dan Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (RZ) dengan manajemen penangkaran yang berbeda, yang diduga dapat memengaruhi perilaku makan. Ad libitum sampling digunakan untuk mengamati perilaku harian dan hirarki, sementara focal animal sampling digunakan untuk mengamati perilaku makan dan preferensi pakan. Data dikumpulkan dari September 2013 sampai Maret 2014 dengan total 495 jam pengamatan. Terdapat perbedaan yang nyata pada perilaku harian antara dua kelompok monyet Tonkean. Perilaku istirahat dominan dalam kelompok RZ dengan kandang tanpa pengkayaan pakan, sementara perilaku makan lebih umum di kelompok SPC pada kandang dengan pengkayaan pakan. Kelompok SPC menghabiskan waktu makan terbesar adalah untuk mencari pakan, sedangkan memilih, membawa dan menolak lebih besar dalam kelompok RZ. Kedua kelompok monyet Tonkean menunjukkan dominansi individu pada perilaku makan mereka. Makanan yang diberikan di kedua lokasi memiliki keanekaragaman dan nilai preferensi yang berbeda. Seleksi pakan perlu dilakukan berdasarkan nilai preferensi dengan memerhatikan pakan monyet Tonkean di alam. Konstruksi kandang, seperti kandang SPC, mampu mengurangi perilaku abnormal yang ditunjukkan oleh individu.

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Tonkean macaques are one of seven endemic macaque species on Sulawesi Island. Feeding management in captivity should pay attention to the quality, palatability, and feeding behavior patterns of animals. The goal of this study was to compare the feeding behavior of two social groups of Tonkean macaques at Schmutzer Primates Center (SPC) and Ragunan Zoo (RZ) with different captive management, which was expected to affect feeding behavior. Ad libitum sampling was used to observe daily behavior and hierarchy, while focal animal sampling was used to observe feeding behavior and feed preference. Data were collected from September 2013 until March 2014 with a total of 495 hours of observations. There were significant differences between the daily behavior of two groups of Tonkean macaques. Resting behavior was dominant in RZ group with non-enrichment feed cage, while feeding behavior was more common in the SPC group with an enrichment feed cage. The SPC group spent most of their feeding time in searching for feed, while choosing, carrying and refusing were greater in the RZ group. Both Tonkean macaque groups showed individual dominance in their feeding behavior. Provisioned feed in both locations had different diversity and preference values. The selection of feed required was based on preference values with attention to Tonkean macaques’ feed in nature. Cage construction, such as the SPC cage, was able to reduce abnormal behavior exhibited by individuals."

"Tonkean macaques are one of seven endemic macaque species on Sulawesi Island. Feeding management in captivity shouldpay attention to the quality, palatability, and feeding behavior patterns of animals. The goal of this study was to compare thefeeding behavior of two social groups of Tonkean macaques at Schmutzer Primates Center (SPC) and Ragunan Zoo (RZ)with different captive management, which was expected to affect feeding behavior. Ad libitum sampling was used to observedaily behavior and hierarchy, while focal animal sampling was used to observe feeding behavior and feed preference. Datawere collected from September 2013 until March 2014 with a total of 495 hours of observations. There were significantdifferences between the daily behavior of two groups of Tonkean macaques. Resting behavior was dominant in RZ groupwith non-enrichment feed cage, while feeding behavior was more common in the SPC group with an enrichment feed cage.The SPC group spent most of their feeding time in searching for feed, while choosing, carrying and refusing were greater inthe RZ group. Both Tonkean macaque groups showed individual dominance in their feeding behavior. Provisioned feed inboth locations had different diversity and preference values. The selection of feed required was based on preference valueswith attention to Tonkean macaques? feed in nature. Cage construction, such as the SPC cage, was able to reduce abnormalbehavior exhibited by individuals.Perilaku Makan Monyet Tonkean (Macaca tonkeana) di Pusat Primata Schmutzer dan Taman MargasatwaRagunan, Jakarta. Monyet Tonkean adalah salah satu dari tujuh spesies monyet endemik di Pulau Sulawesi. Manajemenpakan di penangkaran harus memperhatikan kualitas, palatabilitas, dan pola perilaku makan hewan. Tujuan dari studi iniadalah untuk membandingkan perilaku makan pada dua kelompok sosial monyet Tonkean di Pusat Primata Schmutzer(SPC) dan Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (RZ) dengan manajemen penangkaran yang berbeda, yang diduga dapatmemengaruhi perilaku makan. Ad libitum sampling digunakan untuk mengamati perilaku harian dan hirarki, sementara focalanimal sampling digunakan untuk mengamati perilaku makan dan preferensi pakan. Data dikumpulkan dari September 2013sampai Maret 2014 dengan total 495 jam pengamatan. Terdapat perbedaan yang nyata pada perilaku harian antara duakelompok monyet Tonkean. Perilaku istirahat dominan dalam kelompok RZ dengan kandang tanpa pengkayaan pakan,sementara perilaku makan lebih umum di kelompok SPC pada kandang dengan pengkayaan pakan. Kelompok SPCmenghabiskan waktu makan terbesar adalah untuk mencari pakan, sedangkan memilih, membawa dan menolak lebih besardalam kelompok RZ. Kedua kelompok monyet Tonkean menunjukkan dominansi individu pada perilaku makan mereka.Makanan yang diberikan di kedua lokasi memiliki keanekaragaman dan nilai preferensi yang berbeda. Seleksi pakan perludilakukan berdasarkan nilai preferensi dengan memerhatikan pakan monyet Tonkean di alam. Konstruksi kandang, sepertikandang SPC, mampu mengurangi perilaku abnormal yang ditunjukkan oleh individu."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian pada Macaca nigra di penangkaran. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui strategi adaptasi yaki yang hidup di Pusat Primata Schmutzer, Taman Margasatwa Ragunan, Jakarta melalui pengamatan perilaku makan. Penelitian pada empat individu yaki (1 jantan dan 3 betina) dilakukan selama bulan April 2013--Mei 2013 menggunakan metode scan animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Jumlah jam pengamatan setiap hari adalah 4 jam sehingga total pengamatan selama 20 hari adalah 80 jam. Jumlah titik sampel per harinya berjumlah 48 sampel sehingga total titik sampel selama 20 hari adalah 960 titik sampel. Tabulasi data disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan grafik serta dianalisis secara deskriptif. Rerata aktivitas makan harian masing-masing individu menunjukkan bahwa Jenny (betina dewasa usia 8 tahun) merupakan individu dengan rerata aktivitas makan tertinggi (60.32 ± 0.08%), diikuti dengan Nonik (betina dewasa usia 14 tahun) (58.06 ± 0.11%), Rani (betina muda usia 2 tahun) (55.05 ± 0.08%), dan Ramos (jantan dewasa usia 13 tahun) (45.27 ± 0.07%). Perbedaan frekuensi aktivitas makan antara kelompok yaki di penangkaran dengan kelompok yaki di alam menunjukkan adanya strategi adaptasi tersendiri pada kelompok yaki tersebut terhadap habitatnya.

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It has been done research on Macaca nigra in captivity. A study on adaptation strategies of yaki whose living in Schmutzer Primate Center, Ragunan Zoo, Jakarta through observation of feeding behavior. Research on four individuals yaki (1 male and 3 females) have been done during April 2013--May 2013 using the scan animal sampling and ad libitum sampling methods. The number of hours of observation each day is 4 hours so the total observation period of 20 days is 80 hours. Tabulation of the data presented in tables and graphs and analyzed descriptively. The mean of daily feeding activity of each individual showed that Jenny (8 years old adult female) is an individual with the highest mean feeding activity (60.32 ± 0.08%) followed by Nonik (14 years old adult female) (58.06 ± 0.11%), Rani (2 years old young female) (55.05 ± 0.08%), and Ramos (13 years old adult male) (45.27 ± 0.07%). The difference of feeding behaviour frequencies between yaki group in captivity and nature shows distinct adaptation strategy toward their habitat."

"Salah satu penyebab penurunan populasi Hylobates agilis adalah rendahnya tingkat reproduksi dari owa ungko. Selain itu, owa ungko juga membutuhkan kemampuan yang tinggi untuk mempertahankan komunikasi agar bertahan monogami. Kemampuan tersebut merupakan bentuk dari pair bonding. Telah dilakukan penelitian aktivitas pair bonding pada owa ungko (Hylobates agilis) di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keberadaan pair bonding pada pasangan owa ungko di Pusat Primata di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan dan melihat kaitannya dengan keberadaan pengunjung. Subjek penelitian ini, yaitu 2 pasang owa ungko dengan pasangan pertama telah menghasilkan keturunan dan mengalami pemisahan selama satu tahun sementara pasangan lainnya merupakan pasangan baru yang dipasangkan selama satu tahun. Penelitian ini dilakukan selama 4 pekan dari Juli sampai Agustus 2022 mulai pukul 08.00-13.00 WIB. Metode pada penelitian ini yaitu scan animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Perilaku pair bonding yang diamati terdiri dari tujuh perilaku, yaitu allogrooming, proximity, contact, behaviour sync, presenting, duet vokalisasi dan agonistik. Sementara untuk Kondisi pengunjung dibagi menjadi tiga kategori, yaitu aktivitas, kepadatan, dan kebisingan Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, menunjukkan, kedua pasang owa ungko yang telah lama dipisahkan maupun baru menunjukan perilaku pair bonding dan tingginya keberadaan pengunjung cukup berpengaruh terhadap perilaku pair bonding

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One of the causes of the decline in the Hylobates agilis population is the low reproduction rate of the gibbon. Besides that, the gibbon also requires a high ability to maintain communication in order to survive monogamy. That ability is a form of pair bonding. Pair bonding activity research has been carried out on the gibbon (Hylobates agilis) in Ragunan Wildlife Park. This study aims to analyze the existence of pair bonding in gibbon pairs at the Primate Center in Ragunan Wildlife Park and see its relation to the presence of visitors. The subjects of this study were 2 pairs of gibbons with the first pair having produced offspring and experiencing separation for one year while the second pair was a new pair that was paired for one year. This research was conducted for 4 weeks from July to August 2022 from 08.00–13.00 WIB. The method in this research is scan animal sampling and ad libitum sampling. The observed pair bonding behavior consisted of seven behaviors, namely allogrooming, proximity, contact, sync behavior, presenting, vocalization and agonistic duets. Meanwhile, the condition of visitors is divided into three categories, namely activity, density, and noise."

"The book grows out of a symposium Wang is organizing for the 78th annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists to be held in April 2009. This symposium will highlight recent and ongoing research in, or related to, physical anthropology, and reveal the numerous research opportunities that still exist at this unusual rhesus facility. Following an initial historical review of CPRC and its research activities, this book will emphasize recent and current researches on growth, function, genetics, pathology, aging, and behavior, and the impact of these researches on our understanding of rhesus and human morphology, development, genetics, and behavior. Fourteen researchers will present recent and current studies on morphology, genetics, and behavior, with relevance to primate and human growth, health, and evolution. "

"Kucing bakau (Prionailurus viverrinus Bennett, 1833) merupakan satwa endemik dari Famili Felidae yang dilindungi oleh negara. Adanya perubahan fungsi lahan, perburuan liar, dan konflik dengan masyarakat menyebabkan penurunan jumlah kucing bakau yang memiliki status konservasi dalam kategori vulnerable. Gembira Loka Zoo merupakan salah satu lembaga konservasi ex situ yang melakukan pemeliharaan terhadap kucing bakau. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai perilaku harian dan tingkat kesejahteraan kucing bakau di Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku harian kucing bakau, baik dari perilaku umum maupun perilaku stereotip di dalam kandang peraga. Tingkat kesejahteraan kucing bakau juga dianalisis dengan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi prinsip lima kebebasan (Five Freedoms). Pengamatan kedua ekor kucing bakau dilakukan selama 180 jam atau 10.800 menit secara bergantian, dengan metode focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Hasil penelitian yang didapat adalah persentase perilaku kucing bakau dari yang tertinggi, yaitu perilaku inactive (68,77%), locomotion (13,82%), maintenance (8,81%), exploratory (5,29%), calm (2,10%), feeding (0,88%), out of sight (0,21%), dan vocalization (0,12%). Penilaian terhadap kesejahteraan kucing bakau mendapatkan skor sebesar 79,04 dari 100. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah perilaku harian kucing bakau di Gembira Loka Zoo didominasi oleh kegiatan resting dan tidak teramati adanya perilaku stereotip. Tingkat kesejahteraan kucing bakau termasuk dalam klasifikasi baik karena adanya penerapan dan pelaksanaan prinsip Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare dengan baik.

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Fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus Bennett, 1833) is an endemic species from the Family Felidae that is protected by the state. Land use changes, illegal hunting, and human-wildlife conflict have led to a decline in the population of fishing cat, which are classified as vulnerable in conservation status. Gembira Loka Zoo is one of the ex situ conservation institution that maintains fishing cats. Research has been conducted on the daily behavior and welfare level of fishing cats at Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta. The study aimed to analyze the daily behavior of fishing cats, including both general and stereotypic behaviors within the exhibit enclosure. The welfare level of fishing cats was also assessed by identifying factors influencing the Five Freedoms principle. Observations of the two fishing cats were carried out alternately for a total of 180 hours, or 10,800 minutes, using focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling methods. The research findings indicate the percentage of fishing cat behaviors as follows: highest inactive behavior (68.77%), locomotion (13.82%), maintenance (8.81%), exploratory (5.29%), calm (2.10%), feeding (0.88%), out of sight (0.21%), and vocalization (0.12%). The assessment of the fishing cats welfare scored 79.04 out of 100. The conclusion from this research is that the daily behavior of fishing cats is dominated by resting activities, and no stereotypic behaviors were observed. The welfare level of fishing cats is classified as good due to the effective implementation and execution of the Five Freedoms of Animal Welfare principles."

"Summary:A wonderfully written, beautifully illustrated guide to the behaviour and body language of the world's most fascinating and watchable animals"

"Telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap empat individu lutung jawa (Trachypithecus auratus) jantan dan betina di Pusat Primata Schmutzer, Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengamati interaksi individu jantan dan betina lutung jawa serta menganalisis kondisi pengelolaannya berdasarkan indikator kesejahteraan satwa di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Interaksi yang diamati adalah interaksi dari lima pasangan, yaitu P1 (jantan 1 dan betina 1), P2 (jantan 2 dan betina 2), P3 (jantan 1 dan betina 2), P4 (jantan 2 dan betina 1), serta P5 (jantan 1 dan jantan 2).  Pengamatan interaksi dilakukan dengan metode scan sampling dan ad libitum dalam interval waktu 5 menit tanpa jeda. Kondisi kesejahteraan dilihat berdasarkan pengamatan langsung dan wawancara. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan frekuensi interaksi perilaku afiliatif dan seksual paling besar terjadi pada pasangan jantan 1 dan betina 1, sedangkan interaksi perilaku agonistik paling sering terjadi antara jantan 1 dan jantan 2. Kesejahteraan lutung jawa di Pusat Primata Schmutzer, Taman Margsatwa Ragunan termasuk sangat baik, namun ada beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan seperti luas kandang peragaan dan konsistensi jenis serta berat pakan sesuai untuk menghindari konflik antara individu. Jumlah pengunjung tidak memiliki korelasi signifikan dengan sebagian besar perilaku lutung jawa. Berdasarkan hasil Uji Korelasi Jenjang Spearman, jumlah pengunjung hanya berkorelasi signifikan terhahap perilaku sitting close dan allogrooming (sig.< 0,05).

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Research has been carried out on four Javan langurs (Trachypithecus auratus) at the Pusat Primata Schmutzer, Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. This study was conducted to observe the interaction of individual male and female javan langurs and analyze the management conditions based on animal welfare indicators in the Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. The interactions observed were the interactions of five pairs, namely P1 (male 1 and female 1), P2 (male 2 and female 2), P3 (male 1 and female 2), P4 (male 2 and female 1), and P5 (male 1 and male 2). Interaction observations were carried out using scan sampling and ad libitum methods at 5 minute intervals without pause. Welfare conditions are seen based on direct observations and interviews. Based on the observation, highest frequency of the interaction of affiliative and sexual behavior occurred in the male 1 and female 1 pair, while the agonistic behavior interaction occurred most frequently between male 1 and male 2. The welfare of the Javan langur at the Pusat Primata Schmutzer, Taman Margasatwa Ragunan is very good, but there are several things that need to be considered such as the area of ​​the display cage and the consistency of the type and weight of the feed to avoid conflict between individuals. The number of visitors doesn’t have significant correlation with most behaviors of javan langurs. According to the result of Spearman Rank Correlation test, number of visitors was significantly correlated only with sitting close and allogrooming behavior (sig. < 0,05)."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap perilaku stereotipe kukang jawa (Nycticebus javanicus) di kandang Pusat Rehabilitasi Satwa International Animal Rescue (IAR), Bogor. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis dan frekuensi perilaku stereotipe pada kukang jawa, melihat hubungan frekuensi stereotipe dengan masa rehabilitasi, jenis kelamin dan interaksi sosial antar individu sebagai informasi pendukung program rehablitasi kukang jawa di IAR. Metode focal animal sampling digunakan untuk mengamati perilaku sembilan belas individu kukang jawa pada pukul 18.00--06.00 WIB selama bulan Mei--Juli 2010. Rata-rata sembilan belas kukang jawa menghabiskan 12,27% waktu nokturnalnya untuk melakukan perilaku stereotipe. Jenis perilaku stereotipe yang ditunjukkan ialah pacing, circular pathway, weaving. Frekuensi stereotipe ditemukan memiliki korelasi dengan frekuensi perilaku sosial. Masa rehabilitasi dan jenis kelamin tidak menunjukkan korelasi dengan frekuensi stereotipe.

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Study of stereotypic behavior on captived Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) has been conducted in International Animal Rescue (IAR), Bogor. Objective of this study is to identify types and frequency of stereotypic behavior from nineteen captived javan slow loris, to examine correlation of social interaction, time of rehabilitation and sex with the frequency of stereotypic behavior as an information to support javan slow lorises rehabilitation program. Focal animal sampling method was used to observed nineteen individuals from 6 pm to 6 am during May--July 2010. Approximately 12,27% of nineteen javan slow lorises time budget?s was spent for stereotypic behavior. Social interaction show a negatif correlation with stereotypic behavior. Sex and time of rehabilitation have no correlation with stereotypic behavior. "