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"Over the past decade, PET-CT has achieved great success owing to its ability to simultaneously image structure and function, and show how the two are related. More recently, PET-MRI has also been developed, and it represents an exciting novel option that promises to have applications in oncology as well as neurology. The first part of this book discusses the basics of these dual-modality techniques, including the scanners themselves, radiotracers, scan performance, quantitation, and scan interpretation. As a result, the reader will learn how to perform the techniques to maximum benefit. The second part of the book then presents in detail the PET-CT and PET-MRI findings in cancers of the different body systems. The final two chapters address the use of PET/CT in radiotherapy planning and examine areas of controversy. The authors are world-renowned experts from North America, Europe, and Australia, and the lucid text is complemented by numerous high-quality illustrations."

"The horizons of sophisticated imaging have expanded with the use of combined positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT). PET-CT has revolutionized medical imaging by adding anatomic localization to functional imaging, thus providing physicians with information that is vital for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of pathologies. Since the integration of PET and CT several years ago, PET/CT procedures are now routine at leading medical centers throughout the world. This has increased the importance of nuclear medicine physicians acquiring a broad knowledge in sectional anatomy for image interpretation. The Atlas of Sectional Radiological Anatomy for PET/CT is a user-friendly guide presenting high-resolution, full-color images of anatomical detail and focuses solely on normal FDG distribution throughout the head & neck, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, the primary sites for cancer detection and treatment through PET/CT."

"FDG PET/CT has rapidly emerged as an invaluable combined imaging modality that provides both anatomic and functional information. This book, comprising a collection of images from oncology cases, is organized according to the role of FDG PET/CT in the evaluation and management of oncology patients, and only secondarily by organ or tumor entity. In this way, it reflects the issues that clinicians actually address, namely: identification of an unknown or unsuspected primary; determination of the extent of disease; evaluation of response to therapy; and surveillance after response, i.e., detection of recurrent disease. In total, 100 cases involving different primary tumors are presented to illustrate findings in these different circumstances. "

"PET-CT is increasingly being employed in the diagnosis of both oncological and non-oncological patients, yet nuclear medicine physicians may have only limited practical experience of rare diseases and may experience difficulty in recognizing and interpreting rare findings. This unique atlas documents a large number of clinical cases that will help practitioners to identify findings and diseases that, though rare, are sufficiently frequent to be encountered in routine practice. Two types of cases are presented: patients evaluated for rare diseases and patients evaluated for standard diseases in whom atypical PET findings were detected. Each reported case includes a brief description of the clinical history, representative color PET-CT images obtained using FDG or other tracers, and a short explanation of the disease and findings. "

"Pengecekan akurasi kualitas citra dalam program kontrol kualitas quality control, QC dapat ditingkatkan dengan penggunaan fantom yang mendekati kondisi realistis pada pemindaian klinis. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengembangkan fantom desain khusus yang terdiri dari material organik ekuivalen-hati dan otot jaringan lunak . Karakterisasi sifat radiologi material ekuivalen jaringan menunjukan bahwa material ekuivalen jaringan lunak otot yang tersusun atas campuran Gondorukem, Malam Cecek, dan tepung beras dengan rasio massa 70/20/10 memiliki CT Number -20.27 0.33 HU, densitas massa 1.055 g/cm3 dan densitas elektron 3.461 1023 e/m3. Material ekuivalen jaringan hati yang tersusun atas campuran Malam Cecek dan tepung beras dengan rasio massa 60/40 memiliki CT Number 74.17 1.48 HU, densitas massa 1.024 g/cm3 dan densitas elektron 3.396 1023 e/m3. Penggunaan fantom desain khusus dalam mengevaluasi kualitas citra PET berdasarkan parameter full-width-half-maximum FWHM resolusi dan signal-to-noise ratio SNR menunjukan bahwa detektabilitas sistem pemindaian PET bergantung terhadap ukuran pixel dan metode rekonstruksi citra yang digunakan. Sistem pencitraan PET/CT Siemens Biograph dengan rekonstruksi True-X dan filter Butterworth menggunakan ukuran pixel 1 x 1 mm2, memberikan ukuran obyek pada citra PET lebih kecil daripada ukuran obyek sebenarnya, kecuali pada obyek 4.02 mm. Sistem pemindaian PET/CT Philips Gemini TOF 16 dengan ukuran pixel 4 x 4 mm2 menunjukan adanya perbesaran ukuran obyek kecil dengan diameter kurang dari 16 mm. Kedua pesawat PET/CT menunjukan bahwa ukuran obyek pada citra cenderung lebih kecil atau mencapai threshold 80 dari ukuran sebenarnya pada obyek berdiameter lebih besar sama dengan 16.30 mm. Sebaliknya, overestimation nilai FWHM terjadi pada obyek berukuran kecil 4.20 mm sebagai akibat dari terjadinya partial volume effect. Studi pengukuran kualitas citra dengan fantom desain khusus ini menunjukan bahwa pemilihan metode rekonstruksi, filter post processing, dan ukuran pixel mempengaruhi resolusi atau detektabilitas dan SNR pada citra PET. Pada akhirnya, fantom desain khusus ini mampu memberikan analisa kualitas.

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The purpose of this research was to develop a phantom for quality control QC of PET CT image quality. The phantom was constructed by tissue equivalent materials which consist six cylindrical hot lesions with diameter of 4.20, 6.20, 8.30, 9,80, 16.30, and 19.00 mm. Wax and rice starch were combined to produce the tissue equivalent materials. The results showed that combination 70 20 10 of gondorukem cecek wax rice starch and 60 40 of cecek wax rice starch yielded liver and muscle surrogate materials respectively. Liver equivalent material LEM was 74.17 1.48 HU, 1.024 g cm3 of mass density, and 3.396 1023 e m3 of electron density. While, muscle equivalent material MEM was 20.27 0.33 HU, 1.055 g cm3 of mass density and 3.461 1023 e m3 of electron density.

Then, the phantom was scanned using two different PET CT scanner to determine the detectability and signal to noise ratio SNR as measure PET CT imaging performance. It showed that the detectability of PET CT scanner was affected by pixel size and reconstruction method for image acquisitions. For Siemens Biograph PET CT scanned using pixel sixe of 1 1 mm2, FWHMs were smaller than the actual size of the hot lesions. Meanwhile, for Philips Gemini PET CT scanned using pixel sixe of 4 4 mm2, FWHMs were larger than the actual size of the hot lesions.

For both PET CT scanner, ratio of FWHM actual size reached the threshold of 80 at object diameter ge 16.30 mm. In contrast, overestimation of FWHM occurred at smaller object diameter 4.20 mm significantly caused by the partial volume effect. The study also indicated that image reconstructions, post processing smoothing filter, and pixel size may give impact to the detectability and SNR performed by a PET CT system. It was concluded that the phantom could be used to analyze the image quality performance in PET CT imaging."

"Uji kontrol kualitas menjamin bahwa peralatan memiliki kinerja sesuai standar dan bekerja dalam kondisi yang baik sehingga menghasilkan kualitas citra yang baik. Penelitian kontrol kualitas ini dilakukan terhadap pesawat PET/CT dengan menggunakan pedoman IAEA (Internasional Atomic Energy Agency) Human Health Series No. 1, yang terdiri dari uji resolusi spasial, uji sensitivitas, uji scatter fraction, uji resolusi energi, uji kualitas citra, dan uji resolusi waktu. Uji resolusi spasial menentukan titik terdekat yang dapat diamati oleh sistem pesawat PET. Uji sensitivitas bertujuan untuk mengetahui kepekaan detektor alat dalam menangkap hamburan foton. Uji scatter fraction untuk mengetahui fraksi dari scatter yang terjadi ketika proses rekonstruksi berlangsung. Uji resolusi energi merupakan bagian dari mengetahui kemampuan detektor dalam membedakan foton dengan energi yang berbeda. Uji kualitas citra bermanfaat untuk melihat hasil citra dengan faktor atenuasi dan hamburan. Uji resolusi waktu digunakan pada pesawat PET yang memanfaatkan aplikasi TOF (time of flight) untuk melihat kemampuan sistem dalam memperkirakan perbedaan waktu kedatangan 2 buah foton. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa resolusi spasial pada radius 1 cm sebesar 9,4 mm (transverse) dan 3,4 mm (axial), sedangkan resolusi spasial pada radius 10 cm sebesar 8,4 mm (radial), 8,3 mm (tangential), 3,3 mm (axial). Nilai sensitivitas alat dari diameter kecil-besar, yaitu 0,071 cps/kBq, 0,074 cps/kBq, 0,070 cps/kBq, 0,063 cps/kBq, dan 0,067 cps/kBq. Hasil dari besaran scatter fraction dari penelitian ini adalah 42,78%. Nilai kualitas citra yang ditunjukkan pada bohlam dari diameter kecil-besar, yaitu 49,60%, 68,21%, 56,43%, 43,28%, 62,94%, dan 70,04%.

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Quality control tests is required for controling and monitoring quality of the performance imaging tool that has been installed. Quality control tests carried out on the PET/CT will assist in ensuring a standardized tool functions and comply the rules of usage. Quality control tests in this study using the guidelines IAEA Human Health Series No.1 included tests of spatial resolution, sensitivity, scatter fraction, energy resolution, image quality, and coincidences timing resolution. Spatial resolution test is determine the nearest point observed by PET systems. Sensitivity test aims to determine sensitivity of PET detector to catch photons scattering. Scatter fraction test to determine the fraction of scattering that occurs during process of reconstruction. Energy resolution test is to determine the ability of PET detector to distinguish photon with different energy. Image quality test useful to see the results of the image by a factor of attenuation and scattering. Coincidences timing resolution test used in PET instrument utilizing TOF applications to see ability the system to estimate the difference in arrival time of two photons.

The results of this study indicate that the spatial resolution at 1 cm radius is 9,4 mm (transverse) and 3,4 mm (axial), and the spatial resolution at 10 cm radius is 8,4 mm (radial), 8,3 mm (tangential), 3,3 mm (axial). The sensitivity value from small sleeve to bigger sleeve is 0,071 cps/kBq, 0,074 cps/kBq, 0,070 cps/kBq, 0,063 cps/kBq, and 0,067 cps/kBq. The results of scatter fraction is 42,78%. Image quality value from small sphere to large sphere is 49,60%, 68,21%, 56,43%, 43,28%, 62,94%, and 70,04%."