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"The USA has signifikan contribution on negotiation of West Papua dispute. President John F. Kennedy changed the USA policy in West Papua dispute from passive neutral policy into active mediation policy. By this policy the USA and UNO supported and managed negotiations between Dutch and Indonesia. As a result, the representative of the countries signed the New York Agreement in 1962. The role of the USA diplomacy on the negotiation of West Papua dispute connecting with its interest in preventing communism in Indonesia. In case, America problem is how to eliminate communist influence in Indonesia. In connecting with the problem, the dissertasion has two research questions that what is the background of active mediation policy and how is the process of mediation diplomacy in West Papua dispute.

The dissertasion would like to describe and analyse the negotiations process between Dutch and Indonesia in Middleburg, the USA. The negotiations process have inportant value in Indonesia and America diplomacy history. These will give inforrnations in West Papua history-especially it was looked from the USA perspective. The dissertasion used historical methods in understanding America diplomacy in relationship with negotiation on West Papua dispute. The dissertasion produced conclusions that the USA diplomacy in West Papua dispute has relationship with containment policy in Cold War. The USA and UNO have great contribution to West Papua negotiation and New York Agreement. Consequently, they have moral obligations to West Papua. Their Intervention into West Papua problem is something possible in the future when Indonesia can not solve social dan political problems in there. It should be anticipated by great anttention to West Papua."

"The USA has significan contribution on negotiation of West Papua dispute. President John F. Kennedy changed the USA policy in West Papua dispute from passive neutral policy into active mediation policy. By this policy the USA and UNO supported and managed negotiations between Dutch and Indonesia. As a result, the representative of the countries signed the New York Agreement in 1962. The role of the USA diplomacy on the negotiation of West Papua dispute connecting with its interest in preventing communism in Indonesia. In case, America problem is how to eliminate communist influence in Indonesia. In connecting with the problem, the dissertasion has two research questions that what is the background of active mediation policy and how is the process of mediation diplomacy in West Papua dispute. The dissertasion would like to describe and analyse the negotiations process between Dutch and Indonesia in Middleburg, the USA. The negotiations process have inportant value in Indonesia and America diplomacy history. These will give informations in West Papua history-especially it was looked from the USA perspective. The dissertasion used historical methods in understanding America diplomacy in relationship with negotiation on West Papua dispute. The dissertasion produced conclusions that the USA diplomacy in West Papua dispute has relationship with containment policy in Cold War. The USA and UNO have great contribution to West Papua negotiation and New York Agreement. Consequently, they have moral obligations to West Papua. Their Intervention into West Papua problem is something possible in the future when Indonesia can not solve social dan political problems in there. It should be anticipated by great anttention to West Papua."

"Thesis ini membahas penyelesaian sengketa penanaman modal asing dibidang pertambangan minerba, berikut permasalahan-permasalahan yang muncul pada penyelesaian sengketa tersebut. Sebelumnya penyelesaian sengketa antara Pemerintah dengan penanam modal asing (investor) diselesaikan berdasarkan kesepakatan Kontrak Karya dan Perjanjian Karya Pengusahaan Pertambangan Batu Bara, dimana para pihak dapat menentukan forum penyelesaian sengketa yaitu salah satunya melalui arbitrase internasional. Pilihan penyelesaian sengketa melalui arbitrase internasional sejalan ketentuan Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanaman Modal yang mengatur bahwa penyelesaian sengketa dibidang penanaman modal antara Pemerintah dengan penanam modal asing akan diselesaikan melalui arbitrase internasional yang harus di sepakati oleh para pihak. Namun saat ini ketentuan penyelesaian sengketa untuk penanaman modal asing di bidang minerba berdasarkan ketentuan Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan batubara tidak ditentukan secara jelas, undang-undang ini hanya menentukan bahwa setiap sengketa yang muncul dalam pelaksanaan IUP, IPR, atau IUPK diselesaikan melalui pengadilan dan arbitrase dalam negeri sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan, tidak ditentukan dengan jelas penyelesaian sengketa untuk penanam modal asing dan arbitrase internasional. Dalam pembahasan thesis ini banyak ditemukannya permasalahan terkait penyelesaian sengketa penanaman modal asing dibidang minerba yang meliputi permasalahan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, sikap pemerintah mapun para pihak yang bersengketa dalam memandang sengketa penanaman modal asing dibidang minerba, belum seragamnya sikap hakim dalam melihat yurisdiksi arbitrase internasional dan keputusan arbitrase internasional. menyikapi permasalahan -permasalahan diatas, kegiatan penanaman modal asing dibidang minerba termasuk penyelesaian sengketa haruslah didukung oleh sistem hukum yang efektif yang didalamnya terdiri atas substansi, struktur dan budaya hukum yang saling mendukung satu sama lain. Selain itu, hukum akan mendorong datangnya modal asing dibidang minerba apabila dapat menciptakan predictability, stability, dan fairness.

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ABSTRACTThis Thesis discusses Foreign Investment Dispute Resolution in Mineral and Coal Mining, including the problems arisen in dispute resolution there of. Previously, the dispute resolution between government and foreign investor (investor) is settled according to agreement of Contract of Work (KK) and Work Agreement of Coal Mining Production (PKP2B) where parties here of is able to determine the dispute resolution forum namely through international arbitration. The option of dispute resolution through international arbitration subject to the Law No. 25 2007 regarding Investment which govern the dispute resolution between government and investor is settled through international arbitration that must be conducted by the consent of both parties. At present, however, the rule of dispute resolution for the foreign investment of mineral and coal according to the Law No.4 Year 2009 regarding Mineral and Coal Mining does not stipulated clearly, this Law only determine that every dispute occur in implementation of IUP,IPR or IUPK is settled before the court or national arbitration according to the Law, it does not clearly stated for the foreign investment and international arbitration.In the Thesis, it will be more discussed about the problems regarding the foreign investment dispute resolution in mineral and coal that entail the issues in Law, government policy, the parties in dispute, and their perspective in foreign investment dispute resolution in mineral and coal issue, the different opinion of judges regarding the jurisdiction of international arbitration and the sentence of international arbitration. To look upon the issues mentioned above, the activities of foreign investment in mineral and coal including the dispute resolution must be supported by the effective legal system that comprise the substance, structure and legal culture which is sustained each other. Besides that, the law will support the foreign capital inflow in mineral and coal industry if it is able to create predictability, stability, dan fairness."

"Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menganalisis implikasi adanya klausul pilihan forum non eksklusif perihal penentuan forum penyelesaian sengketa di Indonesia berdasarkan teori-teori terkait Hukum Perdata Internasional, Hukum Kontrak Internasional dan Hukum Acara Perdata Internasional. Penulis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini terhadap beberapa kasus di Indonesia, implikasi dari klausul pilihan forum non eksklusif dalam menentukan forum penyelesaian sengketa di Indonesia belum diatur secara utuh oleh peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dengan masih digunakannya doktrin forum non conveniens, lis pendens, serta res judicata yang ketiganya masih belum terdapat dalam peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia, meskipun telah terdapat doktrin yang tersirat dalam Pasal 118 HIR, yakni the basis of presence dan principle of effectiveness. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa belum terdapat kepastian hukum terhadap suatu sengketa yang di dalamnya terdapat pilihan forum non eksklusif di antara para pihaknya. Oleh karena itu, alangkah lebih baiknya apabila Indonesia memiliki Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata Internasional dan aksesi Hague Choice of Court Convention 2005 demi memberikan kepastian, keadilan, serta kemanfaatan hukum bagi setiap pihak yang akan bertindak dalam ranah hukum perdata dan dagang, khususnya dalam sengketa yang timbul dari kontrak internasional yang di dalamnya terdapat pilihan forum non eksklusif.

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This research aims to analyse the implications of a non-exclusive choice of forum clause in determining the competent dispute resolution forum in Indonesia based on theories related to Private International Law, International Contract Law and International Civil Procedure Law. The author in this research uses a normative juridical research method. Based on the results of this research of several cases in Indonesia, the implications of the non-exclusive choice of forum clause in determining the competent dispute resolution forum in Indonesia have not been fully regulated by Indonesian laws and regulations. This can be seen from the use of the doctrines of forum non conveniens, lis pendens and res judicata, the three of which are still not contained in the laws and regulations in Indonesia, even though there are already doctrines implied in Article 118 of HIR, namely the basis of presence and the principle of effectiveness. This shows that there is no legal certainty regarding a dispute in which there is a non-exclusive choice of forum between the parties. Therefore, it would be better if Indonesia had a written law about Private International Law and ractify the Hague Choice of Court Convention 2005 to provide certainty, justice, and legal benefits for every party who will act in the civil and commercial law field, especially in disputes arising from international contracts in which there is a choice of non-exclusive forum."

"ABSTRACTPenelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui lembaga alternative penyelesaian sengketa manakah yang lebih efektif dalam menyelesaikan persengketaan antara konsumen dengan pelaku usaha di sektor jasa keuangan perbankan serta untuk mengetahui apakah dengan adanya kedua lembaga yang sama sama memiliki tugas untuk menyelesaikan sengketa tersebut akan timbulnya dualisme hukum. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode yuridis normative, yaitu dengan melihat undang undang yang mengatur serta wawancara. Peneliti juga memperoleh data statistik yang didapat dari BPSK Prov. DKI Jakarta serta LAPSPI. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa LAPSPI merupakan lembaga yang lebih efektif dalam menyelesaikan persengketaan di sektor jasa keuangan perbankan, serta tidak adanya dualisme hukum diantara kedua lembaga tersebut karena LAPSPI mengharuskan para pihak yang bersengketa di LAPSPI untuk membuat perjanjian yang menimbulkan adanya kompetensi absolut bagi LAPSPI untuk menyelesaikan sengketa tersebut. Namun dalam impelementasinya hal tersebut dirasa masih kurang maksimal karena menyebabkan ambiguitas dalam proses penyelesaian sengketa di sektor jasa keuangan perbankan. Dengan demikian, disarankan seharusnya kedua lembaga tersebut dapat bekerja sama  sehingga menciptakan kondisi hukum yang Efektif, Efisien, dan Bersinergi. Namun apabila hal tersebut sulit untuk diwujudkan maka diperlukannya sosialisasi yang lebih baik dari LAPSPI serta dibentuknya peraturan pelaksana yang lebih tegas oleh pemerintah terhadap kedua lembaga tersebut.

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ABSTRACTThis research is conducted to further obtain which alternative dispute resolution institutions were more effective in resolving disputes between consumers and business person form the financial services sektor on banking, and to find out whether the existence of the two institutions that had the same task which to resolve the dispute can cause legal dualisme. This research is conducted with normative juridical method, by looking at the governing law and by interview. Researcher obtained the statistical data from Consumer Dispute Resolution Body (BPSK) and Alternative Body for Dispute Settlement in Banking of Indonesia (LAPSPI). The results of this study indicate that LAPSPI is a more effective institution in resolving disputes in the banking financial services sektor, and there was no legal dualisme between the two institutions because LAPSPI requires the parties to make an agreement which creates absolute competence for LAPSPI to resolve the dispute. However, the implementation of this matter were still not optimal because it caused ambiguity in the dispute resolution process in the banking financial services sector. Furthermore, it is recommended that the two institutions to work together to make an Effective, Efficient, and Synergic legal condition. However, if that is difficult to be realized then the need for better socialization from LAPSPI is needed, Also the establishment of  more resolute implementing agreement by the government on both Institutions. "

"Sertipikat tanah merupakan surat tanda bukti hak yang diberikan sebagai bukti sah kepemilikan hak atas tanah yang diperoleh melalui proses pendaftaran tanah di Kantor Badan Pertanahan Nasional. Meskipun sebagai tanda bukti yang sah namun dalam prakteknya masih saja terjadi sengketa terhadap kepemilikan hak atas tanah. Salah satu sengketa tanah yang terjadi pada Kantor Pertanahan Jakarta Pusat adalah jenis hak Sertipikat Hak Milik, yang penyelesaiannya dapat dilakukan melalui jalur diluar peradilan dan jalur peradilan. Berkenaan dengan hal tersebut dalam penulisan ini, peneliti menulis beberapa permasalahan dalam pelaksanaan penyelesaian sengketa terhadap Sertipikat Hak Milik, yaitu 1. Apa yang menjadi faktor penyebab terjadinya sengketa tanah di wilayah Kantor Pertanahan Jakarta Pusat ? 2. Bagaimana peran Badan Pertanahan Nasional dalam penyelesaian sengketa tanah yang telah diterbitkan Sertipikat Hak Miliknya sesuai dengan kewenangannya ?, Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah Yuridis Normatif dengan menelaah permasalahan yang ada dan di kaji berdasarkan atas materi hukum atau peraturan-peraturan dan pelaksanaan di dalam prakteknya. Dari hasil penelitian, penulis menemukan bahwa Badan Pertanahan Nasional mempunyai kewenangan untuk memfasilitasi para pihak yang bersengketa untuk diselesaikan melalui mediasi serta proses penyelesaiannya dan melaksanakan putusan penyelesaian sengketa pertanahan yang telah ditetapkan dalam pengadilan.

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A land certificate letter proof of the rights granted as legal evidence of ownership rights to the land that is acquired through the process of land registration in the National Land Agency. Although as proof of legitimate but in the practice is still only a dispute on land ownership. One land dispute occurred in Central Jakarta Land Office is the right type of Certificate Properties, the settlement acting inside the court and outside the court. In this regard in this paper, the researcher wrote several questions in the implementation of dispute resolution Certificate of Property Rights , namely 1. What are the factors causing land disputes in the Central Jakarta Land Office area 2. What is the role of the National Land Agency in resolving land disputes whose Ownership Certificate has been issued in accordance with them authority ?, The method used in this paper is the Normative Juridical examine existing problems and be examined based on the material laws or regulations and implementation in the practice her. From the research, the authors found that the National Land Agency has the authority to facilitate the parties to the dispute to be resolved through mediation and enforcing land dispute resolution decisions that have been determined in court."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai pelaksanaan penyelesaian sengketa banding peredaran usaha yang dihadapi oleh PT ABC di Pengadilan Pajak. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa studi literatur dan studi lapangan. Pokok permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah: (i) Apakah perbedaan argumentasi antara PT ABC dan pihak Direktorat Jenderal Pajak (DJP) dalam upaya penyelesaian sengketa pajak terkait koreksi peredaran usaha dan (ii) Bagaimana penyelesaian sengketa banding PT ABC ditinjau dari asas kepastian hukum. Hasil penelitian ini (i) terdapat perbedaan pendapat antara DJP dan Wajib Pajak dalam memahami penyebab kerugian salah satu divisi PT ABC dan (ii) Putusan pengadilan pajak telah memenuhi asas kepastian hukum menurut indikator subjek pajak, tarif pajak, dan prosedur proses banding namun tidak untuk objek pajak. Penelitian ini menyarankan agar (i) Fiskus bisa bersikap lebih objektif dalam mengambil sebuah keputusan dan PT ABC bisa lebih komunikatif dalam penyampaian penjelasan terkait sengketa, dan (ii) Untuk menghindari kasus serupa, tepatnya dalam mengeliminasi perbedaan pendapat di dalam analisis transfer pricing di Indonesia, seharusnya ada peraturan tambahan yang mengakomodir lebih jelas dan lebih rinci. Hal ini dibutuhkan demi tercapainya kepastian hukum baik bagi Wajib Pajak maupun bagi fiskus.

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This research aims to explore the appeal process on dispute of sales PT ABC at tax court. This research use quantitative descriptive strategy which is aims to collect and analyze data such as literature studies and field research. The main issues discussed on this research are: (i) the different argumentation between PT ABC and Director General of Taxes (DGT) on understanding the causes of loss of one of the division PT ABC and (ii) how the dispute resolution on appeal process of sales PT ABC in terms of the principle of certainty of law. Based on analysis (i) there is different argumentation between DGT and PT ABC that causes of loss of on one of division PT ABC and (ii) Tax Verdict has fulfilled the principle of certainty of law according to the indicator of tax subject, tax rate, and appeal process procedure. However, it does not apply for the tax object. This research suggest that (i) the tax authorities can be more objective on decision making and PT ABC could be more communicative in the delivery of an explanation regarding the dispute, and (ii) To avoid similar cases, specifically in eliminating dissent in the transfer pricing analysis in Indonesia, there should be additional regulations that accommodate a clearer and more detailed explanation and instruction. This is necessary in order to achieve certainty of law both for the taxpayer and the tax authorities."