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"Adequate blood supply to the eye is an important prerequisite for normal visual function. Over the past 40 years our knowledge of ocular blood flow regulation has improved significantly. This reader-friendly textbook provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of ocular blood flow. Lavishly illustrated, it evaluates the wide array of methods that have been used to measure ocular blood flow. Furthermore, it not only offers the reader an evidence-based summary of the physiological and pharmacological properties of ocular blood flow regulation, but also demonstrates the ocular blood flow abnormalities in different vascular diseases. This book will enhance the understanding of all who are interested in learning more about ocular blood flow in health and disease."

"The acknowledgment that viruses are potent biological factors in driving many cancers have seen a dramatic upsurge in recent years in large part to the success of the human papilloma virus vaccine against invasive cervical carcinomas and followed by the awarding of the noble prize in medicine in 2008 to Dr. Harald zurHausen who identified the link between papilloma virus and cervical cancers. We will also cover other known oncogenic viruses associated cancers in other mammals in addition to humans."

"Dua puluh persen dari operasi tumor tulang membutuhkan tranfusi darah Packed Red Cell (PRC) intraoperatif, dengan volume tranfusi rata-rata 1200 ml.^1,2. Kelebihan permintaan darah menimbulkan kerugian biaya. Selama januari-juli 2017, RSCM mengalami kerugian Rp 5,381,100,000 akibat terbuangnya 7972 kantung darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat model prediksi kebutuhan tranfusi PRC peribedah pada operasi tumor tulang berdasarkan faktor-faktor letak, ukuran, karakteristik keganasan tumor, nilai Hb prabedah dan nilai ASA prabedah. Penelitian ini memiliki desain kohort retrospektif dan dilakukan pada pasien dewasa yang menjalani pembedahan tumor pada tahun 2015-2017. Analisis dilakukan pada 82 data yang didapat dari rekam medis. Uji bivariat menunjukkan letak tumor, ukuran tumor, karakteristik keganasan tumor, nilai Hb prabedah dan nilai ASA prabedah memiliki hubungan bermakna terhadap kebutuhan tranfusi PRC perioperatif. Analisis multivariat regresi linier menunjukan hanya letak tumor dan nilai Hb prabedah yang merupakan prediktor bermakna. Model alternatif hasil regresi logistik dan analisis tambahan dibuat untuk menentukan probabilitas tranfusi PRC perioperatif.

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Twenty percent of bone tumor surgery requires intraoperative blood tranfusion, mostly Packed Red Cell (PRC). Approximately 1200ml or 4-6 unit of PRC transfusion is given in a bone tumor surgery.^1,2Less accurate estimation of the need of transfusion caused excessively wasted blood requests and led to high expense loss. In January-July 2017 there were 7972 wasted bags of blood product, resulting in a loss of Rp. 5,381,100,000 in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. This study aimed to develop a prediction model for the need of perioperative red blood cell transfusion in bone tumor surgery. This is a retrospective cohort study of adults patients underwent bone tumor surgery between 2015 to 2017. Data was retrieved from the medical records and 82 subjects were included. The bivariate analysis showed that tumor location, size, malignancy, preoperative hemoglobin level and ASA physical status were significantly correlated with perioperative needs of red blood cell transfusion. However, the linear regression showed that only tumor location and preoperative hemoglobin level were considered as significant predictors. Therefore we obtained an alternative model from logistic regression to determine the probability of the need for perioperative PRC transfusion and add additional factors in the analysis."

"ABSTRAKPenyakit Dengue adalah penyakit infeksi akibat virus dengue yang memilikimanifestasi klinis mulai dari demam ringan hingga berat seperti demam berdarahdan sindrom renjatan dengue. Patogenesis dengue sampai saat ini belumsepenuhnya diketahui. Ada dua faktor utama yang mempengaruhi manifestasiklinis, yaitu adanya variasi serotipe virus dengue (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, danDEN-4) dan faktor pejamu, yaitu peranan imunitas yang diantaranya diperantaraioleh sel fagosit mononuklear. Pada penelitian ini kemampuan empat serotipe virusdengue untuk menginduksi respon imun dilihat dengan memaparkan ke empatserotipe virus dengue dengan sel imun yang berasal dari manusia sehat berupamakrofag yang berasal dari monosit (monocyte derived macrophages atau MDM)dan peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) dan kemudian diukur ekspresidelapan macam sitokin/kemokin. Penelitian diawali dengan isolasi PBMC daridarah vena dengan menggunakan metode sentrifugasi gradien menggunakanFicoll. MDM dideferensiasi dari monosit menggunakan faktor pertumbuhan MCSF.MDM dan PBMC yang diperoleh kemudian dipaparkan berbagai serotipevirus dengue. Replikasi virus diukur dengan metode plaque assay dan pengukurankadar NS1 dengan cara ELISA. Ekspresi sitokin/kemokin dianalisa menggunakanLuminexTM microbead assay. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaanpola ekspresi sitokin/kemokin akibat paparan ke empat serotipe virus pada MDM,di mana DEN-1 menunjukkan kecenderungan untuk menginduksi ekspresisitokin/kemokin lebih cepat dan lebih tinggi dibandingakan serotipe lain. Analisastatistik pada PBMC menunjukkan adanya perbedaan kinetika ekspresi yangsignifikan pada sitokin IL-10 pada 24 jam pasca infeksi dan kemokin IP-10 pada36 dan 60 jam pasca infeksi. Sebagai kesimpulan, pada penelitian inidiperlihatkan adanya perbedaan pola kinetik ekspresi sitokin/kemokin keempatserotipe virus dengue baik pada MDM dan PBMC.

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ABSTRACTDengue is a disease caused by dengue virus infection, which has clinicalmanifestations ranging from mild fever to severe forms such as the denguehaemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. The pathogenesis of dengueinfection is not fully known. There are two main factors that influence clinicalmanifestations. The first is the virus factor which represented by the variation ofdengue virus serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4) and the secondfactor is the host factors, which mainly involved the host’s immunity mediated byimmune cells such as the mononuclear phagocytic cells. In this study, the abilityof the four serotypes of dengue virus to induce immune response was studied byinfecting the four serotypes of dengue virus into healthy human macrophagesderived from monocytes (monocyte-derived macrophages or MDM ) andperipheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The expressions of eightcytokines/chemokines were measured. Isolation of PBMCs was performed usingFicoll gradient centrifugation. MDMs were differentiated from monocytes usingthe growth factor M-CSF. MDM and PBMCs obtained were infected with variousserotypes of dengue virus. Viral replication was measured by plaque assaymethods and NS1 ELISA. Expressions of cytokines/chemokines were analyzedusing LuminexTM microbead assay. The results showed differences in theexpression patterns of cytokines/chemokines into four serotypes of the virus inMDM, in which DEN-1 induced the expression of cytokine/chemokines faster andat higher levels compared to other serotypes. While virus infection in PBMCsshowed significant differences in the kinetics of expression of cytokines IL-10 at24 hours post-infection and the chemokine IP-10 at 36 and 60 hours postinfection. In conclusion, this study observed different patterns ofcytokine/chemokines expression in response to four serotypes of dengue virusboth in MDM and PBMCs."

"ABSTRAKInfeksi virus dengue (DENV) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Hingga saat ini patogenesis infeksi DENV masih belum diketahui secara jelas. DENV dapat menginfeksi dan bereplikasi pada monosit yang mengarah pada hipotesis ADE (Antibody-Dependent Enhancement). Infeksi DENV juga seringkali menyebabkan kerusakan hati, hepatomegali hingga disfungsi hati. Organ hati merupakan salah satu target utama infeksi DENV. Beberapa mekanisme yang terlibat dalam kerusakan hepatosit selama infeksi DENV yaitu efek sitopatik langsung yakni dari infeksi virus, dan efek tidak langsung yakni terkait disfungsi mitokondria, dan pengaruh faktor imun seluler dan humoral pada hati. Untuk mengetahui peranan DENV dan monosit dalam kerusakan sel hati, pada penelitian ini dilakukan infeksi DENV pada galur sel hepatosit Huh 7 it-1 yang diko-kultur dengan PBMC secara in vitro untuk mengetahui kadar sitokin IL-6, IL-10, TNF-a, IP-10 dan GRO-a menggunakan ELISA. Pada penelitian ini juga dilakukan pengamatan infektivitas DENV-2 pada sel Huh 7it-1 melalui FFU assay, dan pengukuran serta pengamatan viabilitas sel melalui MTT assay dan pewarnaan tryphan blue. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kadar sitokin IL-6, IL-10, TNF-a, GRO-a pada PBMC yang dikultur bersama sel Huh 7it-1 terinfeksi DENV-2 lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Sementara kadar kemokin IP-10 pada PBMC yang dikultur bersama sel Huh 7it-1 terinfeksi DENV-2 lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Penambahan PBMC dapat menurunkan infektivitas sel Huh 7it-1terinfeksi DENV-2. Penambahan PBMC pada sel Huh 7it-1 terinfeksi DENV-2 menurunkan viabilitas sel.

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ABSTRACT Dengue virus (DENV) infection increases every year and still being a health problem in Indonesia. Pathogenesis of DENV infection still not clearly known. DENV can infect and replicate monocytes that lead to the ADE (Antibody-Dependent Enhancement). DENV infection may cause liver damage, hepatomegaly and liver dysfunction. Liver is also known to be the main target of DENV infection. Some of the mechanisms involved in hepatocytes damage during DENV infection are direct cytopathic effects of the virus,and indirect cythopatic effects due to mitochondrial dysfunction, and effect of cellular and humoral immune factors in the liver. To determine the role of DENV and monocytes in liver cell damage, this study carried out DENV infection on Huh 7it-1 hepatocyte cell lines cultured with PBMC in vitro to determine levels of cytokine IL-6, IL-10, TNF-a, IP-10 and GRO-a using ELISA. This study also observed infectivity of DENV-2 infected Huh 7it-1 cells through FFU assay, and cell viability through MTT assay, and tryphan blue staining. The results showed that the levels of cytokines IL-6, IL-10, TNF-a, GRO-a in PBMC cultured with DENV-2 infected Huh 7it-1 cells were higher than control. While levels of chemokine IP-10 in PBMCs co-cultured with DENV-2 infected Huh 7it-1 cells were lower than control. Addition of PBMC decreased the infectivity of DENV-2 infection in Huh7it-1 cells. Addition of PBMC in DENV-2 infected Huh 7 it-1 cells decreased cells viability. "

"A renaissance of virus research is taking centre stage in biology. Empirical data from the last decade indicate the important roles of viruses, both in the evolution of all life and as symbionts of host organisms. There is increasing evidence that all cellular life is colonized by exogenous and/or endogenous viruses in a non-lytic but persistent lifestyle. Viruses and viral parts form the most numerous genetic matter on this planet."

"Tumor merupakan sebuah benjolan abnormal dalam tubuh yang dapat bersifat jinak atau ganas dan biasanya disebabkan oleh penyebaran sel abnormal yang tumbuh tidak terkontrol dan tidak terkendali (keganasan) maupun infeksi. Pasien dengan penyakit kanker mengalami gejala fatigue, gangguan pola tidur, ansietas, depresi dan nyeri. Karya ilmiah ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh teknik relaksasi Benson sebagai salah satu intervensi keperawatan dalam mengatasi masalah nyeri. Metode yang digunakan berupa laporan kasus yang telah dikelola selama 4 hari terhadap pasien individu yang terdiagnosis tumor paru dan sedang menjalani perawatan di ruang Anggrek lantai 1 di salah satu rumah sakit umum pusat di Jakarta. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pasien dapat menerima intervensi yang diberikan, melakukannya dengan baik dan rutin, sehingga dapat merasakan efek yang positif yaitu perasaan yang lebih nyaman dan tenang serta berkurangnya sensasi rasa nyeri. Kata kunci : relaksasi benson, nyeri, paliatif, ruang rawat.

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Tumor is an abnormal lump in the body that can be benign or malignant and is usually caused by the spread of abnormal cells that grow uncontrollably and uncontrollably (malignancy) or infection. Patients with cancer experience symptoms of fatigue, disturbed sleep patterns, anxiety, depression and pain. This scientific work aims to analyze the effect of Benson's relaxation technique as a nursing intervention in overcoming pain problems. The method used is a case report that has been managed for 4 days on individual patients diagnosed with lung tumors and currently undergoing treatment at the Orchid Room on the 1st floor of one of the central public hospitals in Jakarta. The results show that patients can accept the intervention given, did it well and routinely, therefore the patient could feels positive effects which are more comfortable and relaxed, as well as  reduced pain sensation. Keywords : benson relaxation, pain, palliative care"