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"The “Abtropfung” theory that nevi develop through the migration of nevus cells from the epidermis to the dermis prevailed for almost a century until the “Hochsteigerung” theory postulated the reverse pattern of migration. Most recently, however, new insights gained from epidemiology, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of nevi, dermoscopy and confocal microscopy, and cellular and molecular studies have brought into question both of these theories. This book provides a comprehensive guide to current knowledge about nevogenesis by presenting these latest advances and in addition discusses issues yet to be resolved. It will assist practicing physicians in effectively managing patients with a variety of nevi and will also be of great value to researchers in the field. Importantly, since nevi are associated with an increased risk of melanoma, understanding nevogenesis may help to unravel some of the mysteries of melanomagenesis."

"This book provides a clear and authoritative summary of the results and clinical implications of research in spiritual healing, energy medicine and the effects of intentionality. Recent publications in the Archives of Internal Medicine, the Western Journal of Medicine, JAMA and the Annals of Internal Medicine have focused on prayer, distant healing and spiritual healing. Therapeutic touch is taught in many nursing schools and laying-on-of-hands and mental healing are of great interest to the public. But what is the science behind these practices? Is there any research? Is it any good? What are the implications of this research for medicine and science? How should investigation of spiritual healing proceed, if at all? These are the questions this book explores."

"ABSTRACTPurposeThe lymphatic flow along the posterior gastric artery (PGA) is considered of possible clinical importance in terms of lymphatic metastasis; however, little is known about the lymph nodes (LNs) around this artery. The purpose of this study was to establish if LNs exist around the PGA and to evaluate their clinical implications.MethodsWe examined the tissues surrounding the PGA from 21 cadavers to search for LNs. We also investigated the patterns of lymphatic metastases in patients who underwent surgery for gastric neoplasms at our institute to detect their presence along the PGA.ResultsThe PGA was identified in 11 cadavers, and LNs around the PGA were detected microscopically in 2 of these. Lymphatic metastasis directly to the LNs at the splenic artery without any metastases was regarded as skip metastasis along the PGA. Skip metastasis was found in two of ten patients who underwent surgery for remnant gastric cancer.ConclusionsThe existence of LNs around the PGA was confirmed, and based on our findings, lymphatic metastasis through the PGA is possible in patients with remnant gastric cancer."

"This paper examines the role of rainfall in the urban development of Kenya. The rainfall characteristics have been analysed and their influence on agricultural and urban development assesed. It is noted that since Eldoret is one of the rapidly expanding towns in Kenya located in highly potential agriculturall region, variability of rainfall and drought can seriously affect urban development as farmers in the hinterland will abandon their farms and migrate to the town thus creating food shortage. Secondly, in times of drought, the water supply problems in the town will be exacerbated as it depends on surface water source. The tempo of rural-urban migration will be speeded up and this will create more socio-economic problems. "

"Development of vaccines : from discovery to clinical testing outlines the critical steps, and analytical tools and techniques, needed to take a vaccine from discovery through a successful clinical trial. Contributions from leading experts in the critical areas of vaccine expression, purification, formulation, pre-clinical testing and regulatory submissions make this book an authoritative collection of issues, challenges and solutions for progressing a biologic drug formulation from its early stage of discovery into its final clinical testing. A section with details and real-life experiences of toxicology testing and regulatory filing for vaccines is also included."

"Latar belakang : nevus melanositik didapat (NM) adalah salah satu kelainan pigmentasi melanositik yang dapat menjadi prekursor potensial melanoma. Telah diketahui bahwa tipe kulit putih merupakan salah satu faktor risiko terjadinya melanoma. Pola dermoskopi NM pada populasi kulit putih memiliki gambaran dermoskopik yang berbeda pada setiap tipe kulit (tipe I ? IV) menurut klasifikasi Fitzpatrick. Belum pernah dilaporkan perbedaan gambaran dermoskopik pada tipe kulit orang Indonesia yang umumnya berkulit sawo matang dengan tipe kulit IV dan V. Dianggap penting untuk mengetahui karakteristik gambaran klinis dan dermoskopik NM pada tipe kulit orang Indonesia yang meliputi tipe kulit III, IV dan V. Metode : penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan potong lintang, pada 96 subyek penelitian (SP) dewasa (usia 18-60 tahun) di Poliklinik IKKK RSCM Jakarta terbagi merata untuk setiap tipe kulit III, IV dan V. Dilakukan pemeriksaan gambaran klinis dan dermoskopik NM pada tiap SP. Gambaran klinis yang dinilai adalah morfologi klinis dan warna lesi. Hasil : didapatkan gambaran klinis NM yang paling banyak adalah lesi datar (88,44%), berwarna cokelat gelap (51,43%), dengan median ukuran 2 mm. Pola dermoskopik yang paling banyak ditemukan pada seluruh lesi NM adalah retikular (33,40%). Terdapat proporsi dan kecenderungan yang semakin meningkat pada pola retikular dengan meningkatnya kegelapan tipe kulit orang Indonesia (tipe kulit IV terhadap tipe kulit III OR 1,4 (95% CI 0,5-4,0); tipe kulit V terhadap tipe kulit III OR 1,7 (95% CI 0,6-4,8)). Kesimpulan : Tidak terdapat perbedaan gambaran klinis NM pada tiap tipe kulit orang Indonesia. Terdapat perbedaan pola dermoskopik pada tipe retikular dengan proporsi yang makin meningkat sesuai dengan tipe kulit yang makin gelap.

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Background : Acquired melanocytic nevi (MN) is one of melanocytic pigmentation disorder, which can be a potential precursor of melanoma. Fair skin type has been known as one of the risk factor for melanoma. The dermoscopic pattern of MN in white population is different among the skin types (type I ? IV) according to Fitzpatrick?s classification. The difference in dermoscopic pattern of MN among the skin types of Indonesian people, which commonly dark brown with types IV and V, has not been reported. It is important to know the clinical characteristics and dermoscopic pattern of MN in Indonesian people skin types, which includes the skin types of III, IV and V.

Method : We performed a cross sectional study in 96 adult patients (18-60 years old), distributed equally for each skin type III, IV and V, at the Dermatovenereology outpatient clinic Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital Jakarta. Each subject was examined for clinical and dermoscopic pattern. Clinical characteristic include clinical morfology and color.

Result : The study found that the most frequent clinical characteristics of MN were planar lesion (88.44 %), dark brown color (53.43%), with median size 2 mm. The most frequent dermoscopic pattern in all MN lesions was reticular (33.40 %). There was increasing proportion and odds within reticular pattern with the increase of skin?s darkness of Indonesian people (skin type IV to type III with OR 1.4 (95% CI 0.5-4.0); skin type V to type III with OR 1.7 (95% CI 0.6-4.8), respectively).

Conclusion : Clinical characteristics were not significantly different among the skin types of Indonesian people. There was difference on dermoscopic pattern within the reticular type, showing an increase of its proportion in accordance with the darker skin types."