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"In order to reduce the number of deaths from severe head injuries, systematic management is essential. This book is a practical, comprehensive guide to the treatment of patients (both adults and children) with such injuries, from the time of initial contact through to the rehabilitation center. Sections are devoted to prehospital treatment, admission and diagnostics, acute management, and neurointensive care and rehabilitation. Evidence-based recommendations are presented for each diagnostic and therapeutic measure, and tips, tricks, and pitfalls are highlighted. Throughout, the emphasis is on the provision of sound clinical advice that will maximize the likelihood of an optimal outcome. Helpful flowcharts designed for use in daily routine are also provided. The authors are all members of the Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee and have extensive practical experience in the areas they write about."

"This book is a concise guide designed for neurologists, primary care, and sports physicians and other medical providers, psychologists and neuropsychologists, and athletic trainers who may evaluate and care for patients with TBI. The book features summaries of the most pertinent areas of diagnosis and therapy, which can be readily accessed by the busy clinician/professional. "

"[ABSTRAKPendahuluan:Pada traumatic brain injury (TBI) dapat terjadi peningkatan metabolisme sehingga pasien rentan mengalami malnutrisi. Tatalaksana nutrisi yang adekuat sesuai dengan kondisi klinis dan komorbiditas berperan dalam mencegah terjadinya malnutrisi, menurunkan morbiditas dan mortalitas, serta mengoptimalkan outcome neurologis.Presentasi Kasus:Keempat pasien dalam serial kasus ini adalah laki-laki berusia antara 31?60 tahun dengan TBI dan berbagai faktor penyulit. Pasien pertama dengan obesitas dan mengalami hiponatremia berulang selama perawatan, pasien kedua memiliki status gizi malnutrisi, pasien ketiga dengan riwayat kemoradiasi pada astrositoma, amiloid angiopati dan disfagia, sementara pasien keempat dengan hipertensi dan fibrilasi atrium. Skrining gizi dengan MST pada keempat pasien menunjukkan skor dua. Pemberian energi pada keempat pasien adalah sebesar 140?150% dari kebutuhan energi basal yang dihitung dengan Harris-Benedict, dengan target pemberian protein sebesar 1,5?1,9 g/kg BB/hari atau setara dengan 20% energi. Selama pemantauan asupan protein pada keempat pasien adalah sebesar 0,55?1,67 g/kg BB/hari atau setara dengan 13,1?19,5% energi. Restriksi cairan dilakukan pada pasien pertama sebagai tatalaksana hiponatremia yang diperkirakan terjadi akibat SIADH. Pemberian natrium pada pasien keempat tidak direstriksi meskipun pasien mengalami hipertensi karena hipertensi adalah salah satu mekanisme kompensasi pada TBI. Pasien ketiga mengalami disfagia jika mengasup air putih sehingga dilakukan latihan menelan. Asupan per oral dimulai pada hari ke 6?15 pasca trauma.Hasil:Keempat pasien menunjukkan perbaikan outcome neurologis yang tampak berdasarkan peningkatan skor GCS disertai peningkatan kapasitas fungsional. Kesimpulan: Tatalaksana nutrisi yang adekuat pada pasien TBI dengan mempertimbangkan komorbiditas pasien diperlukan untuk menunjang penyembuhan dan memperbaiki outcome pasien.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Hypermetabolism in traumatic brain injury (TBI) increase the risk of malnutrition. Adequate nutritional management based on clinical status and comorbidity reduces the risk of malnutrition, therefore reduces morbidity and mortality rate and improves neurological outcomes.Case Presentation:The four patients included in this serial case were male, 31?60 years old. All patients were diagnosed with TBI complicated by various comorbidities.The first patient was obese with reccurrent episode of hyponatremia during hospitalization, the second patient was malnourished, the third patient had history of chemoradiation due to astrocytoma and was diagnosed with angiopathy amyloid and dysphagia, while the fourth patient was diagnosed with hypertension and atrial fibrilation. The MST scores in all four patients were two. Target of energy provision were between 140?150% of predicted basal energy requirement and target of protein provision were 1,5?1,9 g/kg BW/day or equal to 20% of energy. The protein intake during monitoring were 0,55?1,67 g/kg BW/day or equal to 13,1?19,5% energy. The fluid intake was restricted in first patient due to SIADH- related hyponatremia. Sodium intake was not restricted for the forth patient eventhough the patient was diagnosed with hypertension. In TBI, hypertension could occur due to compensational mechanism. The third patient was having difficulties consuming water due to dysphagia, and was conducted to multiple swallowing therapy exercises. Oral intake in four patients were initiated in day 6? 15 post trauma.Result:There were improvement of neurological outcome shown by the higher GCS score and improvement of the functional capacity in all four patients Conclusion: Adequate nutritional management in TBI patient can support the recovery and improve patient?s outcome. Nutritional management should consider patient?s comorbidities.;Background:Hypermetabolism in traumatic brain injury (TBI) increase the risk of malnutrition. Adequate nutritional management based on clinical status and comorbidity reduces the risk of malnutrition, therefore reduces morbidity and mortality rate and improves neurological outcomes.Case Presentation:The four patients included in this serial case were male, 31–60 years old. All patients were diagnosed with TBI complicated by various comorbidities.The first patient was obese with reccurrent episode of hyponatremia during hospitalization, the second patient was malnourished, the third patient had history of chemoradiation due to astrocytoma and was diagnosed with angiopathy amyloid and dysphagia, while the fourth patient was diagnosed with hypertension and atrial fibrilation. The MST scores in all four patients were two. Target of energy provision were between 140–150% of predicted basal energy requirement and target of protein provision were 1,5–1,9 g/kg BW/day or equal to 20% of energy. The protein intake during monitoring were 0,55–1,67 g/kg BW/day or equal to 13,1–19,5% energy. The fluid intake was restricted in first patient due to SIADH- related hyponatremia. Sodium intake was not restricted for the forth patient eventhough the patient was diagnosed with hypertension. In TBI, hypertension could occur due to compensational mechanism. The third patient was having difficulties consuming water due to dysphagia, and was conducted to multiple swallowing therapy exercises. Oral intake in four patients were initiated in day 6– 15 post trauma.Result:There were improvement of neurological outcome shown by the higher GCS score and improvement of the functional capacity in all four patients Conclusion: Adequate nutritional management in TBI patient can support the recovery and improve patient’s outcome. Nutritional management should consider patient’s comorbidities., Background:Hypermetabolism in traumatic brain injury (TBI) increase the risk of malnutrition. Adequate nutritional management based on clinical status and comorbidity reduces the risk of malnutrition, therefore reduces morbidity and mortality rate and improves neurological outcomes.Case Presentation:The four patients included in this serial case were male, 31–60 years old. All patients were diagnosed with TBI complicated by various comorbidities.The first patient was obese with reccurrent episode of hyponatremia during hospitalization, the second patient was malnourished, the third patient had history of chemoradiation due to astrocytoma and was diagnosed with angiopathy amyloid and dysphagia, while the fourth patient was diagnosed with hypertension and atrial fibrilation. The MST scores in all four patients were two. Target of energy provision were between 140–150% of predicted basal energy requirement and target of protein provision were 1,5–1,9 g/kg BW/day or equal to 20% of energy. The protein intake during monitoring were 0,55–1,67 g/kg BW/day or equal to 13,1–19,5% energy. The fluid intake was restricted in first patient due to SIADH- related hyponatremia. Sodium intake was not restricted for the forth patient eventhough the patient was diagnosed with hypertension. In TBI, hypertension could occur due to compensational mechanism. The third patient was having difficulties consuming water due to dysphagia, and was conducted to multiple swallowing therapy exercises. Oral intake in four patients were initiated in day 6– 15 post trauma.Result:There were improvement of neurological outcome shown by the higher GCS score and improvement of the functional capacity in all four patients Conclusion: Adequate nutritional management in TBI patient can support the recovery and improve patient’s outcome. Nutritional management should consider patient’s comorbidities.]"

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Cedera otak traumatika akibat kecelakaan lalu lintas masih merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian dan kecacatan utama pada kelompok usia produktif. Cedera otak sekunder dideskripsikan sebagai konsekuensi gangguan fisiologis, seperti iskemia, reperfusi, dan hipoksia pada area otak yang beresiko, beberapa saat setelah terjadinya cedera awal (cedera otak primer). Cedera otak sekunder sensitif terhadap terapi dan proses terjadinya dapat dicegah dan dimodifikasi. Metode: Penelitian kohort retrospektif dengan data primer rekam medis. Data yang terdiri dari beberapa variabel yang dikumpulkan secara retrospektif dari catatan medis pasien. RS. Hasan Sadikin, Bandung Jawa Barat, Indonesia. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada 2011-2014. Jumlah sampel yang diambil sebanyak 647 pasien. Analisis yang dilakukan meliputi analisis univariat, bivariat, dan analisis multivariate cox proportional hazard dengan model matematis yangselanjutnya akan dibuat model skoring. Analisis roctab digunakan untuk menentukan nilai cut-off setiap variabel numerik. Hasil: Variabel perdarahan otak, tingkat kesadaran, dan edema serebri merupakanfaktor resiko outcome, sedangkan variabel peningkatan tekanan intrakranial, kadar elektrolit natrium dan klorida, serta terapi diuretik merupakan faktor resiko untuk terjadinya outcome kematian pada pasien ensefalitis anak. Berdasarkan hasil analisis multivariat skoring didapatkan urutan faktor prognostik yang dominan menyebabkan kematian, yaitu Variabel usia memilik HR sebesar 1,00, natriummempunyai HR 0,8, Perdarahan otak pada CT Scan kepala mempunyai HR sebesar 1,73, edema serebri mempunyai HR 2,53, hipoksia mempunyai HR sebesar 2,13, farktur maksillofascial mempunyai HR sebesar 0,6, hipotensi memiliki HR 0,7 dan pembedahan/trepanasi mempunyai HR 0,388 Berdasarkan analisis tersebut maka natrium, GCS, hipotensi, pembedahan dan MFS fraktur merupakan faktor proteksi outcome sedangkan usia, perdarahan otak pada CT Scan, edema serebri, hipoksia merupakan faktor resiko terjadinya outcomekematian pada pasien cedera kepala berat. Dari hasil mulitvariat yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya apabila skor -69 s/d -47 mengalami resiko rendah untuk mengalami kematian, skor -46 s/d -20 mengalami resiko sedang untuk terjadinya kematian dan skor >-19 akan mengalami resiko tinggi terjadinya kematian. Kesimpulan: Model skoring prognosis yang telah terbentuk ini mampu memprediksi sebesar 84,75 % faktor faktor yang berhubungan dengan prognosis cedera otak traumatika berat. Apabila ada 100 pasien cedera kepala berat dengan adanya semua variabel maka 76 pasien akan meninggal dan bila 100 pasiencedera kepala berat tanpa adanya semua variabel maka 25 pasien akan meninggal.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Severe traumatic brain injury caused by traffic accidents is still one of the major causes of death and disability in the productive age group. Secondary brain injury is described as a physiological disorders, such as ischemia, reperfusion, and hypoxia in brain areas at risk, some time after the initial injury (primary brain injury). Secondary brain injury is sensitive to therapy it can be preventable and modifiable.Methods: This cohort study with primary data medical records. The data consists of multiple variables collected retrospectively from patient medical records at Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung West Java, Indonesia. Data were collected in 2011-2014. The number of samples was 647 patients. Analysis was conducted on univariate, bivariate, and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis with a mathematical model which would then be created scoring models. Roctab analysisis used to determine the cut-off value of any numeric variable.Results: Variable brain hemorrhage, level of consciousness and cerebral edema is a risk factor outcomes, while variable increased intracranial pressure, electrolyte levels of sodium and chloride, as well as diuretic therapy is a risk factor for the occurrence of mortality outcomes in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Based on the results of the multivariate analysis of prognostic factors scoring sequence obtained the dominant cause of death, the age variable having an HR of 1.00, sodium has HR 0.8, brain hemorrhage on CT scan head has a HR of 1.73, had a cerebral edema HR 2,53, hypoxia has a HR of 2.13, fracture maxillofascial have HR of 0.6 and hypotension have HR 0.7, surgery / trepanation HR 0.388, based on the analysis of the sodium, GCS, hypotension, MFS fracture, surgery and outcome protection factor whereas age, brain hemorrhage on a CT scan, cerebral edema, hypoxia is a risk factor for mortality outcomes in patients with severe head injury. From the results multivariate analysis has score of -69 s/d -47experiencing low risk to experience death, a score of -46 s / d -20 experiencing moderate risk for the occurrence of death and a score of > -19 will experience a high risk of death. Conclusions: This Prognostic model scoring has capable to predict 84.75% factors related to the prognosis of severe traumatic brain injury. If there were 100 patients with severe traumatic brain injury in the presence of all variables and 76 patients will die and when 100 patients with severe traumatic brain injury in the absence of all variables that 25 patients will die., Background: Severe traumatic brain injury caused by traffic accidents is still oneof the major causes of death and disability in the productive age group. Secondarybrain injury is described as a physiological disorders, such as ischemia,reperfusion, and hypoxia in brain areas at risk, some time after the initial injury(primary brain injury). Secondary brain injury is sensitive to therapy it can bepreventable and modifiable.Methods: This cohort study with primary data medical records. The data consistsof multiple variables collected retrospectively from patient medical records atHasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung West Java, Indonesia. Data were collected in2011-2014. The number of samples was 647 patients. Analysis was conducted onunivariate, bivariate, and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis with amathematical model which would then be created scoring models. Roctab analysisis used to determine the cut-off value of any numeric variable.Results: Variable brain hemorrhage, level of consciousness and cerebral edema isa risk factor outcomes, while variable increased intracranial pressure, electrolytelevels of sodium and chloride, as well as diuretic therapy is a risk factor for theoccurrence of mortality outcomes in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.Based on the results of the multivariate analysis of prognostic factors scoringsequence obtained the dominant cause of death, the age variable having an HR of1.00, sodium has HR 0.8, brain hemorrhage on CT scan head has a HR of 1.73,had a cerebral edema HR 2,53, hypoxia has a HR of 2.13, fracture maxillofascial have HR of 0.6 and hypotension have HR 0.7, surgery / trepanation HR 0.388,based on the analysis of the sodium, GCS, hypotension, MFS fracture, surgeryand outcome protection factor whereas age, brain hemorrhage on a CT scan,cerebral edema, hypoxia is a risk factor for mortality outcomes in patients withsevere head injury. From the results multivariate analysis has score of -69 s/d -47experiencing low risk to experience death, a score of -46 s / d -20 experiencingmoderate risk for the occurrence of death and a score of > -19 will experience ahigh risk of death.Conclusions: This Prognostic model scoring has capable to predict 84.75%factors related to the prognosis of severe traumatic brain injury. If there were 100patients with severe traumatic brain injury in the presence of all variables and 76patients will die and when 100 patients with severe traumatic brain injury in theabsence of all variables that 25 patients will die]"

"Cedera kepala merupakan penyebab utama kematian dan kecacatan pada populasi dunia berusia di bawah 45 tahun. Cedera kepala sedang (CKS) dan berat (CKB) biasanya memerlukan perawatan intensif dan pendekatan medis-bedah. Pasien dengan cedera kepala mengalami peningkatan laju metabolisme sehingga memerlukan tatalaksana medik gizi yang sesuai. Pemenuhan kebutuhan energi yang tidak adekuat dapat menyebabkan peningkatan angka morbiditas, risiko infeksi, dan komplikasi lainnya. Pemberian nutrisi enteral dini dalam kurun 24-48 jam setelah masuk Intensive Care Unit (ICU) dapat memperbaiki luaran klinis pasca cedera. Serial kasus ini bertujuan untuk melaporkan peran tatalaksana medik gizi pada status gizi, lama pemakaian ventilator, tingkat kesadaran dan kapasitas fungsional pada pasien kritis dengan CKS dan CKB. Empat pasien laki-laki dengan rentang usia 25-46 tahun diobservasi selama perawatan di ICU RS Cipto Mangunkusumo, dua pasien dengan diagnosis CKS dan sisanya dengan diagnosis CKB. Status gizi berdasarkan indeks massa tubuh, dua pasien memiliki berat badan (BB) normal, satu pasien BB lebih dan satu pasien obesitas II. Tingkat kesadaran berdasarkan skor Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) pasien pada saat masuk ICU adalah 6-11. Selama perawatan keempat pasien mendapat nutrisi enteral dini dan pemberian nutrisi ditingkatkan bertahap. Pada seluruh pasien, kebutuhan energi dapat dipenuhi sesuai target 25-30 kkal/kg BB. Kebutuhan makronutrien dapat dipenuhi sesuai target, yaitu protein 1,2-2 g/kg BB, lemak 20-30%, dan karbohidrat minimal 100 g/hari. Pada dua pasien dengan CKB, diberikan nutrien spesifik berupa glutamin sebesar 0,2 g/kgBB/hari dan mikronutrien berupa vitamin C, vitamin B kompleks, asam folat, dan seng. Hingga akhir pemantauan status gizi pada dua pasien CKS dapat dipertahankan, sedangkan dua pasien dengan CKB mengalami penurunan berat badan. Dua pasien CKS hanya menggunakan ventilator selama 4-5 hari, sedangkan dua pasien dengan CKB menggunakan ventilator lebih lama yaitu 12 dan 31 hari dengan disertai komorbiditas pneumotoraks dan ventilator-associated pneumonia. Tingkat kesadaran seluruh pasien mengalami perbaikan. Skor GCS pasien pada akhir perawatan di ICU adalah 7-15. Kapasitas fungsional berdasarkan Indeks Barthel juga mengalami perbaikan pada tiga pasien, yaitu dari ketergantungan total menjadi ketergantungan sedang atau berat. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa tatalaksana medik gizi dapat berperan dalam mempertahankan status gizi, menurunkan lamanya pemakaian ventilator, memperbaiki tingkat kesadaran dan kapasitas fungsional pada pasien sakit kritis dengan CKB dan CKS. Tingkat keparahan cedera kepala dan komorbiditas dapat memengaruhi luaran klinis dan harus dipertimbangkan dalam memberi tatalaksana medik gizi.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in the global population under 45 years old. Moderate and severe TBI usually require intensive care and a medical-surgical approach. Patients with TBI experience an increase in metabolic rate and therefore require appropriate medical nutrition therapy. Inadequate energy intake can cause an increase in morbidity, risk of infection, and other complications. Early enteral nutrition within 24-48 hours after ICU admission has been shown to improve clinical outcome.

This case series aims to report the role of medical nutrition therapy on nutritional status and clinical outcomes of critically ill patients with moderate and severe TBI. Four male patients aged 25-46 years were observed during their stay at the ICU of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Based on body mass index, two patients were normoweight, one patient was overweight and one patient was class II obese. The Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of the patients on ICU admission were ranged 6-11.

Two of the four patients were classified as moderate TBI and the other two patients were as classified as severe TBI. On monitoring four patients received early enteral nutrition and the nutrition was gradually increased to reach the target of 25-30 kcal/kg body weight (BW). Enteral formula were targeted to achieve protein intake of 1.2-2 g/kgBW, fat intake of 20-30% of energy intake, and carbohydrate intake of at least 100 g/day. Two patients with severe TBI were given specific nutrients in the form of glutamine as much as 0.2 g/kgBW/day and micronutrients in the form of vitamin C, vitamin B complex, folic acid, and zinc. Two patients with moderate TBI received mechanical ventilation for 4 and 5 days, while two patients with severe TBI received mechanical ventilation for 12 and 31 days. In two patients with severe TBI, prolonged use of mechanical ventilation may be associated with the comorbidities of pneumothorax and ventilator-associated pneumonia.

At the end of monitoring, the levels of consciousness were improved in all patients. The patients GCS score at the end of treatment in the ICU were ranged 7-15. Functional capacity based on the Barthel Index also improved in three patients, from total dependence to moderate or severe dependence. Weight loss was experienced in two patients with severe TBI, possibly due to severe and prolonged catabolism in severe TBI. Patients with severe TBI may have higher energy requirements to maintain their nutritional status.

It can be concluded that medical nutrition therapy may play a role in improving the level of consciousness and functional capacity in critically ill patients with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury."

"Latar Belakang: Cedera kepala dikaitkan dengan aktivasi kaskade koagulasi dapat menyebabkan koagulopati. Hal ini berhubungan dengan hasil akhir atau keluaran yang tidak baik pada pasien. Deteksi dini dan evaluasi berkala faktor hemostasis dibutuhkan pada pengelolaan pasien cedera kepala sedang dan berat dalam memperbaiki hasil keluaran perawatan pasien cedera kepala.Tujuan: Diketahuinya angka kejadian prevalensi koagulopati pada pasien cedera kepala sedang berat dan hubungan gangguan hemostasis tersebut dengan hasil keluarannya.Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini merupakan studi ?nested case control?. Studi ini bersarang pada penelitian awal yang berupa studi komparasi potong lintang. Data hemostasis diperiksa pada hari pertama(<24 jam dari kejadian) saat di Instalasi Gawat Darurat(IGD) RSCM. Pasien cedera kepala sedang dan berat ini nantinya akan diikuti sampai akhir perawatan inap dan dinilai hasil keluaran perawatannya. Koagulopati adalah gangguan status koagulasi, dapat berupa hiperkoagulasi atau hipokoagulasiHasil: Terdapat 76 sampel, 38 sampel memiliki keluaran baik dan 38 sampel memiliki keluaran buruk. Pria(81,6%) lebih banyak dari wanita. Sebagian besar subjek berusia 18-50 tahun(81,6%). Koagulopati terjadi pada 34,2% pasien. Koagulopati merupakan faktor prediksi keluaran buruk pada cedera kepala (OR 4,429; 95%IK 1,569 ? 12,502; p=0,004). Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan urutan prioritas kemaknaan faktor yang mempengaruhi keluaran subjek cedera kepala yang terkuat berturut-turut di penelitian ini adalah usia (50,271), derajat cedera kepala (46,522), dan koagulopati (5,409). Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara beratnya derajat cedera kepala dengan terjadinya koagulopati p= 0,009.Kesimpulan: Prevalensi koagulopati pada cedera kepala sedang berat cukup tinggi. Pasien dengan koagulopati memiliki keluaran yang lebih buruk

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Background: Brain injury is associated with activation of the coagulation cascade, contributing to coagulopathy. This condition is correlated with unfavorable outcome. Early detection and evaluation of hemostatic factors are needed in treatment of moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) to improve patient outcome.

Objectives: To determined the number of prevelence coagulopathy in moderate severe TBI and the relationship of the hemostatic disorder with outcome.

Materials and Method: We did the nested case control study. Hemostatic parameters were recorded from emergency departement (ED) not exceeding 24 hours from onset of accident. Moderate-severe TBI patients were followed until the patients discharged and we assessed the outcome. Coagulopathy was defined as hypocoagulopathy or hypercoagulopathy.

Results: From 76 subjects, 38 subjects were favorable outcome and 38 subjects had unfavorable outcome. Men were higher than women (81,6%), mostly subjects were in range 18-50 years(81,6%). Coagulopathy occured in 36% of all patients. Coagulopathy was the predictor of unfavorable outcome for TBI (OR 4,429; 95%CI 1,569 ? 12,502; p=0,004). From the multivariate analysis, the priority level for TBI outcome, in order of strongest to weakest correlation, were age (50,271), severity of traumatic brain injury(46,522) and coagulopathy(5,409). There was significant correlation between severity of traumatic brain injury and coagulopathy (p= 0,009).

Conclusions: Our study confirmed a quite high prevalence of coagulopathy in patients with moderate-severe TBI. Patients with coagulopathy had poorer outcome compared to non-coagulopathy"

"PENDAHULUAN : Cedera kepala menjadi penyebab kematian paling umum pada usia kurang dari 40 tahun di negara maju dan berkembang, luaran setelah cedera kepala masih menjadi masalah dan sulit diprediksi. GCS telah ditetapkan sebagai prediktor luaran cedera kepala akibat trauma maupun non-trauma, namun prediktor luaran cedera kepala lain saat ini telah banyak dipakai salah satu adalah biomarker neuroinflamasi yaitu Rasio Neutrofil Limfosit (RNL) yang masih jarang diteliti.METODE : Penelitian prospektif ini didasarkan pada kasus cedera kepala sedang dan berat yang dilakukan operasi kraniotomi di multisenter rumah sakit pada November 2019-November 2020. Uji chi-square digunakan untuk mengetahui kemaknaan statistik dari hubungan antara demografi (usia dan jenis kelamin), gejala klinis serta hubungan RNL dan GCS sebagai prediktor luaran pada penelitian ini. Dilakukan analisis ROC untuk mendapatkan cut off RNL.HASIL : Dari 54 pasien cedera kepala sedang dan berat (GCS 7-13) pada November 2019-November 2020 didapatkan dominasi laki-laki 41 (75,9%) pasien dan perempuan 13 (24,1) pasien, usia (mean±SD) 27,6±15,3, GCS preoperasi (median; min-maks) 13 (7-13), gejala klinis pupil anisokor 33 (61,1), kejang 5(9,3), hemiparesis 1 (1,86), GCS pascaoperasi hari kelima dan ketujuh (median; min-maks) 14 (6-15). RNL Preoperasi 7,4 (1,9-26,2) dan untuk nilai cut off RNL 9,8 dengan spesisfisitas dan sensitifitas 87% yang signifikan dengan nilai p=<0,001.KESIMPULAN: Terdapat hubungan bermakna secara statistik RNL dan GCS preoperasi. Dimana dimana dengan nilai RNL yang rendah memiliki luaran fungsional yang baik sebaliknya pada pasien dengan RNL yang tinggi dengan luaran fungsional yang buruk.

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INTRODUCTION: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most common cause of death on population less than 40 years old in developed and developing countries. The clinical outcome after TBI is still an issue and difficult to predict. GCS has been used to predict outcome after either traumatic or non-traumatic brain injury. But several other outcome factors also can predict outcome after TBI, such as neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as one of neuroinflammation biomarkers.

METHOD : This prospective study included moderate and severe TBI patients were performed craniotomy in a multicenter hospital, from November 2019 to November 2020. Chi-square analytic test was used to determine the relationship between demographics (age and sex), clinical symptoms, RNL and GCS as a predictors outcome of moderate and severe TBI.

RESULT : 54 patients moderate and severe TBI (GCS 7-13) consist of 41 (75.9%) male and 13 (24.1%) female patients, age (mean±SD) 27.6±15.3, preoperative GCS (median; min-max) 13 (7-13), with asymmetric pupil 33 (61.1%), seizures 5 (9.3%), hemiparesis 1 (1.86%), and GCS postoperative on the fifth and seventh day (median; min-max) 14 (6 - 15). Preoperative NLR was 7.4 (1.9-26.2) and the cut off for NLR as a predictor for improved GCS was at 9.8 with a specificity and sensitivity of 87% with signification of p=<0.001.

CONCLUSSION : There was a statistically significant relationship between preoperative RNL and GCS. Whereas with a low RNL value has a good functional outcome in contrast to patients with high RNL with poor functional outcome.

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"Latar belakang: Status epileptikus non konvulsif (SENK) dapat ditemukan padacedera kepala sedang-berat (CKS-B). Timbulnya kejang pascatrauma dapatmemperberat cedera otak yang sudah terjadi, sehingga dapat mempengaruhi luaran.Gejala klinis SENK tidak spesifik, sehingga membutuhkan pemeriksaanelektroensefalografi (EEG) dalam penegakkan diagnosis. Penelitian ini bertujuanmengetahui angka kejadian SENK, faktor yang mempengaruhi, gambaran demografi(usia, jenis kelamin dan luaran), gejala klinis, gambaran pencitraan dan EEG padapasien CKS-B dengan SENK.Metode penelitian: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan sampelterdiri dari data primer, yaitu semua CKS-B dari bulan Juli-Desember 2019 secaraconsecutive sampling dan data sekunder, yaitu subjek CKS-B dengan klinis kecurigaanSENK dari bulan Januari 2017-Juni 2019 di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional CiptoMangunkusumo (RSUPNCM), Jakarta. Penegakkan diagnosis SENK dilakukan melaluikriteria modified salzburg consensus criteria for non convulsive status epilepticus(mSCNC).Hasil penelitian: Sebanyak 39 sampel CKS-B masuk ke dalam penelitian yang terdiridari 14 data primer dan 25 data sekunder. Sebanyak 19 dari 39 sampel terdiagnosisSENK. Proporsi insiden SENK pada CKS-B dari Juli-Desember 2019 sebesar 21,4% (3dari 14 sampel). Pada kelompok SENK didapatkan usia lebih tua, laki-laki lebih banyakdari perempuan (3:1) dan kecelakaan lalu lintas sebagai mekanisme utama. Manifestasiklinis SENK, antara lain penurunan kesadaran (23,1%), agitasi psikomotor (12,8%),delirium (5,1%) dan gangguan persepsi (5,1%). Lobus frontal dan SAH merupakandaerah lokasi cedera dan patologi terbanyak. Hanya didapatkan 2 sampel dengan kriteriadefinit SENK dan selebihnya possible SENK. Sebagian besar bangkitan SENK berasaldari lobus temporal. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan lokasi cedera lobus temporalbermakna berhubungan dengan kejadian SENK (p = 0,036, OR 11,45 (95% IK 1,17-111,6).Kesimpulan: Proporsi insiden SENK pada CKS-B di RSUPNCM sebesar 21,4%.Penurunan kesadaran merupakan gejala klinis SENK terbanyak. Lobus temporalmerupakan faktor yang berhubungan terhadap kejadian SENK.

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Background: Non convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) can be accounted by moderateseveretraumatic brain injury (TBI). Posttraumatic seizure can aggravate the previousinjury and produce poor outcome. Electroecephalography (EEG) was employed asdiagnostic tool because unspecified clinical symptoms. This study was aimed to findincidence proportion, associated risk factors, demographic profiles (age, gender,outcome), clinical symptoms, imaging and EEG patterns of NCSE in moderate-severeTBI patients.Method: Cross-sectional design was applied ini this study. Data is consist of primarydata which include all moderate-severe TBI since July-December 2019 by consecutivesampling and secondary data which include moderate-severe TBI since January 2017-June 2019 with highly suspicious NCSE symptoms in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital,Jakarta. EEG was employed as diagnostic tool by using modified salzburg consensuscriteria for non convulsive status epilepticus (mSCNC) as a criteria.Result: Of 39 samples, 19 moderate-severe TBI samples (14 primary data, 25secondary data) were diagnosed as NCSE. Incidence proportion of NCSE from July-December 2019 is 21,4% (3 from 14 samples). Older age, man gender, traffic accidentand worse outcome are the most common NCSE demographic profiles. Loss ofconsciousness (23,1%) is a main symptom, followed by psychomotor agitation (12,8%),delirium (5,1%) dan perception disturbance (5,1%). Frontal lobe and SAH areconsecutively as the most common injury location and pathologic finding. Only 2samples have definite NCSE diagnosis and the remaining as possible NCSE. Most ofNCSE discharges were originated from temporal lobe. Temporal lobe injury locationhas significance relation toward SENK occurance (p = 0,036, OR 11,45 (95% CI 1,17-111,6).Conclusion: Incidence proportion of NCSE in moderate-severe TBI is 21,4%. Loss ofconsciousness is the most finding symptoms. Temporal lobe is a factor relates to NCSEoccurance."

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