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"Recent trends in health care across the United States and internationally have emphasized a novel approach that consists in comparing the effectiveness and efficacy of treatment interventions with a patient-centered emphasis (i.e., evidence-based health care), while ensuring cost constraints, maximizing benefits, and minimizing risks. In this book, experts in comparative effectiveness and efficacy research and analysis for practice (CEERAP) in health care in general address a range of topical issues. The emphasis is on implications for endodontics and nursing, both of which are considered in a series of detailed chapters. Commonalities and differences among CEERAP, utility-based and logic-based analysis and decision-making, and evidence-based and patient-centered practice are defined and discussed. The book concludes by examining applications for CEERAP in developing patient-centered optimal treatment interventions for the next decade."

"It is recognized that the effectiveness of a research, in general, since the effectiveness of a research is highly dependent on the objective(s) of the research. The problems would arise if the research has qualitative objective(s), moreover if the target is for the future. It has been well known that a leader should be making strategic decision over times for the best of the future. Thence, the effectiveness of research in leadership building would be a hard topic to be explained. For this reason, this paper proposes a classification of various researchers, such as good and bad researchers, as well as the worst and unethical research, based on my own observation and evaluation, and then I derive the characteristics of an effective research based on the proposed research classification. "

"ABSTRAKThis article reviews the forces leading to the current emphases on managed mental health systems. Rapidly escalating costs, especially for inpatient care, and associated concerns for quality and patient outcomes, have led third-party payers and employers to demand more effective cost and quality controls. The article describes and illustrates methodologies for managing mental health costs, and reviews issues related to evaluating the impact of managed care on costs and quality of patient care."