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Sebayang, Tino Rila

Optimalisasi perdagangan kakao Indonesia sebagai upaya memanfaatkan potensi dan peluang pasar kakao global tahun 2008-2012 = Optimization of Indonesian cocoa trade as an effort to utilize the potential and opportunities of the global cocoa market in 2008-2012 / Tino Rila Sebayang

"ABSTRAK

Tesis ini membahas upaya Indonesia sebagai aktor internasional dalam dinamika hubungan internasional. Peran Indonesia sebagai aktor internasional dijelaskan melalui optimalisasi perdagangan kakao Indonesia, baik di ranah domestik maupun internasional. Optimalisasi perdagangan kakao Indonesia dilihat berdasarkan konsep kebijakan ekonomi luar negeri melalui strategi kebijakan domestik dan praktik diplomasi ekonomi. Pemaparan terkait optimaliasasi tersebut menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif.

Kebijakan ekonomi luar negeri sebuah negera secara umum dipengaruhi oleh refleksi domestik dan tingkah laku negara tersebut di tatanan internasional. Terkait perkakaoan Indonesia, optimalisasi yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah dalam memanfaatkan potensi dan peluang pasar kakao global diimplementasikan melalui kebijakan on farm dan off farm. Kebijakan on farm di sektor perkebunan kakao diupayakan melalui program Gerakan Nasional Kakao Indonesia (Gernas). Sedangkan di aspek off farm, Pemerintah Indonesia mengupayakan optimalisasi perdagangan kakao melalui kebijakan Bea Keluar dan stimulus industri hilir.

Selain optimalisasi di ranah domestik, Pemerintah Indonesia juga memanfaatkan Organisasi Internasional sebagai wadah untuk mencapai kepentingan nasional melalui sektor perdagangan. Organisasi Internasional yang dianggap mampu memobilisasi kepentingan Indonesia di sektor perdagangan kakao adalah International Cocoa Organization (ICCO). Keanggotaan Indonesia di ICCO merupakan sebuah strategi diplomasi ekonomi di level multilateral. Motivasi Indonesia untuk bergabung menjadi anggota ICCO pada tahun 2012 merupakan sebuah upaya untuk memperluas akses pasar kakao di tatanan global.

Potensi perdagangan kakao yang terlihat dari tingginya tingkat permintaan menjadi sebuah peluang bagi Indonesia. Memanfaatkan potensi dan peluang secara optimal mengharuskan Indonesia melakukan strategi kebijakan, baik di ranah domestik maupun internasional. Optimalisasi perdagangan kakao dan posisi Indonesia di pasar kakao global akan menjadi fokus penelitian tesis ini.

ABSTRACT
The thesis discusses the efforts of Indonesia as an international actor in the dynamics of international relations. Indonesia's role as an international actor explained through optimization of Indonesian cocoa trade, both domestic and international aspects. Optimization of Indonesian cocoa trade visits based on the concept of foreign economic policy through a strategy of domestic policies and practices of economic diplomacy. The optimization of Indonesian cocoa trade explained by qualitative research methods.
Economic foreign policy of a country is generally influenced by domestic reflection and behavior of the country in the international order. Related cocoa in Indonesia, the optimization performed by the government in utilizing the potential and opportunities of the global cocoa market is implemented through on farm and off farm policies. On farm policy in cocoa plantations sector pursued through a program named Gerakan Nasional Kakao Indonesia (Gernas). While in the off-farm aspects, the Government of Indonesia optimizes the cocoa trade through export tariff policy to encourage domestic cocoa industrial.
In addition to the optimization in the domestic aspect, the Government of Indonesia also takes advantage of the International Organization as a forum for achieving national interests through trade sector. International organizations that are considered capable to mobilizing the Indonesian interest in the cocoa trade sector mentioned the International Cocoa Organization (ICCO). Indonesia's membership in the ICCO is a strategy of economic diplomacy at the multilateral level. Indonesia motivation to join the ICCO in 2012 was an attempt to expand the cocoa market access in the global order.
Cocoa trade potential as seen from the high level of demand becomes an opportunity for Indonesia. Utilizing of the potential and opportunities by optimal must be needed the policy strategy, both in the domestic and international aspects. Optimizing the cocoa trade and Indonesia's position in the global cocoa market will be the focus of this thesis."

Depok: Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia, 2016

T-Pdf

UI - Tesis Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

Dwi Hanas Nur Hartono

The Competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa and cocoa products in the US, Singapore and China = Daya saing exspor kakao dan produk kakao Indonesia di AS, Singapura dan China

"Kakao dan produk kakao Indonesia mampu memberikan kontribusi share yang besar pada pendapatan ekspor selain minyak kelapa sawit (CPO) dan karet. Kakao masih diekspor daln bentuk barang primer. Disamping itu, Indonesia juga mempunyai kesempatan yang besar untuk mengembangkan industri kakao dalam negeri menjadi produk kakao setengah jadi maupun produk kakao jadi (coklat). Pada saat ini, negara-negara maju Iebih menyukai impor produk kakao jadi (coklat) daripada barang mentahnya. Indonesia dapat mengembangkan kakao dan produk kakao untuk rneningkatkan ekspomya. Oleh karena itu, Indonesia harus meningkatkan daya saing dari produk kakao di pasar internasional, khususnya ke negara-negara tujuan utama ekspor kakao dan produk kakao Indonesia melalui produk turunannya.

Data statistik menunjukkan ekspor kakao dan produk kakao Indonesia meningkat pada periode 2004 - 2008. Pertumbuhan pangsa pasar Indonesia juga positif dan bahl-can lebih besar dari pertumbuhan pangsa pasar dunia. AS, Singapura dan China adalah negara-negara tujuan utama untuk kal-:ao dan produk kakao Indonesia. Malaysia juga merupakan negara terbesar pengimpor kakao dan produk kakao Indonesia di pasar intemasional tetapi Malaysia adalah pesaing utama pengekspor kakao dan produk kakao Indonesia di pasar intemasional. Untuk mengukur daya saing dalam penelitian ini menggunakan constant market share analysis (CMSA) dan trade specialization index (YSD.

Dari penelitian ini kakao dan produk kakao Indonesia mempunyai daya saing di pasar negara tujuan utama ekspor. Namun demikian Indonesia dapat mengembangkan produk kakao untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah pada industri kakao dalam negeri dan mengekspor produk setengah jadi dan produkjadi untuk meningkatkan nilai ekspor Indonesia.

Indonesia cocoa and cocoa products give a big share in the contribution of export revenue beside crude palm oil (CPO) and rubber product. Cocoa is still export in primary products. Indonesia has big opportunities to develop the cocoa domestic industry to become middle product and finished product of cocoa. In the recent year, the developed countries prefer import the processed product than primary product. Indonesian should develop the cocoa and cocoa products to increase export. Therefore, Indonesia have to increase the competitiveness of the product in international market, especially in the main destination of Indonesian cocoa and cocoa products export.
Statistics data shows export of Indonesian cocoa and cocoa product increase in the period 2004 -2008. The growth of Indonesia market share is also positive and greater than the growth of total share of the world. The US, Singapore and China is the main destination countries for Indonesia cocoa and cocoa products. Malaysia is also the greatest importing countries but Malaysia is the competitor of Indonesia cocoa and cocoa products in the international market. To measure the competitiveness in this research use constant market share analysis (CMSA) and Trade specialization Index (TSI).
From the research, Indonesian cocoa and cocoa products have competitiveness in the main destination countries. However, Indonesia should develop the cocoa products to increase value added in the domestic cocoa industry and export more middle and finished product, to increase Indonesian export value."

Depok: Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia, 2010

T33227

UI - Tesis Open Universitas Indonesia Library

Hilman Salahuddin Gumay

Analisis dampak penerapan kebijakan bea keluar Biji Kakao terhadap kinerja industri pengolahan Kakao dan daya saing produk olahan Kakao Indonesia = The analysis of cocoa beans export tax impact on Indonesian cocoa processing industry performance and processed cocoa product competitiveness / Hilman Salahuddin Gumay

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengkaji dampak penerapan kebijakan bea keluar biji kakao terhadap kinerja industri pengolahan kakao dan daya saing produk olahan kakao Indonesia. Dari hasil penelitian, didapati bahwa sejak penerapan bea keluar terhadap biji kakao, industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia mengalami peningkatan kinerja, yang ditunjukkan lewat peningkatan nilai output, jumlah tenaga kerja, dan volume ekspor produk kakao olahan. Selain itu, berdasarkan hasil estimasi dengan metode Ordinary Least Square, didapati bahwa sejak penerapan kebijakan bea keluar, daya saing produk olahan kakao Indonesia di pasar dunia mengalami peningkatan. Hal ini terlihat dari adanya hubungan positif antara bea keluar dan nilai RCA sebagai variabel yang melambangkan daya saing. Namun demikian, ditemukan pula bahwa terjadi penurunan produksi biji kakao sejak bea keluar diberlakukan. Berdasarkan hasil temuan tersebut, penulis memberikan dua saran yaitu menjalankan kembali kebijakan gernas kakao untuk meningkatkan produksi kakao nasional serta melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai biaya dan manfaat dari penerapan bea keluar terhadap biji kakao.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of cocoa beans export tax policy on Indonesian cocoa processing industry performance and processed cocoa product competitiveness. The result shows that since the implementation of the export tax, the Indonesian cocoa processing industry performance is getting better. This is shown by the growth of industrial consumption on cocoa beans, output value, labour and processed cocoa export volume. On the other side, based on the estimation using Ordinary Least Square method, it is found that since the implementation of the tax, the Indonesian processed cocoa product competitiveness is higher than before. This was proved by the strong, positive correlation between the export tax and the RCA as a proxy for product competitiveness. Nevertheless, it is also found that since the implementation of the tax, Indonesian cocoa beans production is declining. Based on these findings, the author suggested that the goverment needs re-implement the "gernas kakao" policy to boost the national cocoa beans production and to conduct a further research to analyze the coca beans export tax policy cost and benefit."

Jakarta: Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia, 2014

T43369

UI - Tesis Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

Mustika Ridwan

Pengaruh perdagangan berjangka kontrak kakao di BBJ terhadap volatilitas pasar spot = Effects of cocoa contract futures trading in Jakarta Futures Exchange on spot market volatility

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh aktivitas perdagangan berjangka terhadap volatilitas pasar spot komoditas kakao yang diukur menggunakan GARCH. Sesuai dengan Kumar (2009), sebelumnya volume dan open interest dibedakan menjadi komponen expected dan unexpected menggunakan ARIMA dan volatilitas spot, yang dimodelkan dengan GARCH (1,1), ditambahkan dengan expected/unexpected volume dan open interest perdagangan berjangka sebagai variabel eksogen. Granger Causality Test digunakan untuk memahami hubungan dinamis setiap variabel.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) conditional spot volatility dipengaruhi oleh volume/open interest baik komponen expected maupun unexpected; (2) hubungan dinamis yang terjadi adalah hubungan signifikan 1 (satu) arah antara lain : open interest (expected) menyebabkan spot volatility, open interest (unexpected) menyebabkan spot volatility, volume (expected) menyebabkan spot volatility.

This study aimed to examine the effect of futures trading activity on cocoa spot market volatility measured using GARCH. According to Kumar (2009), first the trading volumes and open interest are divided into expected and unexpected components using ARIMA and then spot volatility equation, which is modeled as GARCH (1,1) process, is augmented with expected and unexpected futures trading volume and open interest as exogenous variabel. Granger Causality Test is used to understand the dynamic relationship between these variables.

The results showed that (1) the conditional spot volatility is influenced by the volume / open interest with both expected and unexpected components; (2) the dynamic relationship that occurs is a significant in 1 (one) way include: open interest (expected) causes spot volatility, open interest (unexpected) causes the spot volatility, volume (expected) causes the spot volatility."

Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 2014

S55241

UI - Skripsi Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

Hendy Yudyanto

Analisis pengenaan bea keluar biji kakao Indonesia dampak terhadap ekspor kakao olahan Indonesia dan Malaysia = The analysis of the export tax imposition on Indonesian cocoa beans: impacts on Indonesia and Malaysia cocoa processing export performance

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat dampak pengenaan tarif bea keluar biji kakao Indonesia terhadap ekspor produk kakao olahan dari Indonesia dan Malaysia di jangka panjang. Variabel penelitian yang digunakan adalah volume ekspor produk kakao olahan di Indonesia dan Malaysia, harga biji kakao Indonesia, harga biji kakao internasional, harga rata-rata ekspor kakao olahan di 5 negara kompetitor Indonesia dan Malaysia, volume impor kakao olahan di dunia dan dummy penerapan tarif bea keluar biji kakao Indonesia. Untuk menjawab tujuan penelitian maka digunakan metode Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) dan menggunakan bound testing cointegration untuk melihat hubungan kointegrasi dari variabel-variabel yang diteliti. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa pengenaan tarif bea keluar biji kakao di Indonesia berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap meningkatnya volume ekspor kakao olahan Indonesia di jangka panjang. Sedangkan bagi Malaysia, pengenaan tarif bea keluar biji kakao di Indonesia, berpengaruh tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap menurunnya volume ekspor kakao olahan Malaysia di jangka panjang.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of Indonesian cocoa beans export tax policy on Indonesia and Malaysia processed cocoa exports in the long term. The research variables are export volume of processed cocoa products in Indonesia and Malaysia, Indonesia price of cocoa beans, world price of cocoa beans, average price of exports of processed cocoa in 5 Indonesia and Malaysia competitor countries, import volume of cocoa in the world and the dummy tariff Export duty of Indonesian cocoa beans. To answer the research objectives method is used Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL To answer the research objective, we use Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and using bound testing cointegration for testing the cointegration relationship between the research variables. The results show that in the long run, that the imposition of tariff on cocoa beans in Indonesia has a significant effect on the increase of export volume of Indonesia processed cocoa but for Malaysia, the imposition of tariffs out of cocoa beans in Indonesia, no significant effect on the declining vol of Malaysias exports of processed cocoa."

Depok: Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia, 2017

T-pdf

UI - Tesis Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

Siregar, Mochammad Aravano

Determinan nilai tambah industri pengolahan Kakao Indonesia : 1990-2008 = Value added determinant Indonesian Cocoa processed industry : 1990-2008

"ABSTRAK

Indonesia merupakan produsen biji kakao ketiga terbesar di dunia . Namun kinerja industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia masih rendah sehingga nilai tambah yang tercipta belum optimal. Pengoptimalan nilai tambah dapat dilakukan dengan mengenali faktor-faktor yang menjadi determinannya. Periode pengamatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ingin melihat dampak dari krisis ekonomi 1998. Metode regresi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah ordinary least square (OLS). Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa pengunaan mesin, tenaga kerja merupakan determinan industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia. Sedangkan untuk kapasitas utilisasi, dummy lokasi dan dummy krisis ternyata tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai tambah. Dalam menganalisis, tujuan penelitian ini dicapai dengan metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif.

ABSTRACT

Indonesia is the third largest producer of the cocoa seed in the world. But the work ethic in the cocoa processing industry in Indonesia is still not up to par hence there is no value added created. The addition of value can be done by learning about the factors that are its determinants. The time period that is used in this research wants to know about the effect of the economic crisis in 1998. The regression method that is used in this research is the ordinary least square (OLS). From the research it is concluded that machine usage, and labor were the determinant of the kokoa processing industry. As for capacity utilization, dummy location, and dummy crisis were not affecting the addition of value. The purpose of this research was done by qualitative and quantitative methods to complete the analysis."

2013

S44316

UI - Skripsi Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

Yuri Alfrin Aladdin

Profil pasar komoditi kakao Uni Eropa dan peluang ekspor kakao Indonesia

"ABSTRACT

European. Union (EU) market has a huge demand of world's cocoa and cocoa products, as raw material for its processing cocoa industries. EU imposed tariff and non tarrif policy to the world in importing cocoa and cocoa product, except from members of the ACP (African, Caribbeanr and Pacific ) countries, as well as some countries which have special trade agreement with EU.

However, Indonesia does not get such special trade facility. Therefore, as a second producer of cocoa in the world (in 2005 ) , Indonesia is only in the sixth place as cocoa exporter to EU market.

The purpose of this research is to find out opportunities in exporting of cocoa and cocoa products to EU market, to find out how to use those opportunities, as well as to learn the profile of EU's cocoa market.

The research will analyze profile of cocoa commodity market in EU-25 (25 member countries) for the period of 2001-2005.

In order to find out cocoa export opportunities, the writer uses the least square statistic method in order to forecast EU's cocoa import demand in 2007 and 2010.

Finally, after the mapping and formulating factors of export barriers to EU, Indonesia is able to identify its opportunities in order to increase its cocoa and cocoa product commodities."

Program Pascasarjana Universitas Indonesia, 2007

T 20657

UI - Tesis Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

Cindy Medinia Marita

Analisis daya saing : pendekatan model nine factor pada industri kakao Indonesia = Competitiveness analysis : nine factor model approach in Indonesian cocoa industry

"Tesis ini membahas problematika dan dinamika industri kakao di Indonesia mulai dari petani yang berada di hulu rantai produksi kakao hingga industri hilir yang memproduksi cokelat dan kakao olahan menjadi produk yang siap dikonsumsi maupun diekspor. Potensi dan masalah daya saing industri kakao dianalisa dengan pendekatan model nine factor. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan potensi industri kakao Indonesia memiliki indikasi yang baik. Dapat dikategorikan enam faktor yang berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap pengembangan daya saing industri kakao Indonesia yaitu faktor kebijakan pemerintah, ketersediaan bahan baku, keberadaan tenaga ahli dan peneliti kakao. Selanjutnya dari sisi lingkungan bisnis faktor yang mempengaruhi adalah Infrastruktur, Konsumsi cokelat dalam negeri dan Masuknya investor asing. Dalam meningkatkan daya saing diformulasikan tiga upaya yang dapat dilakukan melalui sinergi multi kementrian, wajib fermentasi, dan mikro klaster ditingkat kabupaten.

This Thesis examines the problems and dynamics of the cocoa industry in Indonesia. Ranging from farmers in cocoa production chain upstream to downstream industries that produce chocolate and cocoa into finished products, ready for consumption and export. Potential and competitiveness of the cocoa industry analyzed with Nine Factor model approach. This study used a qualitative research, with descriptive type of research.

Result from these research shows Indonesian cocoa industry has a good indication. Six factor can be categorized significantly influence the development of Indonesian cocoa industry competitiveness. The factors are government policy, the availability of raw materials, the presence of cocoa experts and researchers, infrastructure, chocolate consumption in domestic market and the entry of foreign investors. In improving competitiveness of the cocoa industry to boost foreign exchange earnings and domestic economy, formulated three attempts through the synergy of multi ministerial, mandatory fermentation, and micro-cluster at the regency level."

Depok: Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia, 2013

T35686

UI - Tesis Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

Atikah Nur Pajriyah Raharja

Analisis dampak kebijakan bea keluar dan daya saing pada ekspor kakao Indonesia = Analysis of the impact of export tax and competitiveness on Indonesia's cocoa exports

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur posisi daya saing kakao Indonesia sebelum dan sesudah diterapkannya kebijakan bea keluar, menganalisis pengaruh kebijakan bea keluar terhadap kinerja ekspor biji kakao Indonesia, dan menentukan variabel lain yang mempengaruhi kinerja ekspor biji kakao Indonesia di pasar dunia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) untuk mengukur daya saing dan regresi panel data untuk menganalisis pengaruh bea keluar dan variabel lain terhadap kinerja ekspor biji kakao Indonesia, dengan data tahunan dari tahun 2001 sampai dengan 2013.

Hasil perhitungan RCA yang dilakukan pada produk biji kakao dan kakao olahan menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia memiliki daya saing pada kedua jenis produk dan target pemerintah dalam penerapan kebijakan bea keluar telah terpenuhi karena telah terjadi shifting ekspor dari biji kakao ke kakao olahan. Hasil penelitian lain dengan random effect model menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan bea keluar secara signifikan berdampak negatif terhadap kinerja ekspor biji kakao Indonesia. Variabel lain yang mempengaruhi kinerja ekspor biji kakao Indonesia secara signifikan adalah ekspor dunia, nilai tukar, dan harga internasional biji kakao.

The objectives of this study is to measure competitiveness of Indonesia's cocoa products before and after export tax policy is implemented, analyzing the impact of Indonesia's export tax on cocoa beans exports performance, and assessing factors responsible for cocoa beans export in global market. This study used Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method to measure competitiveness and panel data regression to analyze the impact of export tax on Indonesia's cocoa beans exports performance, using annually data from 2001 until 2013.
The results of RCA on cocoa beans and cocoa processing products indicate that Indonesia has competitiveness on both of the products and government target from implementing export tax have been achieved, since there was exports shifting from cocoa beans to cocoa processing products. Another estimation result using random effect model indicates that export tax has a negative and significant effect on Indonesian export performance. This study also revealed that world export, exchange rate, and international cocoa prices are significantly determined export performances."

Depok: Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Indonesia, 2015

S59851

UI - Skripsi Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

Dian Hikmahtullah

Apakah yang menghambat perkembangan industri pengolahan kakao di Indonesia = what hinders the development of cocoa processing industries in Indonesia

"[ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang faktor-faktor yang

dapat menghambat perkembangan industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia.

Penelitian ini, khususnya, ditujukan untuk menganalisa perkembangan industri

pengolahan kakao di Indonesia setelah penerapan bea keluar terhadap ekspor biji

kakao (bahan baku bagi produk-produk olahan kakao); bagaimana respon dari

industri tersebut dan bagaimana distribusi harga diantara para pelaku dalam rantai

nilai kakao-coklat di Indonesia.

Pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif digunakan dalam analisa penelitian ini.

Analisa kualitatif digunakan untuk melihat secara deskriptif pola ekspor kakao

Indonesia, sebagai gambaran dari perkembangan industri pengolahan kakao

Indonesia. Selain itu, metode kualitatif juga digunakan untuk menganalisa rantai

nilai dari Kakao-Coklat di Indonesia. Analisa deskriptif juga dilakukan terhadap

trend harga biji kakao untuk melihat pembagian harga dan resiko antar pelaku

dalam rantai nilai kakao Indonesia akibat penerapan bea keluar ekspor biji kakao

dan perubahan harga dunia biji kakao. Analisa kuantitatif dilakukan untuk melihat

apakah penerapan bea keluar tersebut mempengaruhi perkembangan industri

pengolahan kakao Indonesia, melalui penawaran ekspor dari produk-produk

olahan kakao Indonesia.

Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa pasokan biji kakao yang tidak cukup untuk

pasar domestik, hambatan berupa bea masuk oleh negara-negara EU, dan

permasalahan transportasi adalah permasalahan utama yang dapat menghambat

perkembangan industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia. Dapat disimpulkan juga

bahwa penerapan bea keluar untuk ekspor biji kakao adalah regulasi yang sangat

efektif untuk menurunkan ketergantungan terhadap ekspor bahan baku pada

ekspor produk kakao Indonesia dan mendorong pengolahan domestik kakao

dengan peningkatan ekspor produk-produk olahan kakao. Selain itu, penerapan

bea keluar dan fluktuasi harga dunia untuk biji kakao dipandang menguntungkan

pemerintah dan industri pengolahan kakao, tapi menyebabkan kerugian bagi

eksporter biji kakao dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap petani. Namun, suatu

mekanisme penetapan harga yang lebih baik antara petani dan industri serta

efektifitas dari keberadaan asosiasi atau organisasi petani dapat menjadi solusi

untuk membuat petani memperoleh keuntungan dari penerapan bea keluar

tersebut

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to answer a question regarding factors that can hinder the

development of Indonesian cocoa processing industry. Specifically, the paper is

intended to analyze the development of cocoa processing industries in Indonesia

due to the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans (raw material for cocoa

processing products); how they respond and how the price distribution among

stakeholders.

Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in the analysis of this paper. The

qualitative analysis is used to see descriptively the pattern of the Indonesian cocoa

exports, as the picture of the development of Indonesian cocoa processing

industry, and analyze the Indonesian cocoa-chocolate value chain, specifically the

processing of cocoa in domestic market. Descriptive analysis is also done for the

trend of cocoa beans price to see the share of price and risk between stakeholders

in Indonesian cocoa value chain due to the imposition of export tax on cocoa

beans and the changes in the world price of cocoa beans. Quantitative analysis is

done to see whether the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans affects the

development of Indonesian cocoa processing industries, through export supply of

the Indonesian cocoa products.

Result of the analysis shows that insufficient supply of cocoa beans for domestic

market, barriers in the form of import duty by the EU countries, and transportation

problems are the major problems that could hinder the development of Indonesian

cocoa processing industry. The analysis also concludes that the introduction of

export tax on cocoa beans is an effective regulation to decrease the dependence on

the export of raw material of cocoa exports and encourage the domestic

processing of cocoa beans by increase the export of cocoa processing products. In

addition, the imposition of the tax and fluctuation on the world price of cocoa

beans is evaluated to be benefited for the government and the processors, but

causes loss on the exporters of cocoa beans and gives no effect to the farmers.

However, a better price mechanism between the farmers and the processors and

the presence of an effective farmer?s association or organization could be a

solution to make the farmers gain benefit of the export tax imposition.;This paper aims to answer a question regarding factors that can hinder the