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"Dalam melakukan suatu usaha harus menerapkan prinsip-prinsip persaingan usaha sehat seperti yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 Tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat yaitu tidak melakukan monopoli, monopsoni, penguasaan pasar dan sebagainya. Tetapi dalam Pasal 50a menyatakan bahwa 'ketentuan dalam undang-undang ini dapat dikecualikan apabila perbuatan dan/atau perjanjian tersebut bertujuan melaksanakan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku'. Apabila perbuatan dan/atau perjanjian yang dimaksud tersebut merupakan suatu perbuatan untuk melakukan suatu kegiatan usaha dalam hal umum maka ketentuan tersebut tidak menjadi masalah, tetapi apabila perbuatan dan/atau perjanjian tersebut merupakan melakukan suatu kegiatan usaha dalam bidang kemitraan maka hal tersebut akan menyebabkan suatu masalah yaitu terjadinya pertentangan antara Pasal 50a Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 Tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 Tentang Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah. Pada Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 menyatakan bahwa 'Kemitraan adalah kerjasama dalam keterkaitan usaha, baik langsung maupun tidak langsung, atas dasar prinsip saling memerlukan, mempercayai, memperkuat, dan menguntungkan'. Sehingga berdasarkan hal tersebut dalam tesis ini akan dibahas mengenai perjanjian kemitraan inti plasma di Indonesia, kesesuaian perjanjian kemitraan dengan prinsip-prinsip persaingan usaha sehat, dan pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan kemitraan sektor perkebunan.

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In performing an business must apply the principles business competition healthy as regulated in the law number 5 years 1999 on prohibition of monopoly and unfair business competition that is they did not do monopoly, as having only one buyer, mastery market and so on. But in article 50a stated that 'a provision in a law this could be exempted when deeds and / or agreement was aimed to implement laws and regulations'. When deeds and / or agreement referred to this is a deed to perform a business activities in terms of common so this regulation was not be a problem, but when deeds and / or agreement was done a business activities in the field of partnership so that this will cause a problem that is the difference between article 50a the act of number 5 years 1999 on prohibition of monopoly and unfair business competition with act number 20 years 2008 on micro business, small and medium. On bill number 20 years 2008 stated that 'partnership is cooperation in entanglement business, either directly or indirectly, based on the principle need each other, trust, strengthen, and profitable'. So based on such statement in this will be discussed in the partnership agreements the nucleus plasma in Indonesia, conformity partnership agreements with the principles business competition healthy, and supervision with the implementation of the partnership the agricultural sector."

"Hubungan kemitraan sebagai salah bentuk hubungan kerjasama antara pekebun kelapa sawit dengan perusahaan sebagai pemilik modal dan teknologi didasarkan pada suatu perjanjian yang dikenal sebagai perjanjian kemitraan inti plasma perkebunan kelapa sawit. Dalam implementasinya banyak terjadi kecurangan yang dilakukan perusahaan dalam hubungan ini. Notaris sebagai pejabat pembuat akta memiliki fungsi pengawasan yang dapat menutup peluang terjadinya kecurangan dengan cara menciptakan atau membuat perjanjian yang baik dengan pertimbangan-pertimbangan akibat hukum yang muncul dari perjanjian. Oleh karena itu sebaiknya perjanjian kemitraan perkebunan kelapa sawit dibuat dihadapan notaris agar tercapai keseimbangan dalam hubungan kemitraan perkebunan kelapa sawit.

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Partnerships as one form of cooperative relations between oil palm planters with the company as the owners of capital and technology is based on an agreement known as the plasma core partnership agreement palm oil plantations. In the implementation of fraud by many companies in this relationship. Notary as an official deed maker has a supervisory function that could cover the possibility of fraud by creating or making good agreement with considerations of legal consequences that arise from the agreement. Therefore should the oil palm plantation partnership agreement made before a notary in order to achieve a balance in the partnership of oil palm plantations."

"Seiring dengan meningkatnya jumlah penduduk dan pendapatan per kapita penduduk Indonesia, kebutuhan akan hasil-hasil peternakan juga meningkat. Sektor agribisnis peternakan mengalami perkembangan yang pesat. Pola Inti-Plasma merupakan salah satu bentuk kemitraan yang diterapkan di sektor peternakan, termasuk dalam budidaya peternakan ayam. Penggunaan Pola Inti-Plasma semakin menguat setelah krisis yang melanda Indonesia pada kurun waktu 1997-1998 yang juga telah memukul sektor peternakan. Hal ini merupakan manifestasi dari adanya kehendak dari para peternak untuk mencari rasa aman dari fluktuasi harga meskipun keuntungan yang diperoleh relatif lebih sedikit. Perjanjian kerjasama kemitraan yang dibuat antara perusahaan inti dengan peternak plasma harus mengacu pada aspek-aspek hukum perjanjian, baik asas-asas hukum perjanjian, syarat sahnya perjanjian, bagian-bagian atau unsur-unsur perjanjian, serta bentuk perjanjian. Dari studi kasus ini diketahui bahwa perjanjian kerjasama kemitraan pada budidaya peternakan ayam yang diterapkan di PT. CAS telah memenuhi asas konsensualisme, asas kekuatan mengikat, asas kebebasan berkontrak, serta syarat sahnya terbentuknya perjanjian. Demikian juga dengan bentuk atau anatomi perjanjian telah memadai. Namun demikian, perjanjian kerjasama kemitraan tersebut belum sepenuhnya memenuhi asas keseimbangan dan asas itikad baik. Guna memenuhi kedua asas tersebut, diperlukan keterlibatan pemerintah dalam memberikan bimbingan dan bantuan teknis kepada peternak dan menetapkan mekanisme arbitrase untuk menyelesaikan konflik antara perusahaan inti dengan peternak plasma. Selain itu, diperlukan juga keyakinan perusahaan inti untuk menerapkan jaminan kepada peternak plasma.

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Along with the increasing of numbers and income per capita of Indonesia's population, the need for the livestock’s product is also increases. Livestock agribusiness sector experienced rapid development. The Pattern of Nucleus-Plasma is one of form of partnership that is also applied in the livestock sector, including in chicken farming. The Pattern of Nucleus-Plasma increasingly used after the crisis that hit Indonesia in the period of 1997-1998, that had also strike the livestock sector. This is a manifestation of the willingness of chicken farmers to seek security from price fluctuations despite the benefits are relatively few. Partnership Agreement made between the nucleus-company and plasma-farmers should refer to the legal aspects of the agreement, namely the principles of contract law, the validity requirements of the agreement, the parts or elements of the agreement, and the form of agreement. From the case study, it is found that the partnership agreement on chicken farming applied in PT. CAS has fulfilled the principle of consensus, the principle of the binding force, the principle of freedom of contract, as well as the validity requirements of the agreement. Likewise, the form or anatomy of agreement is adequate. However, the partnership agreement does not fully comply with the principle of balance and the principle of good faith. To meet the last both principles of contract law, it is necessary for government to involve in providing guidance and technical assistance to farmers, and establish an arbitration mechanism to resolve the conflict between the nucleuscompany and plasma-farmers. In addition, the nucleus-company should confidence to require a warranty to plasma-farmers."

"Perjanjian kerjasama ekonomi atau Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) merupakan suatu perjanjian dagang dimana tidak hanya bertujuan untuk membuka akses pasar perdagangan namun juga mempertimbangkan aspek kerja sama ekonomi dan inisiatif pembangunan antara kedua negara. Perjanjian perdagangan antara Indonesia dan Jepang menjadi perjanjian dagang bilateral pertama bagi Indonesia yang mencakup perdagangan barang, perdagangan jasa, dan investasi, mulai berlaku pada tahun 2008. Perkembangan sektor jasa menjadi salah satu faktor penting dalam mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi. Penelitian mengenai analisis perkembangan sektor jasa menjadi menarik untuk diulas lebih lanjut terutama jika dikaitkan dengan berlakunya perjanjian bilateral antara Indonesia dan Jepang EPA. Penelitian ini menggunakan regresi data panel dengan metode estimasi yang digunakan adalah model Gravity dengan Difference in Difference (DiD) untuk melihat pengaruh adanya dampak dari perjanjian IJEPA. Hasil penelitian yang menunjukan bahwa variabel interest tidak signifikan terhadap variabel dependen memberikan gambaran bahwa adanya perjanjian IJEPA secara statistik kurang dapat menjelaskan hubungan yang terjadi dengan nilai ekspor maupun nilai impor sektor jasa Indonesia. Adanya implementasi IJEPA di Indonesia masih belum berpengaruh dan belum memperoleh manfaat yang optimal khususnya untuk perdagangan sektor jasa.

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The Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) is a trade agreement that aims to open trade market access and considers aspects of economic cooperation and development initiatives between the two countries. The trade agreement between Indonesia and Japan is Indonesia's first bilateral trade agreement covering trade in goods, services, and investment, and entry into force in 2008. The development of the service sector is an important factor in supporting economic growth. Research on the analysis of the development of the service sector is interesting for further review, especially if it is associated with the enactment of the bilateral agreement between Indonesia and Japan EPA.

This study uses panel data regression with the estimation method used by the Gravity model with Difference in Difference (DiD) to see the impact of the IJEPA. The study results show that the interest variable is not significant to the dependent variable illustrating that the existence of the IJEPA agreement is statistically unable to explain the relationship that occurs with the value of exports and imports of the Indonesian service sector. Implementing IJEPA in Indonesia still does not have an impact and has not given benefits, especially for service trade."

"This thesis is aimed to discuss the arrangement of investment dispute settlement through the investor-state dispute settlement ("ISDS") mechanism in international investment agreements.The agreements are the Bilateral Investment Treaty ("BIT") and the Investment Chapter Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (" IC-CEPA ”) which involves the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of Australia as parties to both agreements. This research is a normative legal research and uses secondary data which are analyzed descriptively by a method of systematic and comparative interpretation. The results of the study revealed that the ISDS mechanism settlement at BIT was not much different when compared to the mechanism settlement at the IC-CEPA even though both of them appointed ICSID and UNCITRAL as international arbitration institutions for ISDS. However, with the enactment of IC-CEPA which replaced BIT, it will guarantee legal certainty for both partiesespecially related to avoiding claims that are filed separately but contain the same substance.

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Tesis ini akan membahas pengaturan penyelesaian sengketa penanaman modal melalui mekanisme investor-state dispute settlement (“ISDS”) dalam perjanjian investasi internasional, dalam hal ini the Bilateral Investment Treaty (“BIT”) serta Investment Chapter Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement(“IC-CEPA”) yang melibatkan Republik Indonesia dan Australia sebagai para pihak dalam kedua perjanjian tersebut. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif dan menggunakan data sekunder yang dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan metode penafsiran sistematis dan komparatif. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa pengaturan mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa ISDS pada BIT tidak banyak perbedaan jika dibandingkan dengan pengaturan mekanismenya pada IC-CEPA meskipun keduanya sama-sama menunjuk ICSID dan UNCITRAL sebagai institusi arbitrase internasional bagi ISDS. Namun demikian, dengan diberlakukannya IC-CEPA yang menggantikan BIT, akan memberikan jaminan kepastian hukum bagi kedua pihak terutama terkait menghindari gugatan yang diajukan secara terpisah namun berisi substansi yang sama."

"Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif yaitu mengacu kepada norma hukum yang terdapat dalam peraturan perundangundangan dan keputusan pengadilan. Penelitian kepustakaan tersebut dilanjutkan dengan penelitian lapangan melalui wawancara dan peninjauan ke dua desa di Lebak, Banten. Yang menjadi permasalahan dalam disertasi ini adalah apakah perjanjian-perjanjian dalam Pola Perusahaan Inti Rakyat Perkebunan di Lebak, Banten adil bagi petani peserta? Apakah Pola Perusahaan Inti Rakyat Perkebunan dapat membawa kesejahteraan yang kontinu kepada petani peserta di Lebak, Banten? Faktor-faktor apakah yang menyebabkan Pola Perusahaan Inti Rakyat Perkebunan di Lebak, Banten akhirnya tidak berhasil? Usaha-usaha apakah yang perlu dilakukan agar Pola Perusahaan Inti Rakyat Perkebunan membawa keuntungan baik untuk perusahaan inti maupun petani peserta di Lebak, Banten? PIR Perkebunan dilaksanakan untuk membangun petani perkebunan yang sejahtera dan mandiri melalui peningkatan pendapatan dan taraf hidup. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut dilakukan melalui mekanisme yang telah diatur dalam peraturan perundang-undangan dan perjanjian. Pola PIR Perkebunan dalam pelaksanaannya mengalami hambatan-hambatan atau kesulitan-kesulitan. Di samping ada PIR Perkebunan yang berhasil, tetapi ada pula yang mengalami kegagalan. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa perjanjian dalam Pola PIR Perkebunan yaitu perjanjian pembelian-pembayaran hasil panen dan kredit petani peserta dibuat dalam bentuk standar dengan tujuan untuk memperhatikan asas keseimbangan, tetapi dalam pelaksanaannya tidak selalu tercapai. Perjanjian mengenai pengelolaan kebun dan kredit petani peserta dibuat dalam bentuk perjanjian standar dan isinya belum sepenuhnya adil bagi petani peserta. Sementara perjanjian kredit dibuat dalam bentuk standar, tetapi dalam perjanjian tidak ditemukan unsur-unsur yang memberatkan petani peserta. Selanjutnya Perjanjian Produksi dan Jual Beli buah kelapa sawit semula dibuat untuk memberikan keuntungan bagi perusahaan inti dan petani peserta, tetapi perjanjian tersebut belum sepenuhnya adil bagi petani peserta. PIR Perkebunan akhirnya tidak dapat membawa kesejahteraan yang kontinu kepada petani peserta di Lebak yang ditunjukkan dengan rendahnya tingkat pendapatan petani peserta dan beberapa mengalihkan tanah perkebunan. Pola PIR Perkebunan yang mempunyai tujuan mulia ternyata gagal membawa kesejahteraan kepada petani peserta di Lebak karena tidak berjalannya mekanisme dalam Pola PIR Perkebunan. Usahausaha yang perlu dilakukan agar PIR Perkebunan dapat membawa keuntungan bagi perusahaan inti dan petani peserta di Lebak diantaranya harus dilakukan perbaikan tugas dan peran perusahaan inti serta petani peserta, kelembagaan petani peserta harus dibentuk dan diperkuat, serta kemitraan antara perusahaan inti dan petani peserta harus diperbaiki.

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This research utilizes the legal normative research methodology which is based on legal norms within regulations and courts decision. In addition to that, library research is complemented by field research through interviews and observation to the two villages in The Regency of Lebak, Banten Province. Specifically, the main research questions for this research are whether the agreements within The Nucleus Estate Smallholder Plantations are impartial for its farmer members? Other questions that will be evaluated are whether The Nucleus Estate Smallholder Plantations could bring continuous social prosperity for its farmers in Lebak, Banten? Moreover, which factors are influencing the failures of The Nucleus Estate Smallholder Plantations in Lebak, Banten? More importantly, what efforts need to be made so that The Nucleus Estate Smallholder Plantations could be beneficial for its own good and also the its farmers in Lebak, Banten? Nucleus Estate Smallholder Plantations are designed to create a prosperous and self-sufficient farmers through increasing their wages and living conditions. These objectives are pursued through the establishment of a mechanism which are managed through existing regulations and agreement. During its implementation, the pattern of Nucleus Estate Smallholder Plantations encountered obstacles and difficulties whereas in spite of several successful NES Plantations, there are also those that failed. The result of this research has shown that the agreements within The Nucleus Estate Smallholder Plantations namely, the agreement on the buying-payment of harvest results and farmers credit are made with equality in concept but it failed to achieve its intended goals during its implementation. In addition to that, the agreement on the management of plantations and farmers credit are made in the form of standard agreements in which its contents does not serve the interest of the farmers. At the same time, the credit agreements are created in the standard forms but it is not found to have a negative impact on the farmers. Furthermore, the agreement on production and selling of palm oil are originally designed to benefit for the nucleus estate and its farmers, but as this research has shown it has not created a fair and just impact for its farmers. As a result, The Nucleus Estate Smallholder Plantations could not create continuous social prosperity for the farmers in Lebak as shown by the low income of the farmers and several plantation lands issues. The noble goal of The Nucleus Estate Smallholder Plantations in the end has not been beneficial on the farmers in Lebak due to the failed mechanism within The Nucleus Estate Smallholder Plantations. Therefore, efforts need to be made so that The Nucleus Estate Smallholder Plantations could create a positive output for the nucleus estate and the farmers in Lebak, these reforms can be made in the form of improving the scope of task and roles of nucleus estate and its farmer?s members, the strengthening of the farmer?s institutions and improving the partnership model between nucleus estate and its farmer?s members in the future."

"Perkembangan Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) di beberapa negara memiliki peranan yang penting dan merupakan penggerak roda perekonomian. Salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan oleh UMKM dalam meningkatkan peranannya dalam bidang ekonomi adalah melalui hubungan kerjasama dengan Usaha Besar melalui mekanisme kemitraan. Dalam hubungan kemitraan Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah menghadapi persaingan yang tidak sebanding diantara Usaha Besar dan UMKM akibat skala usaha yang lebih kecil dan posisi tawar yang lemah. Dalam rangka meningkatkan posisi tawar dari UMKM, terbentuknya struktur pasar yang menjamin tumbuhnya persaingan usaha yang sehat dan melindungi konsumen serta mencegah terjadinya penguasaan pasar oleh orang perorangan atau kelompok tertentu yang merugikan UMKM maka diterbitkan Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 tentang usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 17 Tahun 2013 Tentang Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 Tentang Usaha Mikro, Kecil, Dan Menengah berdasarkan ketentuan perundang-undangan tersebut pelaksanaan kemitraan perlu diawasi secara tertib dan teratur oleh lembaga yang dibentuk dan bertugas untuk mengawasi persaingan usaha yaitu Komisi pengawas persaingan Usaha (KPPU). Amanat pengawasan pelaksanaan kemitraan melahirkan tugas dan kewenangan baru kepada KPPU untuk menjaga iklim usaha dan persaingan yang sehat khususnya dalam pelaksanaan kemitraan di Indonesia.

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The development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in some countries have an important role and is driving the economy. One effort that can be made by SMEs in enhancing its role in the economy is through partnerships with large company through a partnership mechanism. In a partnership relationship Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises face competition not comparable between Large Enterprises and SMEs due to the smaller scale enterprises and weak bargaining position. In order to improve the bargaining position of SMEs, the formation of market structure that ensures the growth of fair competition and protect consumers and prevent market domination by an individual or group that is detrimental to SMEs then passed Law No. 20 of 2008 on Micro, Small and medium and Government Regulation No. 17 of 2013 on the Implementation of Law No. 20 of 2008 on Micro, Small, and medium Enterprises under the provisions of the legislation implementing the partnership needs to be monitored in an orderly and organized by the institution established and tasked to oversee the Commission For Supervison Of Business Competition (KPPU). Supervision of the implementation of the mandate of the partnership spawned new duties and powers to the Commission to keep the business climate and fair competition, especially in the implementation of partnership in Indonesia."

"Indonesia memiliki potensi yang besar untuk mengembangkan industri kelapa sawit, salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan potensi tersebut adalah melalui kemitraan inti plasma, dimana terdapat pihak perusahaan inti dan petani plasma yang saling bermitra dengan adanya hubungan saling ketergantungan dan menguntungkan. Namun, dalam implementasinya kerap kali terjadi permasalahan hukum ranah persaingan usaha diantara pelaku usaha yang bermitra tersebut. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini Penulis memiliki tujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman dan informasi kepada masyarakat luas mengenai perspektif hukum persaingan usaha terhadap permasalahan hukum yang terjadi dalam perjanjian kemitraan inti-plasma perkebunan kelapa sawit. Pada prakteknya, salah satu permasalahan hukum yang terjadi adalah pada kemitraan inti plasma antara PT. Multi Prima Entakai yang diduga melakukan penguasaan pasar yang dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya praktek monopoli dan/atau persaingan usaha tidak sehat terhadap petani plasma dalam Koperasi Renyang Bersatu. Dalam kasus ini, PT. Multi Prima Entakai selaku perusahaan inti tidak transparan dalam memberikan rincian penggunaan dana dan penentuan angka kredit untuk pembangunan perkebunan kelapa sawit, sehingga mengakibatkan para petani plasma hanya menerima tagihan pembayaran kredit sampai terlilit hutang tanpa adanya kejelasan penggunaan dana. Dalam menganalisis kasus ini, Penulis menggunakan penelitian deskriptif analitis melalui pendekatan kualitatif, yaitu dengan memberikan pemahaman lebih lanjut terkait pengaturan kemitraan inti plasma dalam perundang-undangan di Indonesia, lalu memberikan penjabaran kasus, menjelaskan penerapan Pasal UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 terhadap kasus tersebut, serta memberikan rekomendasi agar implementasi kemitraan inti plasma sejalan dengan hukum persaingan usaha. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan Penulis, PT. Multi Prima Entakai terbukti melakukan penguasaan pasar berupa praktek diskriminasi sebagaimana dilarang oleh ketentuan Pasal 19 huruf d UU No. 5 Tahun 1999.

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Indonesia has great potential to develop the palm oil industry, one of the efforts to increase this potential is through the inti plasma partnership, where there are companies and palm oil planters who partner with each other in a relationship of mutual dependence and benefit. However, in its implementation, there are often legal issues in business competition among the partner business actors. Therefore, in this research, the author aims to provide understanding and information for the wider community regarding the competition law perspective of legal issue that occur in the inti plasma partnership agreement of palm oil. In practice, one of the legal problems that occur is the inti plasma partnership between PT. Multi Prima Entakai and Cooperative of Renyang Bersatu, which is suspected that could lead to market control that causes monopoly practice and/or unfair competition over the palm oil planters in Koperasi Renyang Bersatu. In this case, PT. Multi Prima Entakai as the core company is not transparent in providing details on the use of funds and determination of credit figures for the development of oil palm plantations, it is resulting in palm oil planters only receiving payment bills until they are in debt without any clarity on the use of funds. In the analysis of this case, the author uses analytical descriptive research through a qualitative approach, specifically by providing further understanding of the regulation of inti plasma partnership in Indonesian law, providing a case description, then explaining the application of Article Law no. 5 of 1999 on the case, and provide recommendations so that the implementation of the inti plasma partnership is according to competition law. Based on the results of research conducted by the author, PT. Multi Prima Entakai is proven to have controlled the market in the form of discrimination practices by the provisions of Article 19 letter d of Law no. 5 of 1999"

"ABSTRACTSkripsi ini membahas mengenai peran Humas dalam hubungan kemitraan antara startup transportasi dengan mitranya dari perspektif employer branding, dengan studi kasus pada hubungan PT X, salah satu startup transportasi terbesar di Indonesia, dengan mitra pengemudi motornya. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menyarankan bahwa peran Humas dalam manajemen startup transportasi dalam hubungan kemitraan perlu ditingkatkan untuk membangun hubungan kemitraan yang kuat dan solid, terutama dalam hal interaksi informal dengan mitra sehari-hari, menjaga kestabilan sistem di aplikasi, dan menjalin hubungan baik dengan komunitas mitra, baik melalui tongkrongan mitra maupun grup WhatsApp.

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ABSTRACTThe focus of this study is the role of PR in the partnership relationship between startup transportation with its motorcycle drivers from the perspective of employer branding, with case studies on PT X rsquo s relationship, one of the largest transportation startup in Indonesia, with its motorcycle drivers. This research is a qualitative research with descriptive design. The results suggest that the role of Public Relations in transportation startup management in partnership relationship needs to be improved to build strong and solid partnerships, especially in terms of informal interaction with its motorcycle drivers, maintaining systems stability in application, and establishing good relationship with the drivers communities, via driver rsquo s hang out places and WhatsApp group owned by each drivers communities. "

"Prompted by poor performance of most state-owned enterprises, the Indonesian government has made the partnership between state-owned and private firms as one of its `strategic' steps. However, partnership between business entities from different institutional backgrounds can cause uneasy relationship stemming from different characters and imbalanced position between partners. In the Indonesian context, partnerships between state and private firms show imbalance in which the former enjoy more prestige and power than the later. Dependency is reflected in the obligation of spending some cost by private companies, some of which become additional income or rent to the executives of state firms.

The case study looks at the joint-operation in sugar production for the milling season of 2001-2002 between the state-owned PT Perkebunan Nusantara XIV (PTPN XIV) and the privately owned PT Kalpataru Semesta (PTKS). During the course of the joint-operation, relations between two partners have demonstrated lack of transparency and growing distrust. Complexities have intensified because of a persistent competition between key actors, namely president directors of the respective firms, in an attempt to show that each was more powerful than the other.

This research tries to answer four questions. First, how is partnership between PTPN XIV and PTKS possible? Second, why are differences between both partners so wide and very difficult to reconcile? Third, how are the relationships between actors during the implementation of the partnership? Fourth, how do partners eventually agree on the termination of their joint-operation? In brief, this study attempts to reveal various processes, networks, and structures that affect the partnership. Due to his position as a member of the Monitoring Team of the joint-operation project, the researcher chooses to apply participant observation as the main method of data collection. Informal talks and interviews with other actors and informants also contribute to the process.

This study takes into consideration three theoretical perspectives, namely Exchange, Exchange-Network, and Governance theories, but all lack of comprehension in describing the overall structures and processes behind the partnership. This has led to the formulation of a combination of relevant ideas and aspects of those theories by utilizing concepts and ideas of the dramaturgical and social capital perspectives. This attempt has resulted in the emergence of a pair of exchange network models of key actors; and a matrix of all relevant actors and elements.

This research finds that in contrast to widespread practices in Indonesia, state firms are not permanently stronger than their private counterparts. The relative position between PTPN XIV and PTKS demonstrates a dynamic imbalance in the sense that either the state-owned or private firms may hold dominance over the other. In the initiation phase, the private partner gains strong position over the state-owned partner. During the implementation of the partnership, both demonstrate dominance interchangeably depending on the specific circumstances. At the final phase, the state-owned firm shows its strength and the private company has to accept that it is dependent on its state-owned counterpart.

In general, the partnership between PTPN XIV and PTKS reflects a success and a failure simultaneously. It has succeeded in salvaging the ill-fated state-owned firm, or serving public interest, but at the same time it fails in delivering satisfactory profit to private partner. In addition to its failure, the project proves that a governance arrangement fails to perform well under a distrustful relationship between partners as a result of mysterious behavior of the PTPN XIV president director. However the involvement of a state official has served two functions; first, help make partnership possible in the first place, second, create a forum through which partners meet to discuss differences.

The study recommends that state officials should . take a more active role in managing tensions and reducing unnecessary differences between partners. State-owned enterprises should be encouraged to open up their data and predictions that are highly relevant to the joint-project. This will help create trust and norm of mutual benefit between partners. Private companies, despite their strong position, should be well-prepared prior to entering into an agreement with state firms. They should obtain sufficient knowledge especially on the calculation methods of production costs and the familiarity with key actors from the other side in the partnership."