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"Daun gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis LAMK) sudah dikenal dan digunakan oleh masyarakat di desa sebagai antiinflamasi, antibakteri dan antioksidan. Salah satu senyawa utama yang terkandung di dalam daun gaharu adalah flavonoid. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat dan menilai efektivitas gel fraksi etil asetat daun gaharu yang mengandung flavonoid terhadap kontrol negatif plasebo dan kontrol positif Povidone Iodine 10% terhadap masa penyembuhan luka terbuka hari ke satu dan hari ke delapan pada tikus putih jantan Spargue Dawley, dan menguji stabilitas gel pada suhu penyimpanan yang berbeda-beda, yaitu 40±2 oC, 28±2 oC, dan 4±2 oC selama 12 minggu. Sejumlah 25 ekor tikus putih jantan galur Sprague Dawley berumur 3 bulan dan secara acak dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari lima ulangan. Insisi dilakukan pada bagian punggung tikus sepanjang ± 1.5 cm, lebar ± 0.5 cm dan sedalam ± 0,3 cm dengan scalpel. Kelompok A diperlakukan tanpa pengobatan, Kelompok B diberikan gel plasebo. Kelompok C diobati dengan Povidone Iodine 10%. Kelompok D dan E diberi pengobatan dengan gel fraksi etil asetat daun gaharu masing-masing 4%.dan 16%. Pada luka terbuka pengobatan dilakukan 1 kali sehari pada pagi hari. Data yang diperoleh dikumpulkan kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan Analysis of Varian (ANOVA) dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Post-Hock Tukey. Hasil menunjukkan pemberian gel fraksi etil asetat daun gaharu 16% terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna dengan pemberian Povidone Iodine 10% terhadap masa dan proses penyembuhan luka terbuka yang lebih baik mulai hari ke satu dan hari ke delapan pada tikus putih jantan Sprague Dawley. Semua sediaan yang dibuat ternyata tetap stabil secara fisik sampai 3 bulan.

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Agarwood leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk) has been known and used by people in the village as antiinflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant. One of the main compound contained in the leaves of agarwood is flavonoids. The purpose of this study was to make and assess the effectiveness gel fraction of the ethyl acetate leaves agarwood which contains flavonoid as the negative control placebo and Povidone Iodine 10% as the positive control in the healing time of the open wound day at the first day and the eighth day in the rats, and the stability test of the gel at different temperature of storage, which are on 40 ± 2 oC, 28 ± 2 ° C, and 4 ± 2 oC for 12 weeks. 25 male Sprague Dawley rats of 3 months old collected then randomly divided into five groups and each group consisted of five replications. The incision was made along dorsal area about the ± 1.5 cm, ± 0.5 cm width and ± 0.3 cm depth with a scalpel. The group A was not treatment, group B was given a placebo gel. Group C was treated with 10% Povidone Iodine. Group D and E were treated with the 4% and 16% ethyl acetate gel fraction of agarwood leaves as well. Treatment of the open wounds was made once time a day in morning. The data obtained were collected and analyzed by using Analysis of Varian (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test Post-Hock. The results showed treating with 16% gel fraction ethyl acetate of agarwood leaves significantly better then the administration of 10% Povidone Iodine in healing time and its process of open wound at the first day and the eighth day of male Sprague Dawley. All preparats made were physically stabil until 3 months."

"ABSTRAKFitosom merupakan suatu teknologi terbaru dalam formulasi obat herbal yang saat ini dikembangkan untuk memperbaiki absorpsi bahan aktif obat herbal yang lebih cepat. Fraksi etilasetat kering daun gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) mengandung senyawa flavonoid yang memiliki khasiat sebagai antiinflamasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan aktivitas penyembuhan luka bakar gel ekstrak daun gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) fraksi etilasetat kering tanpa dibuat menjadi fitosom dengan gel fitosom ekstrak daun gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) fraksi etilasetat kering, dibandingkandengan Bioplacenton gel sebagai kontrol positif. Tiga formula gel fitosom dibuat dengan konsentrasi fitosom 2%, 3% dan 4%, yang mengandung fraksi etilasetat kering daun gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) dan fosfatidilkolin soya 1:1, menggunakan metode hidrasi lapis tipis. Uji farmakologi dilakukan secara in vivo pada tikus. Perbedaan aktivitas dilihat dari presentase penyembuhan luka pada geltanpa dibuat fitosom (68,83%), fitosom 2% (99,20%), fitosom 3 (99,38%), fitosom 4% (99,91%), Bioplacenton gel (100%). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa gel fitosom 4% memiliki aktivitas penyembuhan luka bakar derajat 2 yang hampir sama dengan Bioplacenton gel dan daya penyembuh lukanya lebih baik dari gel tanpa dibuat fitosom.

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ABSTRACTPhytosome is the advanced technology in herbal medicine formulation that has been developed to improve the absorption rate of herbal active ingredient. Dry aethylacetate fraction of Gaharu leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) containing flavonoid which have antiinflammatory activity. This research aim is to determine the difference wound healing activity of non phytosome gel of dry aethylacetate fraction of Gaharu leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) extract and phytosome gel of dry aethylacetat fraction of Gaharu leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) extract, compared to Bioplacenton gel as positive control in healing the seconddegree burn. Three phytosome gel formulas were made by phytosome concentration of 2%, 3% and 4% containing dry aethylacetate fraction of Gaharu leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam) and soy phosphatidylcholine 1:1, by thin layer hydration method. In vivo pharmacological experiment was done in rat. The difference of activity was seen from the percentage of wound healing on non phytosome gel (68.83%), phytosome 2% (99.20%), phytosome 3% (99.38%), phytosome 4% (99.91%), Bioplacenton gel (100%). It can be concluded that phytosome gel 4% has wound healing activity in second-degree burn which is almost the same with Bioplacenton gel, and the wound healing activity is better than the non phytosome gel."

"ABSTRACTGaharu has been traded in East Kalimantan before the Hindu KingdomKutai period. However, the nineteen eighties to nineties was perhaps theglory period for gaharu trade in East Kalimantan. There are only little detailinformation regarding gaharu in East Kalimantan. The information on gaharutrade can only be extracted through anthropological studies on indigenouscommunity conducted by foreigner. Therefore, this study was undertaken togain more information on gaharu trade in East Kalimantan that includedharvest and chain of custody. For the purposes, 1 exporter, 3 middlemen and4 hunters in East Kalimantan were interviewed during the study.Hunter, middlemen, collector and exporter are identified as the 4 actorsthat played in the gaharu trade in East Kalimantan. The gaharu trade is openand does not bind the actors involved. Gaharu has been traded using landtransportation, although in some area sea transportation seems morepractical. Up until now, Samarinda is the center of gaharu trade in EastKalimantan where all big investors are located. Gaharu has been tradedlegally to Jakarta, Singapore and the Middle East. In addition, gaharu been traded to Banjarmasin. However, Gaharu has often been smuggled toMalaysia.In the past five years gaharu production increased significantly alongwith the increasing number of gaharu traders in East Kalimantan. Gaharuharvest is dominantly found in the center of East Kalimantan. Mahakamupstream that covers Kutai Kertanegara and West Kutai is identified as themost targeted location for gaharu hunt in East Kalimantan. The lowest qualitygaharu now dominates the gaharu market in East Kalimantan. It triggered thegaharu oil invention in East Kalimantan"

"Agarwood producing plant (Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.) is one of the Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP) that high value. However, its population had strongly decreased due to overexploitation. The objective of this study was to know the population of A. microcarpa. This study was conducted from October-December 2010. This research used sampling technique by mean of making quadrate transect were laid by systematic. Result of this study were as follows; there were poles and sapling stage at Hutan Kota Gunung Kembang (HKGK) and tree, poles and sapling stage at HKGK. Poles stage of A. microcarpa at HKGK was important value index (IVI) 16,18% and sapling stage IVI 20,58%. However, tree stages of A. microcarpa at Hutan Karet was 102,75%; pole stage 20,05% and sapling stage 8,85% respectively. A positive correlation was found between DBH and height. Pole density was 35 trees/ha and sapling stage was 320 trees/ha at HKGK. Tree was 67 trees/ha; pole 17 trees/ha, and sapling 67 trees/ha at Hutan Karet. The population density of A. microcarpa at HKGK more higher than Hutan Karet."

"ABSTRAKKayu gaharu merupakan komoditas yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tertinggi di dunia, terutama minyaknya. Namun karakteristik minyak atsiri kayu gaharu memiliki komponenn senyawa yang bersifat mudah menguap hampir sekitar 90. Salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi hal ini, minyak gaharu dapat dibuat menjadi sediaan padat dengan enkapsulasi menggunakan maltodekstrin dan gum arab melalui metode pengeringan beku. Enkapsulasi merupakan salah satu solusi yang dapat dilakukan untuk efisiensi proses packaging dan distribusi minyak gaharu. Dilakukan empat formulasi enkapsulasi minyak gaharu yang memiliki perbedaan perbandingan zat aktif dengan enkapsulan maltodektsin dan gum arab MD/GA , yaitu F1 2:10, F2 5:10, F3 10:10 dan F4 12:10. Hasil evaluasi sediaan padat yang diperoleh nilai loading capacity tertinggi sebesar 68,6 pada sampel F2. Kemudian diperoleh persentase surface oil content sampel F1-F4 berkisar dari 3-22. Sedangkan nilai efisiensi enkapsulasi pada sampel F1- F4 sebesar 82-95,76. Pada uji morfologi keempat sampel menunjukkan bagian permukaan sediaan padatan yang berpori-pori. Secara keseluruhan, semua sampel menunjukkan hasil yang bagus baik dari loading capacity, persentase surface oil content dan efisiensi enkapsulasi.

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ABSTRACTAgarwood is a commodity that has the highest economic value in the world, especially its oil. However, the characteristics of essential oil of agarwood have a volatile compound component of almost 90. One attempt to overcome this,agarwood oil can be made into solid dosage with encapsulation using maltodextrin and gum arab through the freeze drying method. Encapsulation is one solution that can be done for the efficiency of packaging process and distribution of agarwood oil. Four different formulations of agarwood oil encapsulation were obtained which differed in the ratio of the active substance to the encapsulation of maltodecin and gum arab MD GA, ie F1 2 10, F2 5 10, F3 10 10 and F4 12 10. The result of the solid dosage evaluation obtained by the highest loading capacity was 68.6 in the F2 sample. Then obtained surface oil content value of F1 F4 sample range from 0.3 0.6 gram. While the value of encapsulation efficiency in F1 F4 sample is 82 s.d 95.76 . In the morphological test all four samples showed a porous density part of the surface. Overall, all samples showed good results both from loading capacity, surface oil content percentage and encapsulation efficiency."

"Daun mangkokan (Nothopanax scutellarium Merr.) mengandung senyawa flavonoid yang memiliki aktivitas penumbuh rambut. Fitosom merupakan suatu sistem pembawa yang mengandung fitokonstituen bioaktif dari ekstrak tanaman yang dikelilingi dan diikat oleh lipid. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat dan memperoleh karakteristik fitosom yang terbentuk melalui metode hidrasi lapis tipis serta untuk memformulasikan dan menguji stabilitas fisik dari sediaan gel fitosom yang mengandung fraksi etil asetat daun mangkokan dengan konsentrasi yang bervariasi, yaitu 1%, 0,5% dan 0,25%. Pembuatan fitosom dengan perbandingan fraksi etil asetat dan fosfatidilkolin sebesar 1 : 2 menunjukkan nilai efisiensi penjerapan sebesar 74,37% dengan nilai distribusi ukuran partikel sebesar 335,4 nm, nilai polidispersitas sebesar 0,252 dan nilai potensial zeta sebesar -3,50 mV. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji stabilitas fisik terhadap gel fitosom yang dilakukan selama 8 minggu dengan uji stabilitas dipercepat. Hasil uji stabilitas menunjukkan bahwa gel dengan konsentrasi fitosom sebesar 0,5% terbukti paling stabil dalam berbagai suhu penyimpanan dan cycling test.

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Nothopanax scutellarium leaves contains flavonoid compounds which have hair growth activity. Phytosome is a carrier system which contains bioactive phytoconstituent of plant extract which surrounded and bonded by lipid. The aims of this research were to make and obtain phytosome characteristic which formed by thin layer hydration method and to formulate and examine the physical stability of phytosome gel containing ethyl acetate fraction of Nothopanax scutellarium with various concentration, that is 1%, 0,5% and 0,25%. Phytosome formulation by ethyl acetate fraction and phosphatydilcholine ratio was 1 : 2 indicated the entrapment efficiency value 74,34% with particle size distribution value 335,4 nm, polidispersity index 0,252 and zeta potential value -3,50 mV. Subsequently physical stability test was performed for phytosome gel during 8 weeks with accelerated stability test. The result of stability test indicated that gel with 0,5% phytosome concentration proved to be the most stable in various temperature storage and cycling test."

"Mangkokan Nothopanax scutellarium Merr. diketahui memiliki aktivitaspertumbuhan rambut berdasarkan penggunaan secara tradisional dan ilmiah.Kandungan flavanoid di dalam daun mangkokan diduga sebagai senyawa yangberperan dalam pertumbuhan rambut. Etosom adalah suatu sistem penghantaryang dapat berpenetrasi ke dalam lapisan kulit dan terdiri atas fosfolipid, alkoholdalam konsentrasi yang relatif tinggi dan air.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalahmengetahui aktivitas pertumbuhan rambut dari gel etosom fraksi etil asetat daunmangkokan dibandingkan dengan gel non etosom fraksi etil asetat daunmangkokan serta kemampuannya untuk berpenetrasi ke dalam kulit dan keamanandari gel etosom fraksi etil asetat daun mangkokan. Pengujian aktivitaspertumbuhan rambut diukur berdasarkan 3 parameter yaitu panjang rambut,ketebalan rambut, dan bobot rambut.Hasil yang didapatkan menunjukkan geletosom 1 memiliki aktivitas pertumbuhan rambut yang lebih baik dibandingkangel etosom 0,5 dan gel non etosom, namun setara dengan kontrol potisif gelminoxidil 2 . Uji penetrasi secara in vitro menggunakan sel difusi Franzmenunjukkan bahwa gel etosom 1 memiliki jumlah kumulatif kuersetinterpenetrasi lebih tinggi dibandingkan gel non etosom, yaitu 3,3175 0,02 ?gcm-2untuk gel etosom 1 dengan nilai fluks 0,4147 0,01 ?gcm-2jam-1 dan2,7663 0,19 ?gcm-2 untuk gel non etosom dengan nilai fluks 0,3458 0,02 ?gcm-2jam-1. Hasil uji keamanan dengan metode HETCAM menunjukkan gel etosom0,5 dan 1 bersifat mengiritasi ringan pada pemakaian secara topikal.

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Mangkokan Nothopanax scutellarium Merr. is traditionally and scientificallyknown for its activity in hair growth. The content of flavonoids in the mangkokanleaves is suspected as a vital compound in hair growth. Ethosome which consist ofphospholipids, high concentrate of alcohol, and water, are functioning as atransmission system in skin layers rsquo penetration.The aims of this study were toknow the hair growth activity from the ethosomal gel of ethyl acetate fractioncompared to the non ethosomal gel of ethyl acetate fraction, as well as its abilityto penetrate into the skin and its safety from ethasomal gel testing. The hairgrowth activity was measured by three parameters hair length, hair thickness, andhair weight.The results obtained are shown that the ethosomal gel withconcentration 1 have better hair growth activity rather than the ethosomal gelwith concentration 0.5 and the non ethosomal gel, but it has similarity to thepositive control minoxidil gel with concetration 2 . In vitro penetration testusing Franz Diffusion cells shown that the ethosomal gel with concentration 1 has cumulative penetration of quercetin higher than non ethosomal gel, whichvalue was 3,3175 0,02 gcm 2 for the ethosomal gel with concentration 1 and2,7663 0,19 gcm 2 for the non ethosomal gel with flux values for the ethosomalgel with concentration 1 and the non ethosomal gel respectively are0,4147 0,01 gcm 2jam 1 and 0,3458 0,02 gcm 2jam 1. As for the safety testusing HET CAM have shown that both concentrations 0.5 and 1 of ethosomalgel are able to generate mild irritation for topical application."

"Lidah buaya (Aloe vera) is an Indonesian plant used as herbal medicine.The aim of this study was to to identity the enzymatic antioxidant activity and its potency as an antihaemolytic....."

"Masyarakat beberapa negara seperti India, Pakistan dan Yunani menggunakan bunga teratai (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) untuk mengobati penyakit jantung secara tradisional. Diduga bagian tanaman ini berkhasiat sebagai kardiotonik. Penggunaan obat tradisional umumnya didasarkan pada pengalaman empirik walaupun belum dibuktikan secara ilmiah. Ekstrak daun mahkota teratai telah diuji pengaruhnya terhadap gelombang T EKG dan frekuensi denyut jantung tikus putih jantan strain LMR, turunan Wistar. Pengujian ekstrak tersebut, dilakukan dengan cara menyuntikkan 1 ml larutan ekstrak tersebut secara intravena pada tikus. Kemudian efeknya dideteksi dengan elektrokardiograf, setelah 5 menit penyuntikan. Penelitian ini memberikan hasil sebagai berikut; ekstrak daun mahkota teratai meningkatkan amplitudo gelombang T EKG tikus serta meningkatkan frekuensi denyut jantungnya."

"Di Desa Karangtengah , tanaman obat jenis rimpang , khususnya kunyit, jahe temu lawak , dan kencur dapat dijumpai dilahan pekarangan , kebun, tegal dan lahan hutan..."