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"Penangkapan ikan ilegal (Illegal fishing) merupakan praktik yang telah menjadi masalah bersama negara-negara di dunia. Salah satu zona maritim yang paling banyak terjadi Illegal fishing adalah zona ekonomi eksklusif (ZEE) yang terdapat yurisdiksi eksklusif suatu negara untuk kegiatan eksploitasi, eksplorasi, serta konservasi dan pengelolaan sumber daya hayati lautnya, termasuk juga sumber daya perikanannya. Banyaknya praktik Illegal fishing di ZEE tidak terlepas dari lemahnya penegakan hukum terhadap praktik tersebut, sehingga dibutuhkan pengaturan yang tegas mengenai penegakan hukum terhadap praktik tersebut dalam hukum internasional dan juga hukum nasional.Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk mengkaji bagaimana pengaturan hukum internasional serta pengaturan hukum nasional negara-negara mengenai penegakan hukum terhadap praktik Illegal fishing di ZEE. Dengan metode penelitian yuridis-normatif dalam bentuk deskriptif, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan penjelasan yang komprehensif mengenai dampak dan kerugian yang ditimbulkan oleh Illegal fishing, serta penegakan hukum yang dapat dilakukan oleh setiap negara, dalam rangka memberantas praktik tersebut di ZEE negara bersangkutan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat batasan-batasan tertentu terhadap penegakan hukum yang dapat dilakukan negara berdasarkan hukum internasional.

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Illegal fishing has become a common issue for all countries in the world. One of the maritime zones which many illegal fishing occur is exclusive economic zone (EEZ), where there are some exclusive jurisdiction for the purpose of exploiting, exploring, conserving, and managing the living resources, including fisheries. The number of illegal fishing practices in EEZ can not be saparated from the weakness of the law enforcement. Therefore, it needs a strict regulation regarding the law enforcement towards such practices, both in the international law and the national legislation.

The purposes of this research are to examine how the international and national law of states arranging the law enforcement towards illegal fishing practices in EEZ. Using juridical-normative method and descriptive form, this research is addresed for serving a comprehensive description concerning the impacts and damage caused by illegal fishing, and actions may be taken by states, as a law enforcement, for the purpose of eradicating such practices in EEZ. The result of this research shows that there are certain limitations on the implementation of the law enforcement can be conducted by states based on the international law."

"Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan merupakan satu kesatuan wilayah yurisdiksi yang berdaulat dan mempunyai wewenang untuk mengatur, mengelola dan memanfaatkan kekayaan laut yang dimilikinya. Kekayaan sumber daya perikanan yang dimiliki Indonesia menimbulkan ancaman, yaitu adanya illegal fishing yang mengganggu terhadap stabilitas keamanan laut atau maritime security. Menyadari bahwa luasnya wilayah Indonesia dan juga ancaman illegal fishing, maka penegakan hukum di laut tidak dilaksanakan oleh satu institusi secara mandiri. TNI AL, Kepolisian Perairan, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan serta Bakorkamla adalah lembaga penegak hukum di laut yang berwenang atas penegakan hukum illegal fishing.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas penegakan hukum dan penjelasan keterkaitan illegal fishing dengan maritime security. Untuk menjelaskan permasalahan, kerangka teoritis yang dipakai adalah penegakan hukum di laut, ocean policy, global policing dan transnational organized crime.Penelitian kualitatif ini dilaksanakan dengan metode wawancara terstruktur dan juga focus group discussion. Data yang dikumpulkan mengindikasikan bahwa penegakan hukum yang dilaksanakan belum sepenuhnya efektif akibat tidak adanya harmonisasi dan koordinasi diantara penegak hukum karena pelaksanaan masih bersifat subsektoral. Ancaman illegal fishing terkait maritime security adalah karena dampak tindakan tersebut menghambat pelaksanaan pembangunan jangka panjang yang berada dalam kerangka ocean policy dan juga merupakan ancaman terhadap keamanan dan kedaulatan negara dengan pelibatan kapal berbendera asing yang melakukan penangkapan ikan tanpa izin.

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Indonesia as an archipelago state has a vast area of jurisdiction over the sea and as a sovereign state has the authority to rule, to manage, and to harness the wealth of natural resources at sea. The wealth of fishery resources that Indonesia have creates a threat, and that threat is illegal fishing that disturbe the maritime security. Realizing the vast area of Indonesian water and the rising threat of illegal fishing, the law enforcement at the sea did not execute by one institution only. Indonesian navy, marine police, ministry of marine and fishery, and Bakorkamla are the institution that has the authority at sea as law enforcer on illegal fishing.

This research aims to know the effectiveness of law enforcement and the explanation and the relatedness between illegal fishing and maritime security. To explain the problems, the theoretical framework being used are law enforcement at sea, ocean policy, global policing, and transnational organized crime.

This qualitative research used structural interview method and focus group discussion. The data being collected indicate that law enforcement that has been executed is not entirely effective because of the disharmony and lack of coordination between the law enforcer due to the nature of subsectoral execution. The threat of illegal fishing and maritime security are those actions causing delay of long term development in the framework of ocean policy and also a threat towards national security and its sovereign by the involvement of foreign ship that's been doing illegal fishing."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas pengaturan dan praktik port state measures dalam menanggulangi Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IUU Fishing). Penelitian ini berbentuk yuridis-normatif dengan desain deskriptif, dengan tujuan memberikan pemahaman mengenai ketentuan port state measures dan penerapannya terhadap Negera-Negara Pihak dari FAO Port State Measures Agreement 2009 yaitu Australia, Selandia Baru, St. Kitts and Nevis, Uni Eropa, dan Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi ketentuan port state measures di negara-negara tersebut berbeda-beda. Namun dapat digarisbawahi bahwa port state measures mempunyai kelebihan tersendiri yang pada akhirnya ketentuan ini akan lebih efektif dalam menanggulangi IUU Fishing. Penelitian menyarankan pentingnya kodifikasi atas peraturan mengenai port state measures yang bertujuan langsung untuk menanggulangi IUU Fishing khususnya di Indonesia.

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ABSTRAKThis study focuses on international law regime and state practices on port state measures in mitigating illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU Fishing). This normative juridical and descriptive research is addressed to give an understanding on port state measures and its implementation towards State Parties of FAO Port State Measures Agreement 2009, spesifically Australia, New Zealand, St. Kitts and Nevis, European Union, and Indonesia. This study shows that the implementation on port state measures from those countries are vary. However, port state measures has its own advantages that ultimately this provision will be more effective in mitigating IUU Fishing. The researcher suggests the importance of putting regulations into codification that focusing on port state measures in mitigating IUU Fishing especially in Indonesia."

"Transshipment adalah praktik umum yang dilakukan oleh individu dalam bisnis perikanan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas penangkapan ikan dan mengurangi biaya bahan bakar dan dapat dianggap sebagai praktik yang hemat biaya. Namun praktik ini menjadi bahan perdebatan karena mengarah pada Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing. Illegal Transshipment mengaburkan transparansi penangkapan ikan karena sulitnya melacak di mana dan bagaimana ikan ditangkap, dan dengan demikian menyebabkan kurangnya pengawasan dalam praktiknya. Indonesia dan Panama adalah dua dari banyak negara yang wilayahnya menjadi hotspot praktik transshipment. Hal ini karena Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan yang luas dan pusat perdagangan perikanan di Asia Tenggara. Di sisi lain, Panama merupakan salah satu pusat perdagangan di mana sebagian besar kargo dari atau ke Panama tiba di tujuannya melalui proses transshipment. Regulasi antara Indonesia dan Panama mengenai transhipment diatur melalui regulasi nasional masing-masing negara, serta regulasi dari organisasi internasional dan regional seperti Uni Eropa dan Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs). Melalui metode penelitian hukum normatif akan dianalisis bagaimana prosedur transshipment diatur menurut hukum Indonesia dan Panama, beserta persamaan dan perbedaannya. Penelitian ini juga menjelaskan keterkaitan antara praktik Illegal Transshipment dengan IUU Fishing. Penelitian ini kemudian menyarankan agar prosedur transshipment dibahas dan diatur dalam undang-undang perikanan Indonesia dan Panama, perlunya International Fishing License yang berbeda untuk kapal Indonesia yang melakukan layanan internasional dan harus ada unit penegak hukum dari RFMO yang wilayahnya sering terjadi transshipment.

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Transshipment is a common practice carried out by individuals in the fishery business to increase the effectiveness of fishing and reduce fuel costs in order fft to be considered cost-effecive practices. However, this practice has become a matterrof debate because it leads to Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing. Illegal Transshipment obscures the transparency of fishing due to its difficulty to track where and how the fish are caught, and thus leading to a lack of oversight in the practice. Indonesia and Panama are two of the many countries whose territory is a hotspot for transshipment practices. This is because Indonesia is a vast archipelagic country and fishing trade center in South East Asia. On the other hand, Panama is one of the trade centers where most of the cargo from or to Panama arrives at its destination through the transshipment process. Regulations between Indonesia and Panama regarding transshipment are regulated through the national regulations of their respective countries, as well as regulations from international and regional organizations such as the European Union and Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs). Through the normative legal research method will analyze how the transshipment procedures are regulated according to Indonesian and Panamanian laws, along with its similarities and differences. This study also explained the link between Illegal Transshipment practices and IUU Fishing. This research then suggests that transshipment procedures is discussed and regulated in the Indonesian and Panamanian fisheries laws, the need for a different International Fishing License for Indonesian vessels that perform international services and there must be a law enforcement unit from RFMOs whose areas often occur transshipment."

"ABSTRAK Penegakan hukum di laut memegang peranan dan fungsi yang sangat penting sebagai bagian dalam mewujudkan kewibawaan dan kedaulatan Negara di laut. Tindak Pidana illegal fishing sampai saat ini belum masuk dalam golongan kejahatan transnasional sebaimana tertuang dalam UNTOC. Namun, pelaku dari tindak pidana illegal fishing tidak menutup kemungkinan dilakukan oleh korporasi yang berada di luar Indonesia, dan selama ini belum pernah bisa dijerat dengan hukum Indonesia. Adanya perbedaan pandangan dari setiap penegak hukum untuk memidanakan korporasi menjadi isu penting, karena penegak hukum hanya berpegang pada KUHAP dimana pemidanaannya ditujukan kepada pelaku perorangan/pengurus dari korporasi tersebut.

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ABSTRACT

Law enforcement at the sea plays a very important role and function as part in realizing the authority and Sovereignty of the State at sea. Illegal act of illegal fishing has not been included in transnational crime as stated in UNTOC. But the perpetrators of illegal fishing crime is not possible to be done by corporations outside Indonesia, and so far has never been snared with Indonesian law. The existence of different views of every law enforcer to criminalize the corporation becomes an important issue, because law enforcement only holds KUHAP where its punishment is addressed to individual perpetrators/administrators of the corporation.

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"Tugas Karya akhir ini membahas mengenai tindakan penegakan hukum yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Indonesia dalam memberantas tindakan yang tergolong kepada Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated IUU Fishing sebagai upaya menjaga kedaulatan wilayah laut Indonesia. Oleh karena itu tulisan ini berfokus kepada langkah-langkah penegakan hukum yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Indonesia dalam upaya memberantas IUU Fishing yang terjadi wilayah laut Indonesia, yang kemudian dianalisis menggunakan teori sistem hukum yang dikemukakan oleh Lawrence M. Friedman. Hasil dari tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa penegakan hukum terhadap IUU Fishing yang dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah Indonesia telah memenuhi ketiga unsur sistem hukum yang dikemukakan oleh Lawrence M. Friedman sebagai indikator yang menentukan efektif atau tidaknya suatu penegkan hukum. Adapun ketiga unsur sistem hukum tersebut adalah unsur struktur hukum yang ditandai dengan adanya institusi yang melaksanakan penegakan hukum terhadap IUU Fishing, kemudian unsur substansi dan kultur hukum yang ditandai dengan terciptanya peraturan-peraturan hukum, yang diiukuti dengan sikap tegas dan komitmen pemerintah Indonesia dalam melaksanakan penegakan hukum dalam upaya menjaga kedaulatan wilayah laut.

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This final paper discusses about law enforcement actions conducted by the Government of Indonesia in eradicating the actions that considered Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated IUU Fishing in an effort to maintain the Indonesia marine territorial sovereignty. Therefore, this paper focuses on law enforcement measures conducted by the Government of Indonesia in an effort to eradicate IUU fishing that occurs in Indonesia sea territory, which are then analyzed using the legal system theory propounded by Lawrence M. Friedman. The results of this paper show that law enforcement against IUU fishing implemented by the Government of Indonesia has met the three elements of the legal system propunded by Lawrence M. Friedman as an indicator that determines whether the law enforcement is effective or not. The three elements of the legal system is an element of the legal structure that is characterized by the institutions that implemented law enforcement against IUU fishing, then the element of substance and legal culture that is characterized by the creation of legal regulations, which followed with the attitude and commitment of the Government of Indonesia in performing law enforcement in an effort to maintain the marine territorial sovereignty."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai aktivitas militer kapal dan pesawat terbang asing di zona ekonomi eksklusif berdasarkan hukum laut internasional. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan penekanan pada tinjauan hukum internasional dengan mempertimbangkan penerapan konkrit melalui praktik-praktik negara (state practices).Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa aktivitas militer di zona ekonomi eksklusif tidak diatur secara jelas dalam Konvensi Hukum Laut dan memberikan ruang untuk interpretasi masing-masing negara. Lebih lanjutnya penelitian ini memberikan pemahaman atas praktik-praktik negara dan upaya-upaya internasional yang telah dibentuk dalam kerangka pencegahan dan penyelesaian sengketa.

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The focus of this study is about military activities by government vessel and aircraft in the exclusive economic zone from an international law perspective. This study is a descriptive method with an emphasis on international law study by considering real application through state practices.

This study concludes that military activities in the exclusive economic zone is not explicitly regulated by the Law of the Sea Convention and hence provides room for states' own discretion. Furthermore this study gives comprehension on state practices and international efforts established in the spirit of conflict prevention and dispute resolution."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai Optimalisasi Tugas Penegak Hukum Di Laut Dalam Sistem Pengamanan Terpadu Terhadap Tindak Pidana Illegal Fishing. Ada beberapa aturan yang telah dibuat oleh pemerintah dan kementerian dalam rangka untuk mengambil kebijakan terhadap penegakan hukum terhadap illegal fishing di laut agar bisa optimal efisien dan efektif. Akan tetapi secara aplikatif dilapangan masih belum dapat memenuhi target dalam meminimalkan tindak pidana illegal fishing di laut, dimana terdapat pelaku-pelaku kejahatan illegal fishing baik dilakukan oleh KII dan KIA yang belum tertangkap dan masih beroperasi di wilayah laut NKRI, serta masih banyaknya sumber daya perikanan yang di ambil secara ilegal oleh pelaku kejahatan dilaut.Tesis ini akan menjelaskan konsep bagaimana mengoptimalkan tugas penegakan hukum secara terpadu oleh aparat penegak hukum dil aut yang diberikan wewenang oleh undang-undang. Tesis ini juga akan menjabarkan banyak persoalan yang menjadi kendala dan solusi dalam menegakan tidak pidana illegal fishing di Indonesia agar bisa berjalan dengan optimal efisien dan efektif.

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This thesis discusses the Optimization of the Duty of Law Enforcement in the Sea in an Integrated Security System Against Illegal Fishing Crimes. There are several rules that have been made by the government and ministries in order to take policies on law enforcement against illegal fishing in the sea in order to be optimally efficient and effective. However, applicatively in the field it still cannot meet the target of minimizing the crime of illegal fishing in the sea, where there are perpetrators of illegal fishing both carried out by KII and KIA who have not been caught and are still operating in the NKRI sea area, as well as many fisheries resources which is taken illegally by criminals in the sea. This thesis will explain the concept of how to optimize the task of law enforcement in an integrated manner by law enforcement officers in the sea which is authorized by law. This thesis will also describe the many problems that become obstacles and solutions in upholding not criminal illegal fishing in Indonesia in order to run optimally efficiently and effectively."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang kegiatan illegal fishing di Indonesia, terutama dalam Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan (WPP) yang mencakup wilayah Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Indonesia. Kesesuaian antara kebijakan dan peraturan perundangan Internasional dan Nasional juga dibandingkan untuk mendapat pemahaman secara menyeluruh terhadap aplikasi Undang-Undang Nasional Indonesia. Praktik penegakan hukum oleh Indonesia dan negara lain juga dibahas dalam Tesis ini, termasuk tugas dan fungsi dari tiga penegak hukum yang berwenang di ZEEI yaitu TNI AL, PPNS Perikanan dan BAKAMLA. Penelitian dalam tesis ini juga menghasilkan sebuah penemuan bahwa pidana pengganti denda tetap dilaksanakan walaupun tidak diperbolehkan dalam ketentuan nasional maupun internasional. Pidana pengganti denda dilakukan agar memberikan efek jera termasuk jurisdiksi kewenangan pengadilan yang memutus perkara illegal fishing yang terjadi di ZEEI. Jenis penelitian kuantitatif dalam tesis ini menggunakan data numerik yang dianalisis mengenai Data Penanganan Awak Kapal yang Melakukan Pelanggaran di WPP RI yang mencantumkan WNA yang ikut dalam kapal penangkap ikan yang ditangkap oleh Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia. Cara yang dilakukan adalah dengan penelitian tindakan (action research) yang digunakan untuk mencari hubungan antara penerapan UNCLOS dan penerapan Undang-Undang Perikanan Nasional dalam menangani awak kapal asing yang melakukan tindak pidana di Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Republik Indonesia dengan tujuan mengembangkan suatu metode kerja yang efisien. Secara umum, penerapan hukum nasional seperti yang tercantum dalam beberapa ketentuan seperti dalam Undang-Undang No. 31 Tahun 2004 tentang Perikanan dan Undang-Undang Nomor 45 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 2004 tentang Perikanan telah sesuai dengan UNCLOS 1982.

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The thesis is discussing illegal fishing activities in Indonesia, specifically illegal activity in Fisheries Management Area which covers Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone. The compatability of International and National laws and regulatios is also being compared to create full comprehension about the application of Indonesian laws on fisheries. Practices in enforcing the law from other states within their EEZ, including the function and roles of Indonesian Navy, Coast Guard and Fisheries Inspectors in enforcing the law at sea is also being discussed in this Thesis. The research from this thesis produce a finding that several cases decided by Indonesian Court are still applying imprisonment for unpaid balance on penalty imposed by the Judges, although this decision by court is considered as in contrary with International laws and regulations, however this subsidiary imprisonment is perceived as application of detterent effect and application of jurisdiction by the Judges. Quantitative method was used by using numeric data analyzed through Violation Handling Data, Crews Apprehended by Indonesian Authority, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. Action research was conducted to find relation between application of UNCLOS and application of National Law relevant with criminal activities conducted by foreign vessel crews Cara yang dilakukan adalah dengan penelitian tindakan (action research) yang withing Fisheries Management Area of Indonesia with the purpose to develop efficient working method. In general, the application of National Law as defined in several provisions of Law Number 31 Year 2004 as Amended by Law Number 45 Year 2009 concerning Fisheries has been in line with the provision as defined in UNCLOS 1982."

"Fisheries have an important and strategic role in the development of national economy, especially in promoting the expansion of employment opportunities, income generation, and the improvement of living standards of small fishermen, fish farmers and the parties entrepreneurs in the field of fisheries. The importance of the fisheries sector requires the preservation of the fisheries sector while maintaining the environment, sustainability, and availability of fish resources. Maritime country which has a large fishery resources often attract the attention of foreign fishing vessels to engage in fishing illegally (hereinafter referred to illegal fishing). Other factors that cause illegal fishing is the world's fish needs (demand) increased, on the other hand the world supply of fish is declining, as well as the occurrence of excess demand mainly of marine fish species such as tuna. Efforts to tackle illegal fishing is a matter that must be considered by a country. These measures should be set out clearly in the regulations of the country concerned. In fact the efforts taken between one country and another are differents. One example is the act of sinking foreign by the Indonesian government."