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"[ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah, dalam hal ini Menteri Perhubungan cq. Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara pada kasus perlakuan diskriminatif oleh PT Lion Air terhadap Ridwan Sumantri sebagai penumpang penyandang cacat. Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara dianggap bertanggungjawab atas perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh penyedia jasa penerbangan PT Lion Air dan penyelenggara kebandarudaraan PT Angkasa Pura II. Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan dianggap tidak hanya sebagai regulator dalam bidang penerbangan namun juga sebagai pembina yang mencakup antara lain aspek pengaturan, pengendalian, dan pengawasan terhadap kepatuhan penyedia jasa angkutan udara serta penyelenggara kebandarudaraan dalam menjalankan peraturan perundang-undangan bidang penerbangan.ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the unlawful act committed by the government, represented by the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), Minister of Transportation, in case of discriminatory treatment by PT Lion Air to Ridwan Sumantri as a passenger with disabilities. DGCA held responsible for acts committed by PT Lion Air as an airline and PT Angkasa Pura II as airport administrator. DGCA considered not only as a regulator on civil aviation, but also as an authority on regulation, control, and supervision of the compliance of airline service provider as well as airport administrator on executing civil aviation regulations;This paper discusses the unlawful act committed by the government, represented by the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), Minister of Transportation, in case of discriminatory treatment by PT Lion Air to Ridwan Sumantri as a passenger with disabilities. DGCA held responsible for acts committed by PT Lion Air as an airline and PT Angkasa Pura II as airport administrator. DGCA considered not only as a regulator on civil aviation, but also as an authority on regulation, control, and supervision of the compliance of airline service provider as well as airport administrator on executing civil aviation regulations;This paper discusses the unlawful act committed by the government, represented by the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), Minister of Transportation, in case of discriminatory treatment by PT Lion Air to Ridwan Sumantri as a passenger with disabilities. DGCA held responsible for acts committed by PT Lion Air as an airline and PT Angkasa Pura II as airport administrator. DGCA considered not only as a regulator on civil aviation, but also as an authority on regulation, control, and supervision of the compliance of airline service provider as well as airport administrator on executing civil aviation regulations;This paper discusses the unlawful act committed by the government, represented by the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), Minister of Transportation, in case of discriminatory treatment by PT Lion Air to Ridwan Sumantri as a passenger with disabilities. DGCA held responsible for acts committed by PT Lion Air as an airline and PT Angkasa Pura II as airport administrator. DGCA considered not only as a regulator on civil aviation, but also as an authority on regulation, control, and supervision of the compliance of airline service provider as well as airport administrator on executing civil aviation regulations;This paper discusses the unlawful act committed by the government, represented by the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), Minister of Transportation, in case of discriminatory treatment by PT Lion Air to Ridwan Sumantri as a passenger with disabilities. DGCA held responsible for acts committed by PT Lion Air as an airline and PT Angkasa Pura II as airport administrator. DGCA considered not only as a regulator on civil aviation, but also as an authority on regulation, control, and supervision of the compliance of airline service provider as well as airport administrator on executing civil aviation regulations;This paper discusses the unlawful act committed by the government, represented by the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), Minister of Transportation, in case of discriminatory treatment by PT Lion Air to Ridwan Sumantri as a passenger with disabilities. DGCA held responsible for acts committed by PT Lion Air as an airline and PT Angkasa Pura II as airport administrator. DGCA considered not only as a regulator on civil aviation, but also as an authority on regulation, control, and supervision of the compliance of airline service provider as well as airport administrator on executing civil aviation regulations;This paper discusses the unlawful act committed by the government, represented by the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), Minister of Transportation, in case of discriminatory treatment by PT Lion Air to Ridwan Sumantri as a passenger with disabilities. DGCA held responsible for acts committed by PT Lion Air as an airline and PT Angkasa Pura II as airport administrator. DGCA considered not only as a regulator on civil aviation, but also as an authority on regulation, control, and supervision of the compliance of airline service provider as well as airport administrator on executing civil aviation regulations;This paper discusses the unlawful act committed by the government, represented by the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), Minister of Transportation, in case of discriminatory treatment by PT Lion Air to Ridwan Sumantri as a passenger with disabilities. DGCA held responsible for acts committed by PT Lion Air as an airline and PT Angkasa Pura II as airport administrator. DGCA considered not only as a regulator on civil aviation, but also as an authority on regulation, control, and supervision of the compliance of airline service provider as well as airport administrator on executing civil aviation regulations;This paper discusses the unlawful act committed by the government, represented by the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), Minister of Transportation, in case of discriminatory treatment by PT Lion Air to Ridwan Sumantri as a passenger with disabilities. DGCA held responsible for acts committed by PT Lion Air as an airline and PT Angkasa Pura II as airport administrator. DGCA considered not only as a regulator on civil aviation, but also as an authority on regulation, control, and supervision of the compliance of airline service provider as well as airport administrator on executing civil aviation regulations, This paper discusses the unlawful act committed by the government, represented by the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), Minister of Transportation, in case of discriminatory treatment by PT Lion Air to Ridwan Sumantri as a passenger with disabilities. DGCA held responsible for acts committed by PT Lion Air as an airline and PT Angkasa Pura II as airport administrator. DGCA considered not only as a regulator on civil aviation, but also as an authority on regulation, control, and supervision of the compliance of airline service provider as well as airport administrator on executing civil aviation regulations]"

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai Perbuatan Melawan Hukum yang dilakukan Pemerintah dalam penyelenggaraan Ujian Nasional pada tahun 2006 dan digugat oleh warga negara melalui gugatan Citizen Lawsuit. Terdapat perbedaan antara konsep Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dalam Hukum Perdata dengan konsep pada Citizen Lawsuit. Perbedaan tersebut terletak pada unsur kerugian, yang mana dalam gugatan citizen lawsuit Penggugat tidak diharuskan memiliki kerugian yang nyata. Selain itu, dalam gugatan citizen lawsuit, para penggugat tidak diperkenankan untuk meminta ganti kerugian kepada Pemerintah. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan bentuk penelitian hukum yuridis-normatif. Hasil penelitian ini adalah diterimanya Gugatan Citizen Lawsuit oleh Pengadilan dan Majelis Hakim menerima gugatan meskipun tidak menuntut ganti kerugian kepada Pemerintah.

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This thesis explains about Government tort in national exam implementation in 2006 which is sued by citizens through Citizen Lawsuit. There are differences in a concept of unlawful act in civil law and in the citizen lawsuit. One of the differences lie in element of damages, in which in citizen lawsuit, the plaintiffs are not obliged to have real damages. Besides that, in citizen lawsuit, the plaintiffs are not allowed to demand remedy from Government. This research is a qualitative research in the form of yuridis-normatif research. The result of this thesis is the acceptance of citizen lawsuit by the court and the council of judges accepts the suit even though there is no remedy demanded from the Government."

"Representasi media tentang disabilitas kerap kali dihadapkan dalam masalah misrepresentasi dan penggunaan bingkai yang merendahkan jika bukan mengenai masalah kurangnya representasi. Paralimpiade sebagai salah satu ajang terbesar dalam olahraga berpotensi membawa visibilitas mengenai disabilitas serta menjadi daya tarik besar bagi industri media. Namun, diskursus mengenai disabilitas telah lama berada dalam norma ableist. Maka dari itu, tulisan ini bertujuan untuk melihat lebih jauh mengenai ableism yang muncul dalam representasi Paralimpian atau atlet dengan disabilitas pada film dokumenter Rising Phoenix mengenai Paralimpian dan pengalamannya pada Paralimpiade. Temuan data yang didapat dari metode analisis diskursus kritis (CDA) dari Norman Fairclough menunjukkan bahwa representasi Paralimpian dalam film tersebut menunjukkan adanya mekanisme supercrip yang dibangun di sekitar Paralimpian. Hal ini ditemukan dalam penggunaan bahasan superlatif dan narasi pahlawan super. Menggunakan teori medan Bourdieu sebagai landasan teoretis, praktik representasi ini dapat dilihat sebagai ableism dan beroperasi serupa dengan apa yang disebut Bourdieu sebagai “medan”. Oleh karena itu, ableism memiliki kuasa untuk mengkonstitusi diskursus seputar disabilitas sekaligus mengkonstruksi dominasinya melalui kekerasan simbolik. Jenis kekerasan ini dilakukan dan dipertahankan oleh industri budaya karena merupakan sarana untuk menghasilkan keuntungan. Lebih dari itu, proses diskursif ini dapat dilihat sebagai hubungan yang merugikan dalam kriminologi konstitutif dan begitu pula konstruksi yang membangunnya.

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Media representation of disability often time is met with the problem of misrepresentation and degrading portrayals if not always about underrepresentation. Paralympics as one of the biggest events in sports has the potential to attract the visibility on disability issues as well as a big attraction for the media industry. However, the discourse of disability has long been about othering disability underlying an ableist norm. To further examine this problem, this thesis aims to analyze how ableism appears in the way the Paralympians is represented in Rising Phoenix, a documentary film about Paralympians and their experience with Paralympics. The finding gained from Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) method shows that Paralympian is represented through a supercrip mechanism in Rising Phoenix. This is evident in the usage of superlative language and superhero narrative. Using Bourdieu’s field theory as the theoretical foundation, this practice of representation can be seen as ableism and operates correspondingly with what Bourdieu called a “field”. Therefore, ableism has the power to constitute the discourse around disability as well as construct its domination through symbolic violence. This type of violence is being performed and sustained by the cultural industry as a means of generating profit. Moreover, this discursive process can be considered as harmful relation in constitutive criminology and so is the construction that builds it."

"Otoritas kontrol ruang udara atau FIR terkait keamanan dan keselamatan penerbangan sipil memiliki pengaruh yang sangat signifikan terhadap berlaku penuh dan ekslusifnya suatu Negara atas kedaulatan ruang udaranya. Pada Rapat Terbatas Tingkat Menteri tanggal 8 September 2015, Presiden RI menginstrusikan kepada Menteri Perhubungan dan Panglima TNI untuk mengambil alih kontrol ruang udara sektor ABC di Kepuluan Riau dari FIR Singapura dalam tiga atau empat tahun kedepan. Dampak pendelegasian kontrol ruang udara ini adalah kerugian pada tiga gatra dari panca gatra ketahanan nasional yaitu ekonomi, politik, dan pertahanan keamanan di kedaulatan udara Indonesia. Sejak tahun 2007 telah dilaksanakan audit kepatuhan keamanan dan keselamatan penerbangan oleh ICAO kepada Indonesia serta kesiapan-kesiapan dan rapat koordinasi antar kementerian dan Lembaga yang terlibat kebijakan FIR. Beberapa hal tersebut dijadikan acuan dalam penelitian ini untuk melihat sejauh mana penerapan strategi perencanaan dan analisis kebijakan dari kementerian dan lembaga terkait dengan metode penilitian kualitatif. Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan sumber daya penerbangan Indonesia masih berada di bawah standar rata-rata dunia serta masih adanya ego sektoral dan perbedaan persepsi antar Kementerian dan Lembaga pada urgensi kebijakan ini. Sedangkan pada strategi perencanaan dan analisis kebijakan terlihat belum adanya pelaksanaan roadmap yang komprensif dalam mengimplementasikan Instruksi Presiden tersebut.

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The airspace control authority or FIR of civil aviation security and safety has a significant role on the exclusiveness of a State especially on it airspace sovereignty. On September 8, 2015, the President of the Republic Indonesia instructed the Minister of Transport and the TNI Commander to take control of the ABC sector air space in Riau Islands from the Singapore FIR within three or four years. The impact of this delegation of airspace control is the loss of three aspects of the national security resilience such as economic, political, and defense of security in air sovereignty of Indonesia. From 2007 ICAO has conducted compliance audits on aspects of aviation safety and security in Indonesia, as well as coordination readiness and coordination meetings between Ministries and Agencies involved in this FIR policy. It`s to analyze how far the implementation of strategic planning and policy analysis. This research uses a qualitative research method. The result of this research shows that the ability of aviation resources in Indonesia is still below the world average standard as well as the existence of sectoral ego and the difference of perception. For planning strategy and policy analysis, there is no comprehensive roadmap to manifestation President`s instruction."

"Keselamatan penerbangan menjadi prioritas utama dalam operasional penerbangan di seluruh dunia. Namun, kecelakaan fatal penerbangan sipil masih sering terjadi di Indonesia. Kecelakaan fatal pada penerbangan umumnya tidak hanya melibatkan satu faktor, tapi terjadi melalui berbagai faktor yang terakumulasi dan saling berinteraksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memiliki hubungan dengan kecelakaan fatal pada penerbangan sipil di Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan desain potong lintang yang dilakukan pada bulan Juli 2023 dengan mengambil seluruh data dalam bentuk final report kecelakaan pesawat sayap tetap yang dipublikasi oleh Komite Nasional Keselamatan Transportasi (KNKT) Indonesia dari tahun 2007-2019. Didapatkan total 36 insidensi kecelakaan fatal penerbangan sipil di Indonesia selama periode tersebut. Didapatkan total 36 insidensi kecelakaan fatal penerbangan sipil di Indonesia selama periode tersebut. Setelah eksklusi dan analisis bivariat dengan metode uji chi-square dan Fisher’s exact, faktor-faktor yang ditemukan berhubungan dengan kecelakaan fatal penerbangan komersial adalah jenis lisensi pilot, tipe kabin pesawat, jumlah engine pesawat, maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) pesawat, hari kecelakaan, lokasi kecelakaan terhadap bandara, keterlibatan api, kategori kecelakaan dan fase penerbangan. Tidak ditemukan adanya hubungan yang signifikan pada seluruh faktor yang diabalisis terhadap kecelakaan fatal penerbangan umum.

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Aviation safety is a priority in aviation operations throughout the world. However, fatal civil aviation accidents still occur frequently in Indonesia. Fatal aviation accidents generally do not only involve one factor but occur through various factors that accumulate and interact with each other. This research aims to identify factors that are related to fatal accidents of civil aviation in Indonesia. The research used a cross-sectional design which was carried out in July 2023 by including all final reports on fixed-wing aircraft accidents published by the Indonesian National Transportation Safety Committee (KNKT) from 2007-2019. There were a total of 36 fatal civil aviation accidents in Indonesia during the period. After exclusion and bivariate analysis using the chi-square and Fisher's exact test methods, the factors found to be associated with fatal commercial aviation accidents were type of pilot license, aircraft cabin type, number of aircraft engines, maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of the aircraft, day of the accident, accident location relative to airport, fire involvement, accident category and flight phase. There was no significant association found between all factors that responded to fatal general aviation accidents."

"Dalam proses penyebarluasan dan partisipasi masyarakat, belum benar-benar melibatkan Penyandang Disabilitas. Hal ini terkait pembuatan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan yang mencakup tahapan perencanaan, penyusunan, pembahasan, pengesahan atau penetapan, dan pengundangan sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-Undang No. 12 Tahun 2011. Pengesahan UU Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja menuai pro dan kontra. Kritik terhadap Undang-Undang ini menyasar pada aspek formil dan materiil. Selain soal substansi yang kontroversial dan penggunaan perspektif yang tidak seimbang dalam memandang permasalahan dan merumuskan solusi, minimnya pelibatan publik, terkhusus golongan masyarakat Penyandang Disabilitas juga menjadi sasaran kritik atas proses pembentukan Undang-Undang ini. Proses penyebarluasan dan keikutsertaan partisipasi masyarakat seharusnya merata kepada setiap kelompok, termasuk kelompok Penyandang Disabilitas di dalamnya. Hal ini dikarenakan, sesuai dengan amanat Undang-Undang No. 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan dan penerapan prinsip-prinsip Convention on the Rights of Person with Disabilities, berbicara mengenai pemenuhan hak-hak Penyandang Disabilitas dalam proses penyebarluasan dan partisipasi masyarakat pembentukan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja. Konvensi ini sendiri merupakan konvensi yang memuat kedaulatan atas penyandang disabilitas guna menunjukkan kesunggukan atas perlindungan terhadap hak mereka, memastikan semua penyandang disabilitas dapat menikmati semua hak dasar manusia dan kebebasan yang fundamental.

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Regarding the dissemination and public participation process, Persons with Disabilities have not been involved. It is related to the making of Legislation, which includes the stages of planning, preparation, discussion, ratification or stipulation, and promulgation as stipulated in Law No. 12 of 2011. The ratification of Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation has drawn pros and cons. Criticism of this law targets the formal and material aspects. Apart from the controversial substance and the use of unbalanced perspectives in looking at problems and formulating solutions, the lack of public involvement, especially for people with disabilities, has also become a target of criticism for forming this Law. The process of dissemination and participation of public participation should be evenly distributed to every group, including people with disabilities. It is because, under the mandate of Law No. 12 of 201 concerning the Formation of Legislation and the application of the principles of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, it talks about the fulfillment of the rights of Persons with Disabilities in the process of dissemination and public participation in the formation of Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation. This convention contains sovereignty over persons with disabilities to show seriousness about protecting their rights, ensuring that all persons with disabilities can enjoy all basic human rights and fundamental freedoms."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai pengaturan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum danperkembangan teori ganti kerugian di Indonesia. Lebih khususnya membahasmengenai pertanggungjawaban ganti kerugian terhadap Perbuatan MelawanHukum atas tindakan kepolisian dalam melaksanakan jabatannya. Adapunpenelitian yang dilakukan bersifat yuridis normatif dengan metode penelitiankepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa Perbuatan Melawan Hukumdalam pasal 1365 KUHPerdata merupakan rumusan yang sangat terbuka untukdikembangkan serta adanya prinsip siapapun yang menimbulkan kerugian padaorang lain mewajibkan orang tersebut untuk mengganti kerugian. Juga denganadanya pasal 1367 KUHPerdata memungkinkan untuk seseorang bertanggungjawab atas perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh orang yang menjadi tanggungannya.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses about the regulation of Torts and the development ofcompensation theories in Indonesia, especially in regards to the accountability ofcompensation upon Torts through Police?s action in executing their occupation.The research conducted was juridical normative with literature research method.And the result of this research is that the Torts concerned in Article 1365 ofIndonesian Civil Code is on open conception to be developed and that there is aprinciple any act whatever of man which causes damage to an other obliges himby whose fault it occured to make reparation. And Article 1367 of IndonesianCivil Code also enable someone responsible for an action conducted by otherswhose support is assigned to him."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis bagaimana penyedia jasa konstruksi dapat dikenakan dalil perbuatan melawan hukum dalam perkara Putusan Nomor 40/PDT.G/2023/PN Mtr mengenai sengketa konstruksi berdasarkan Pasal 1365 KUHperdata. Penelitian ini disusun dengan menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal. Penulis menguraikan dan menganalisis tiga permasalahan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu pengaturan jenis-jenis penyelenggaraan jasa konstruksi di Indonesia, perbuatan melawan hukum yang dapat dilakukan oleh penyedia jasa konstruksi dalam konsep hukum perdata, dan pertimbangan hakim dalam mengenakan dalil perbuatan melawan hukum kepada penyedia jasa konstruksi pada perkara putusan terkait. Terdapat tiga jenis usaha jasa konstruksi, yaitu jasa konsultansi konstruksi, pekerjaan konstruksi, dan pekerjaan konstruksi terintegrasi yang masing-masing memiliki kewajiban hukum berbeda-beda sesuai dengan layanan usaha yang diberikan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa perbuatan penyedia jasa konstruksi dalam suatu sengketa konstruksi dapat digugat dan diputus atas dasar perbuatan melawan hukum. Penyedia jasa konstruksi dapat dikatakan melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum karena telah melakukan kelalaian dan ketidak hati-hatian melanggar kewajiban hukumnya sebagaimana yang diatur dalam UU Jasa Konstruksi dan PP Pelaksana UUJK sehingga karenanya dapat dibebankan pertanggungjawaban untuk mengganti kerugian yang ditimbulkannya.

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This research analyses how construction service providers can be charged with tort in Case No. 40/PDT.G/2023/PN MTR regarding construction disputes based on Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code. This research is conducted using the doctrinal research method. The author describes and analyses three problems in this research, namely the regulation of the types of construction services in Indonesia, unlawful acts that can be committed by construction service providers in the concept of civil law, and the judge's consideration in imposing unlawful acts on construction service providers in related verdict cases. There are three types of construction services business, namely construction consultancy services, construction work, and integrated construction work, each of which has different legal obligations according to the business services provided. The results of this study show that the actions of construction service providers in a construction dispute can be sued and decided by tort.The construction service provider can be said to have committed a tort because it has committed negligence and imprudence in violating its legal obligations as stipulated in the Construction Services Law and the PP Implementing the UUJK so that it can be held liable to compensate for the losses caused."