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"Staphylococcus aureus merupakan salah satu penyebab terbesar kematian akibat infeksi nosokomial dengan resistensi yang tinggi. Antimycin A3 memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Modifikasi dilakukan dengan membuka inti dilakton cincin sembilan dan menambahkan segmen aromatis sederhana pada 15 senyawa analog Antimycin A3. Metode uji menggunakan makrodilusi broth untuk melihat derajat kekeruhan yang dilaporkan sebagai Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Senyawa uji dilarutkan oleh DMSO 1% (v/v), lalu dicampurkan dalam medium Brain Heart Infusion (BHI). Setiap senyawa dibagi menjadi konsentrasi 400, 200, 100 dan 50 μg/mL. Ciprofloxacine dan co-amoxiclav dipakai sebagai kontrol positif. Kontaminasi dicegah dengan kontrol medium, kontrol senyawa, kontrol bakteri dan kontrol pelarut. Hasil pengamatan dikonfirmasi dengan menumbuhkan bakteri pada medium agar darah. Hasil uji menyatakan senyawa analog 6, 10, dan 12 memiliki MIC > 400 μg/mL dan senyawa analog 9 memiliki MIC > 200 μg/mL terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Modifikasi pada senyawa analog 9 dengan menambahkan N-metil-3 formamido-2-metoksi pada cincin aromatis dan L-threonin-allyl ester terhidroksilasi dengan salah satu gugus hidroksil pada posisi bottom-facial stereochemistry, berkontribusi meningkatkan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Namun, hasil penelitian tidak bermakna secara klinis, karena standar MIC sebagai antibakteri adalah < 128 mg/mL.

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Staphylococcus aureus is one of the top nosocomial infection death causes. This bacteria had high resistance against various antibiotics. Antimycin A3 has antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus. Modification was conducted by opened the 9-membered dilactone ring and added simple aromatics segment on 15 analogue compound Antimycin A3. Macrodilution broth method was used to observe the turbidity degree which was presented in Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Test compounds were dissolved in DMSO 1% and mixed in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) medium. Each compound was divided into 400, 200, 100 and 50 μg/mL concentrations. Ciprofloxacine and co-amoxiclav were used as positive controls. The contamination was prevented by medium, compound, bacterial, and solvent controls.

The observation was confirmed by growing the bacteria on medium control. The test resulted with the MIC of analogue compounds 6, 10, and 12 against Staphylococcus aureus is > 400 μg/mL. Analogue compound 9 with MIC > 200 μg/mL had higher activity than Antimycin A3 against Staphylococcus aureus. Modifications of analogue compound 9 by adding N-methyl-3-methoxy formamido-2 on the aromatic ring and L-threonine-allyl ester hydroxylated with one hydroxyl group on bottom-facial stereochemistry position contributed to the increase in antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. However, the results aren’t clinically significant because the standard MIC as an antibacterial agent is < 128 μg/mL.Staphylococcus Aureus."

"Antimycin A3 merupakan substansi dari bakteri Streptomyces sp. yang memiliki efek antikanker dan antifungi. Dari senyawa ini telah disintesis 15 senyawa analog antimycin A3 rantai terbuka beserta segmen aromatik sederhana, yang kemudian diuji aktivitas antibakterinya sebagai inhibitor pertumbuhan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa adalah salah satu bakteri tersering yang menyebabkan infeksi nosokomial dengan resistensi yang tinggi terhadap berbagai antibiotik. Antimycin A3 dan senyawa analognya dilarutkan dalam DMSO 1%. Tiap senyawa dibagi ke dalam enam kelompok konsentrasi, yaitu 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, dan 1600 μg/mL. Sebagai kontrol positif digunakan antibiotik ceftazidim. Selain itu juga digunakan kontrol DMSO 1%, kontrol bakteri, dan kontrol senyawa. Uji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode makrodilusi broth dengan mengamati derajat kekeruhan larutan. Hasil uji dinyatakan dengan Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Data penelitian dianalisis secara deskriptif, yang menunjukkan bahwa senyawa 14 dengan struktur kimia aromatik sederhana memberikan aktivitas penghambatan pertumbuhan bakteri P. aeruginosa dengan MIC 1600 μg/mL. Hasil pengamatan kultur larutan dalam plat agar darah menunjukkan masih terdapat pertumbuhan bakteri, sehingga disimpulkan senyawa 14 memiliki sifat menghambat namun tidak dapat membunuh bakteri P. aeruginosa.

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Antimycin A3 is a substance isolated from Streptomyces sp. with an anticancer and antifungal effects. From it had been synthesized fifteen open-chained and simple aromatic segment analogue compounds, on which were tested for their antibacterial activity as Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth inhibitor. P. aeruginosa is one of the most common causes of nosocomial infection with high resistance against various antibiotics. Antimycin A3 and its analogue compounds were dissolved in DMSO 1%. Each compound was divided into six concentration groups, which were 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 μg/mL. Ceftazidim was used as the positive control. There were also a control for each of DMSO 1%, P. aeruginosa, dan all 17 compounds.

Antibacterial activity was tested using macrodilution broth method by assessing the level of turbidity of each solution. The result was stated in Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The data was analized descriptively and it showed that compound 14 with a simple aromatic chemical structure had a growth inhibiting activity against P. aeruginosa at an MIC of 1600 μg/mL. The blood culture result of said compound showed there was still bacterial growth, and so it was concluded that compound 14 had an inhibiting property but it could not kill P. aeruginosa."

"[Pendahuluan: Candidiasis merupakan infeksi jamur tersering di Dunia. Masalah utama candidiasis adalah resistensi obat. Fakta ini mengindikasikan penelitian dan pengembangan obat antifungi yang baru. Antimycin A3 dikenal sebagai salah satu senyawa yang memiliki aktivitas biologis sebagai antifungi namun toksik bagi tubuh. Arsianti et al. berhasil memodifikasi struktur antimycin A3 dengan membuka cincin dilakton lingkar-9 dan menambahkan beberapa gugus hidroksil pada rantai samping ester tersebut. Modifikasi ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kemampuan biologis dan menurunkan toksisitas senyawa analog tersebut. Metode: Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan uji aktivitas antifungi senyawa-senyawa hasil modifikasi tersebut kepada Candida albicans dengan menggunakan teknik macrodilution MIC assay. Senyawa analog dibagi dalam kelompok konsentrasi 50, 100, 200 dan 400 µg/mL kemudian diujikan pada C. albicans sekitar 3 × 107 CFU/ml. Semua kelompok dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif (Fluconazole) dan kontrol senyawa standar (antimycin A3). Penelitian ini menggunakan 2 kali pengulangan. Hasil: Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi penghambatan pertumbuhan C. albicans pada kontrol positif dan senyawa analog 13 pada konsentrasi 400 µg/mL. Sedangkan, pada antimycin A3 dan kelompok senyawa analog lainnya tidak menunjukkan penghambatan pada konsentrasi 400 µg/mL. Diskusi: Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa modifikasi struktur dilakton lingkar-9 menjadi rantai terbuka dan peneambahan gugus hidroksi pada senyawa analog 13 berkontribusi meningkatkan aktivitas antifungi terhadap C. albicans.;Introduction: Candidiasis is the most frequent yeast infection in the world with drug resistence being its main problem. Thus, research and drug development for antifungal agent is highly required. Antimycin A3 is a compound that has antifungal activity. Arsianti et al. modified this compound by opening the nine dilactone ring system and introducing the hydroxyl groups into the side chain of the ester groups. This modification is to increase the biological activity and reduce toxicity of this molecule. Method: In this research, antifungal activity of the antimycin A3 analogues were tested against Candida albicans using Macrodillution MIC Assay. These analogues were devided in 4 groups concertration, which were 50, 100, 200, and 400 µg/mL, and than tested against around 3 × 107 CFU/ml of C. albicans. All groups were compered with positive control (Fluconazole) and standard compound control (Antimycine A3). This research used a duplo principle. Result: The result showed that there were growth inhibition in positive control groups and Analogue 13 at 400 µg/mL concentration. However, in other groups, including Antimycin A3 itself, there were no growth inhibiton. Discussion: With these results, it was concluded that this modification contributed to the increase of antifungal activity against C. albicans., Introduction: Candidiasis is the most frequent yeast infection in the world with drug resistence being its main problem. Thus, research and drug development for antifungal agent is highly required. Antimycin A3 is a compound that has antifungal activity. Arsianti et al. modified this compound by opening the nine dilactone ring system and introducing the hydroxyl groups into the side chain of the ester groups. This modification is to increase the biological activity and reduce toxicity of this molecule. Method: In this research, antifungal activity of the antimycin A3 analogues were tested against Candida albicans using Macrodillution MIC Assay. These analogues were devided in 4 groups concertration, which were 50, 100, 200, and 400 µg/mL, and than tested against around 3 × 107 CFU/ml of C. albicans. All groups were compered with positive control (Fluconazole) and standard compound control (Antimycine A3). This research used a duplo principle. Result: The result showed that there were growth inhibition in positive control groups and Analogue 13 at 400 µg/mL concentration. However, in other groups, including Antimycin A3 itself, there were no growth inhibiton. Discussion: With these results, it was concluded that this modification contributed to the increase of antifungal activity against C. albicans.]"

"Staphylococcus aureus merupakan bakteri gram positif yang berperan sebagai flora normal sekaligus patogen penting pada manusia. Asam galat atau 3,4,5-asam trihidroksibenzoat merupakan senyawa polifenol yang memiliki banyak kegunaan seperti pada industri, makanan antioksidan, serta industri farmasi. Asam galat juga memiliki potensi untuk menjadi agen antimikroba berspektrum luas. Modifikasi gugus karboksil maupun hidroksil pada asam galat akan menghasilkan senyawa turunan asam galat yang diharapkan lebih aktif sebagai antimikroba dibandingkan asam galat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat aktivitas antimikroba senyawa turunan asam galat terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Pengujian dilakukan secara duplo pada asam galat dan 10 turunan asam galat dengan antibiotik amoksisilin sebagai kontrol positif menggunakan metode makrodilusi dan uji konfirmasi pada agar darah. Hasil penelitian diambil dari nilai KHM Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum pada uji plat agar darah yang menunjukkan bahwa lima senyawa turunan asam galat yaitu senyawa 2-fenil-etil galat 4, benzil galat 6, amil galat 8, isoamil galat 9, dan sekunder amil galat 10 memiliki aktivitas antimikroba yang lebih baik dibandingkan asam galat dengan KHM masing-masing 989 g/mL, 983,5 g/mL, 455,5 g/mL, 972 g/mL, dan 1089 g/mL. Aktivitas antimikroba kelima senyawa turunan ini dipengaruhi oleh panjang rantai alkil ester yang optimal, struktur gugus alkil lurus, dan adanya gugus aromatik benzena.

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Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive bacteria that acts both as a normal flora and as an important human pathogens. Gallic acid or 3,4,5 trihydroxybenzoic acid is a polyphenol compounds that have many uses such as in industry, for antioxidant foods, and pharmaceutical industries. In addition, gallic acid has the potential to be a broad spectrum antimicrobial agents. Modification of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the gallic acid will generate gallic acid derivative compounds which are expected to be more active as an antimicrobial agent than gallic acid.

This study aimed to examine the antimicrobial activity of gallic acid derivatives against Staphylococcus aureus. The test was done in duplicate on gallic acid and 10 gallic acid derivative compounds with antibiotic amoxicillin as a positive control with macrodilution tube method and confirmation test by blood agar.

The results were taken from MIC Minimum Inhibitory Concentration on blood agar plate test which showed that five gallic acid derivative compounds, 2 phenyl ethyl gallate 4, benzyl gallate 6, amyl gallate 8, isoamyl gallate 9, and the secondary amyl gallate 10 has antimicrobial activity better than gallic acid with MIC of each is 989 g mL, 983.5 g mL, 455.5 g mL, 972 g mL and 1089 g mL. The antimicrobial activity of the fifth derivatives is influenced by optimum long chain alkyl ester, the straight structure of alkyl groups, and the presence of benzene aromatic group."

"Penelitian ini membahas viabilitas bakteri Staphylococcus aureus terhadap pajanan gelombang audiosonik sebesar 7kHz selama 10 dan 30 detik. Proses penelitian ini dimulai dengan pembuatan kultur bakteri Staphylococcus aureus pada media agar nutrisi kemudian dipindahkan dalam media Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) untuk diberikan pajanan gelombang audiosonik. Setelah selesai diberi pajanan bakteri di inkubasi dan dipindahkan ke media Plate Count Agar (PCA) untuk dinilai viabilitasnya dengan metode Total plate Count. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya peningkatan viabilitas Staphylococcus aureus sebesar 97,8% pada pajanan 10 detik bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol dan 288% pada pajanan 30 detik. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa pajanan gelombang audiosonik memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap viabilitas Staphylococcus aureus.

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This study discuss about the effect of sonification using 7 kHz audiosonic wave within two different duration 10 and 30 seconds to viability of Staphylococcus aureus. This bacteria first cultured in nutrition agar and then transferred to another media, Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) before exposed to the audiosonic waves. After exposure to the wave the bacteria transferred again to Plate Count Agar (PCA) media, for the counting purpose using the Total Plate Count. This study shows that Staphylococcus aureus viability is increased by 97,8% in the 10 seconds exposure and 288% in 30 seconds exposure. This results show that exposure to audisonic waves will give positive effect to Staphylococcus aureus viability."

"Latar Belakang: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) merupakan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus yang telah resisten terhadap antibiotik methicillin. Saat ini, MRSA masih merupakan ancaman di seluruh dunia. Infeksi MRSA dapat menimbulkan berbagai komplikasi. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pengobatan yang mampu menangani MRSA di masa mendatang. Daun kelor atau Moringa oleifera dikenal memiliki banyak khasiat, salah satunya adalah sebagai antibakteri. Maka dari itu, peneliti mengusulkan untuk melakukan penelitian terkait potensi ekstrak etanol daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) sebagai antibakteri terhadap MRSA. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan dengan uji eksperimental melalui metode makrodilusi. Makrodilusi dilakukan baik pada ekstrak etanol daun kelor maupun vankomisin. Makrodilusi pada ekstrak etanol daun kelor dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek antibakteri ekstrak tersebut terhadap bakteri MRSA. Sedangkan makrodilusi pada vankomisin dilakukan sebagai pembanding. Hasil: Pada penelitian ini tidak ditemukan efek antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) terhadap bakteri MRSA. Hal tersebut terbukti dengan tidak ditemukannya konsentrasi hambat minimun (KHM) maupun konsentrasi bunuh minimum (KBM) pada percobaan ini. Pembahasan: Hasil pada penelitian ini berbeda dengan beberapa penelitian yang sudah pernah dilakukan. Perbedaan tersebut dapat terjadi akibat beberapa faktor. Peran ekstrak etanol daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) sebagai antibakteri terhadap MRSA dapat diteliti lebih lanjut dengan metode yang berbeda ataupun konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi.

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Background: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a group of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) which are found to be resistant against antibiotics called methicillin. Nowadays, MRSA is still becoming a threat across the globe. Infections caused by MRSA may cause various complications. Due to this fact, proper-management is needed to deal with MRSA in the future. Moringa oleifera has been popularly known for its benefits, one of which is the antibacterial effect. Therefore, the author proposed to do a research on the potential of Moringa oleifera ethanol extract as an antibacterial agent against MRSA. Method: The research done is an experimental test using macrodilution method. Macrodilution was done on both the ethanol extract and vancomycin. Macrodilution on the extract was done to discover its antibacterial effect against MRSA, while macrodilution on vancomycin was done as a comparison. Results: In this research, there is no antibacterial effect found from Moringa oleifera extract against MRSA. This result is supported by the absence of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in this experiment. Discussion: The result in this research was different from some previous research findings. The difference might be caused by several factors. The role of Moringa oleifera extract as antibacterial agent against should be further studied using different methods or higher concentration."