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"The acknowledgment that viruses are potent biological factors in driving many cancers have seen a dramatic upsurge in recent years in large part to the success of the human papilloma virus vaccine against invasive cervical carcinomas and followed by the awarding of the noble prize in medicine in 2008 to Dr. Harald zurHausen who identified the link between papilloma virus and cervical cancers. We will also cover other known oncogenic viruses associated cancers in other mammals in addition to humans."

"Adequate blood supply to the eye is an important prerequisite for normal visual function. Over the past 40 years our knowledge of ocular blood flow regulation has improved significantly. This reader-friendly textbook provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of ocular blood flow. Lavishly illustrated, it evaluates the wide array of methods that have been used to measure ocular blood flow. Furthermore, it not only offers the reader an evidence-based summary of the physiological and pharmacological properties of ocular blood flow regulation, but also demonstrates the ocular blood flow abnormalities in different vascular diseases. This book will enhance the understanding of all who are interested in learning more about ocular blood flow in health and disease."

"A renaissance of virus research is taking centre stage in biology. Empirical data from the last decade indicate the important roles of viruses, both in the evolution of all life and as symbionts of host organisms. There is increasing evidence that all cellular life is colonized by exogenous and/or endogenous viruses in a non-lytic but persistent lifestyle. Viruses and viral parts form the most numerous genetic matter on this planet."

"Latar Belakang: HIV adalah infeksi yang menyerang sistem kekebalan tubuh, dengan CD4 sebagai sel targetnya. Dengan ditemukannya Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) diharapkan mampu menurunkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitasnya dengan cara mengurangi replikasi virus HIV dan meningkatkan jumlah CD4. Namun kenaikan CD4 tidak sama untuk setiap pasien. Terdapat faktor lain yang berhubungan dengan kenaikan CD4 pada pasien HIV. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara usia, jenis kelamin, indeks massa tubuh, faktor risiko infeksi HIV, jumlah CD4 awal, jumlah infeksi opportunistik, stadium klinis HIV, jenis HAART yang diberikan, kepatuhan minum obat, infeksi tuberkulosis, hepatitis C, infeksi HSV, infeksi CMV, dan obat herbal dengan kenaikan CD4 dalam 6 bulan pertama setelah pemberian HAART. Metode: Studi kohort retrospektif dilakukan pada pasien HIV rawat jalan di Unit Pelayanan Terpadu HIV RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo dalam kurun waktu Januari 2004-Desember 2013. Data penelitian didapatkan dari rekam medis. Hubungan antara usia, indeks massa tubuh, dan jumlah CD4 awal dengan kenaikan CD4 dianalisis dengan uji beda dua rerata menggunakan Uji Mann Whitney. Sedangkan hubungan antara jenis kelamin, faktor risiko infeksi HIV, jumlah infeksi opportunistik, stadium klinis HIV, jenis HAART yang digunakan, kepatuhan minum obat, infeksi tuberkulosis, hepatitis C, infeksi HSV, CMV, dan obat herbal dengan kenaikan CD4 dianalisis dengan uji perbedaan dua kelompok kategorik (Uji Chi Square atau Fisher) serta analisis multivariat dengan teknik regresi logistik. Hasil: Sebanyak 818 subjek diikutsertakan pada penelitian ini. Sebanyak 368 (45%) subjek tidak mengalami kenaikan CD4 seperti yang diharapkan. Median CD4 awal sebelum terapi 56 sel/mm3 dan setelah 6 bulan terapi 130 sel/mm3. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara jumlah CD4 awal (p<0,001), infeksi tuberkulosis (p=0,010) dan tingkat kepatuhan (p<0,001) dengan kenaikan CD4. Hasil analisis multivariat didapatkan bahwa jumlah CD4 awal (p<0,001; OR: 0,996; IK 95% 0,995-0,998), tidak patuh minum obat (p<0,001; OR:2,907; IK 95%: 2,162-3,909), dan infeksi tuberkulosis (p=0,021; OR: 1,527; IK 95%: 1,065-2,190) berhubungan dengan kenaikan CD4 pada pasien HIV yang mendapat HAART. Simpulan: Jumlah CD4 awal, kepatuhan minum obat, dan infeksi tuberkulosis mempengaruhi kenaikan CD4 pada pasien HIV yang mendapat Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy setelah 6 bulan pertama.

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Background: HIV infection attacked immune system causing immunodeficiency with CD4 as a targel cell. Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy given to reduce HIV replications and increased CD4 counts. The increasing of CD4 count is different among each patient. There were several factors associated with the increased of CD4 count after first six months therapy.

Objectives: To prove that age, gender, body mass index, risk factor of HIV infection, CD4 pre HAART, number of opportunistic infections, HIV stadium, type of HAART, adherence, Tuberculosis infection, co-infection Hepatitis C, HSV infection, CMV infection, use of herb associated with the increased of CD4 count.

Methods: Retrospective cohort study conducted in this study, among out patient in Integrated HIV Clinic In Cipto Mangunkusumo General Refferal Hospital between January 2004-December 2013. The data of this study were taken from medical records. For age, body mass index, and CD4 pre HAART associated with the increased of CD4 were analyze using Mann Whitney Test. For variable gender, risk factor for HIV infection, number of opportunistic infections, HIV stadium, type of HAART, adherence, Tuberculosis infection, co-infection of Hepatitis C, HCV infection, CMV infection, and use of herb associated with the increased of CD4 analyze using Chi Square test of Fisher test and for multivariate analysis the logistic regression test.

Results: 818 subjects met the inclusion criteria. 368 subject did not meet the expected CD4 count. The median of CD4 pre HAART was 56 cell/mm3, and after six months therapy was 130 cell/mm3. There was significant correlation between CD4 pre HAART (p<0,001), tuberculosis infection (p=0,010), and adherence with the increasing of CD4 count (p<0,001). From the multivariate analysis, shown that CD4 pre HAART (p<0,001; OR: 0,996; IK 95% 0,995-0,998), not adherence (p<0,001; OR:2,907; IK 95%: 2,162-3,909), and tuberculosis infection (p=0,021; OR: 1,527; IK 95%: 1,065-2,190) associated with the increased of CD4 count after six months therapy.

Conclusion: Adherence, CD4 pre HAART, and Tuberculosis infection were associated with the increasing of CD4 count in HIV patient who received HAART in the first six months therapy."