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"The acknowledgment that viruses are potent biological factors in driving many cancers have seen a dramatic upsurge in recent years in large part to the success of the human papilloma virus vaccine against invasive cervical carcinomas and followed by the awarding of the noble prize in medicine in 2008 to Dr. Harald zurHausen who identified the link between papilloma virus and cervical cancers. We will also cover other known oncogenic viruses associated cancers in other mammals in addition to humans."

"Adequate blood supply to the eye is an important prerequisite for normal visual function. Over the past 40 years our knowledge of ocular blood flow regulation has improved significantly. This reader-friendly textbook provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of ocular blood flow. Lavishly illustrated, it evaluates the wide array of methods that have been used to measure ocular blood flow. Furthermore, it not only offers the reader an evidence-based summary of the physiological and pharmacological properties of ocular blood flow regulation, but also demonstrates the ocular blood flow abnormalities in different vascular diseases. This book will enhance the understanding of all who are interested in learning more about ocular blood flow in health and disease."

"A renaissance of virus research is taking centre stage in biology. Empirical data from the last decade indicate the important roles of viruses, both in the evolution of all life and as symbionts of host organisms. There is increasing evidence that all cellular life is colonized by exogenous and/or endogenous viruses in a non-lytic but persistent lifestyle. Viruses and viral parts form the most numerous genetic matter on this planet."

"ABSTRAKInfeksi saluran pernafasan akut ISPA merupakan infeksi yang paling sering terjadi pada manusia dengan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi, terutama di negara-negara Asia Tenggara dan Afrika. Sudah diketahui bahwa sebagian besar ISPA disebabkan oleh virus, namun data mengenai etiologi virus di negara berkembang, terutama Indonesia masih terbatas. Studi ini menggunakan metode molekuler berupa PCR dan sekuensing untuk deteksi serta karakterisasi virus saluran nafas umum, termasuk virus zoonosis pada sampel swab orofaring. Subjek studi sebanyak 100 pasien anak dan dewasa dengan gejala infeksi saluran nafas yang datang ke RSU Tabanan. Dari 100 pasien didapatkan angka deteksi virus positif sebesar 40 dan angka ko-deteksi 7 . Pada anak-anak angka deteksi positif mencapai 46 28/61 , sedangkan pada dewasa sebesar 31 12/39 . Virus utama yang terdeteksi adalah influenza 15 , enterovirus 14 dan herpesvirus 11 . Subtipe virus yang mendominasi hasil deteksi yaitu H3N2, human rhinovirus A dan human betaherpesvirus 5. Sebagai kesimpulan, diantara pasien-pasien dengan ISPA di Tabanan, sebagian besar virus yang terdeteksi adalah virus influenza dengan subtipe H3N2.

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ABSTRACT

Acute respiratory tract infection ARTI is the most common infection in human being. The morbidity and mortality rate is high, especially in Southeast Asia and Africa. While it is known that ARTIs are most commonly caused by virus, there are limited data about viral etiology of ARTI in developing countries, especially Indonesia. This study used molecular method to detect 10 common respiratory viral pathogens and zoonotic respiratory viruses. We collected oropharyngeal swabs from 100 patients in Tabanan Regency Hospital suspected with respiratory illness from all age groups. Among 100 patients tested, 40 tested positive for virus, with co detection rate 7 . In addition, positive detection rate in children was 46 28 61 and in adult 31 12 39 . Viruses that were most commonly detected include influenza 15 , enterovirus 14 and herpesvirus 11 . Among them, influenza virus subtype H3N2, human rhinovirus A and human betaherpesvirus 5 was the most frequently detected. In conclusion, among patients with ARTI in Tabanan Regency Hospital, influenza virus subtype H3N2 was the most predominant virus detected. "