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"Isolation of microbes in red dahlia (Dahlia sp.L) tuber skin from local (Sukabumi) produces dominant (Scopulariopsis sp.-CBS) fungi as source of inulinase enzyme. Its application as crude inulinase enzyme that is conducted ..."

"Industri pulp dan kertas merupakan salah satu industri besar di Indonesia. Pada pembuatan pulp dan kertas, diperlukan suatu proses delignifikasi yang bertujuan untuk memisahkan struktur lignin yang masih tersisa dalam pulp. Umumnya, pada proses delignifikasi digunakan bahan kimia seperti klorin dioksida, yang pada akhirnya akan menghasilkan limbah kimia yang lebih berbahaya. Dalam rangka mengurangi limbah kimia, maka digunakan proses biodelignifikasi menggunakan mikroorganisme, yaitu jamur. Jamur pelapuk putih diketahui dapat memproduksi berbagai enzim. Penelitian ini memfokuskan pada enzim lignin peroksidase (LiP), yaitu salah satu enzim ligninolitik yang dihasilkan oleh jamur pelapuk putih dan dapat mendegradasi lignin dengan tujuan untuk melakukan optimasi media yang menghasilkan aktivitas enzim terbaik serta mengkarakterisasi LiP dari isolat jamur hasil penelitian sebelumnya. Optimasi dilakukan pada empat media, yaitu PDB (media 1); PDB+Serbuk bambu (media 2); PDB+Serbuk bambu+serbuk daun nanas (media 3), dan glukosa+serbuk bambu (media 4). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa media yang paling baik adalah media 3 dengan nilai aktivitas enzim 6,605 μmol.mL−1. Kemudian LiP yang didapat dikarakterisasi dengan melakukan pengujian terhadap suhu, pH, dan profil kinetika enzim. Suhu optimum untuk LiP adalah pada suhu 30ºC dengan aktivitas 9,874 μmol.mL−1. Sedangkan untuk pH optimum diperoleh pada pH 5,0 dengan nilai aktivitas tertinggi sebesar 6,787 μmol.mL−1. Kemudian untuk kinetika enzim LiP pada rentang konsentrasi substrat veratril alkohol paling baik adalah 0,4 mM pada media 3 dengan nilai Vmaks sebesar 34,2465 μmol.mL−1.menit−1 serta Km sebesar 1,0958 μmol.mL−1. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa jamur yang diteliti berpotensi mendegradasi lignin karena memiliki aktivitas enzim yang cukup baik.

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The pulp and paper industry is one of the major industries in Indonesia. In the manufacture of pulp and paper, a delignification process is needed which aims to separate the remaining lignin structure in the pulp. In general, chemicals such as chlorine dioxide are used in the delignification process, which in turn will produce more hazardous chemical waste. In order to reduce chemical waste, a biodelignification process is used using microorganisms, namely fungi. White rot fungi are known to produce various enzymes. This research focuses on the enzyme lignin peroxidase (LiP), which is a ligninolytic enzyme produced by white rot fungi that can degrade lignin. This study aims to optimize the media that produces the best enzyme activity and to characterize LiP from fungal isolates from previous studies. Optimization was carried out on four media, namely PDB (media 1); PDB+bamboo powder (media 2); PDB + bamboo powder + pineapple leaf powder (media 3), and glucose + bamboo powder (media 4). The results showed that the best medium was media 3 with an enzyme activity value of 6.605 μmol.mL−1. Then the LiP obtained was characterized by testing the temperature, pH, and enzyme kinetics profile. The optimum temperature for LiP is 30ºC with an activity of 9.874 μmol.mL−1. Meanwhile, the optimum pH was obtained at pH 5.0 with the highest activity value of 6.787 μmol.mL−1. Then for LiP enzyme kinetics in the range of substrate concentrations veratril alcohol the best was 0.4 mM in medium 3 with a Vmax value of 34.2465 μmol.mL−1.minute−1 and Km of 1.0958 μmol.mL−1. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the fungi studied have the potential to degrade lignin because they posses good enzyme activity."

"Sungai Sentiong adalah salah satu sungai di Indonesia yang telah tercemar oleh berbagai jenis senyawa organik bandel yang terakumulasi dari rumah tangga dan industri skala kecil limbah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan lima isolat jamur busuk putih dari Koleksi Budaya Indonesia (Pleurotus ostreatus InaCC F109, Agaricus campestris InaCC F126, Trametes versicolor InaCC F200, IN002 dan Pycnoporus sanguineus IN004) dalam degradasi senyawa organik bandel di Sentiong air limbah sungai. Penapisan isolat jamur dilakukan untuk mendapatkan yang terbaik isolat jamur ligninolitik pada media lignin minimal (MM-L), ftalat minimal medium (MM-F) dan media Potato Dextrose Agar dilengkapi dengan guaiacol. Metode uji kompatibilitas dilakukan secara in vitro pada PDA. Tes mikorediasi adalah dilakukan dengan dua perawatan; isolat ligninolitik terbaik dan konsorsium lima isolat jamur. Kemampuan jamur dalam mikoremediasi air limbah didasarkan pada parameter; total karbon (TC), aktivitas enzim ligninolitik (lignin peroksidase, manganese peroxidase dan laccase), dan melimpahnya senyawa bandel analisis Kromatografi Gas Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). Hasil penyaringan menunjukkan bahwa Pycnoporus sanguineus IN004 memiliki kemampuan ligninolitik terbaik dibandingkan dengan empat isolat lainnya. Interaksi antarspesies yang kompatibel sebagian, penghambatan (dengan dan tanpa jarak) dan invasi (tahap awal) diketahui berdasarkan uji kompatibilitas. Konsorsium jamur memiliki kemampuan untuk degradasi senyawa organik bandel melalui proses metabolisme yang lebih baik daripada Pycnoporus sanguineus IN004 monokultur. Penurunan kelimpahan senyawa organik bandel di sampel sesuai dengan penurunan konsentrasi TC dan peningkatan aktivitas enzim ligninolitik.

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Sentiong River is one of the rivers in Indonesia that has been polluted by various types of recalcitrant organic compounds that have accumulated from households and small scale industries waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of five white rot fungus isolates from the Indonesian Cultural Collection (Pleurotus ostreatus InaCC F109, Agaricus campestris InaCC F126, Trametes versicolor InaCC F200, IN002 and Pycnoporus sanguineus IN004) in the degradation of recalcitrant organic compounds in Sentiong river wastewater. Screening of fungal isolates was carried out to get the best ligninolytic isolates on minimal lignin media (MM-L), minimal phthalates medium (MM-F) and Potato Dextrose agar to be equipped with guaiacol. The compatibility test method is done in vitro on a PDA. Mycorediation test is carried out with two treatments; the best ligninolytic isolates and a consortium of five fungal isolates. The ability of mushrooms in mycoremediation of wastewater is based on parameters; total carbon (TC), ligninolytic enzyme activity (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase), and an abundance of recalcitrant compounds of Gas Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) chromatography analysis. The screening results showed that Pycnoporus sanguineus IN004 had the best ligninolytic ability compared to four other isolates. Partially compatible interactions between species, inhibition (with and without distance) and invasion (early stages) are known based on compatibility tests. The mushroom consortium has the ability to degrade recalcitrant organic compounds through a better metabolic process than Pycnoporus sanguineus IN004 monoculture. The decrease in the abundance of recalcitrant organic compounds in the sample corresponds to a decrease in TC concentration and an increase in ligninolytic enzyme activity."

"Angkak merupakan beras yang difermentasikan oleh jamur Monascus purpureus dan banyak digunakan sebagai salah satu pewarna alami makanan dimana salah satu syarat zat warna adalah stabil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor fisika dan kimia terhadap tingkat kestabilan angkak dalam bentuk larutan sebagai pewarna alami makanan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara mengisolasi pigmen merah dari angkak secara kromatografi kolom kemudian diuji stabilitasnya terhadap faktor fisika dan kimia serta diukur dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Visible. Data diperoleh dari serapan hasil pengukuran spektrofotometer UV-Visible setiap 1 minggu sekali selama 1 bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pigmen merah angkak cukup stabil untuk dapat digunakan sebagai pewarna makanan selama disimpan dalam suhu dingin tanpa terpapar cahaya dan wadah ditutup rapat.

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Angkak produced from fermentated rice with Monascus purpureus. It has been used as one of the food colouring agent and it has to be stable. The aim of this research was to figure out the effect of physical and chemical factors to the stability of angkak as one of the food colouring agent. The aim can be achieved by doing isolation of angkak?s red pigment with column chromatography and then being inspected with physical and chemical factors thus measured by using spectrophotometer UV-Visible. The result was got from spectrum absorbance of the measurement by using spectrophotometer UV-Visible for weekly period within a month. The result shows that the angkak?s red pigment is quite stable and can be used as food colouring agent as long as it is packaged in cold temperature with no light and closed seal."

"Yam (Dioscorea alata L.) is a potential local crop for supporting food security program in Indonesia. Inventory and characterization of yam have been conducted in scattered population at Nganjuk region - East Java. The research was aimed to identify the characteristic of Nganjuk’s yam, based on the tuber morphology and to determine its similarity distance value. The characterisation were analyzed using interval similarity function, based on NTSys DICE coefficient programme. The result showed that 22 accession numbers which comprises of 13 variants of yam were found in Nganjuk region. The same variants of yams indicated by their close similarity distance although they were originated from different areas."

"Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) merupakan by-product pengolahan minyak kernel sawit yang jarang dimanfaatkan. Penggunaan masih terbatas sebagai campuran pakan ternak dengan komposisi 3-5% dari total pakan. Hal ini disebabkan tingginya serat kasar mencapai kisaran 20-40% dari berat kering PKM. Padahal, PKM mengandung komposisi mannan dengan kandungan total 45-56% pada jaringan hemiselulosa. Pemanfaatan lebih lanjut biomassa PKM sebagai substrat produksi β-mannanase dan menghasilkan turunan mannooligosakarida (MOS) sangat menjanjikan. Konsentrasi PKM sebagai substrat, pH, suhu inkubasi, dan penambahan mikropartikel Al2O3 sebagai faktor penentu simulasi RSM. Kondisi operasi terpilih menjadi basis scale-up produksi fermentor batch kapasitas 1,5 L dengan pengaruh laju aerasi 1,0 vvm. Disamping, itu dilakukan estimasi parameter kinetika pertumbuhan Kitasatospora sp. produksi aktivitas β-mannanase dan substrat PKM terkonsumsi dengan asumsi model Logistik, Luedeking-Piret dan Modified Luedeking-Piret. Titik optimum yang diperoleh dilanjutkan dengan purifikasi parsial. Setelah itu, hidrolisis PKM dilakukan untuk mengamati sinergisitas pelarut NaOH-HCl dengan enzim sebagai ekstraktor turunan mannan. Simulasi menunjukkan 3% (w/v) PKM, pH 6,5, suhu 34 °C, dan 0,2% (v/v) Al2O3 merupakan kondisi terpilih untuk scale-up. Pada fermentor 1,5 L setelah melalui pemurnian parsial, diperoleh aktivitas tertinggi 44,34 U/mL, laju aktivitas 0,302 U/mL-1 jam-1, konsentrasi delta gula total (ΔS) 39,17 gr/L, dan SUY 78,15%. Estimasi kinetika dari fitting model terukur µmax, Xo, Xmax, β, α, Z, dan γ secara berurutan adalah 0,0492 jam-1; 0,435 gr/L; 8,93 gr/; 0,085 U/mgX.jam; 4,467 U/mgX; 0,026 grS/grX.jam; dan 4,328 grS/grX. Adapun hasil hidrolisis zona bening dan TLC menunjukkan kemampuan β-mannanase yang disintesis Kitasatospora sp. menghasilkan turunan MOS yang didominasi mannobiosa (M2), dengan 72 jam pembentukan dari bantuan pelarut.

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Palm Kernel Meal (PKM), called as by-product from palm kernel oil processing, which is rarely being utilized. The usage is limited as livestock feed’s blend with composition accounted only 3-5% off from total feed. The problem lies on the high content of crude fibres, up to 20-40% of PKM’s dry matter. Meanwhile, PKM contains relatively high mannan comprises around 45-56% from hemicellulose’s tissue. Further application of PKM biomass as substrate for β-mannanase production and resulting any derivatives of mannooligosaccharides (MOS) are very promising. Substrate, initial pH, incubation temperature, and additional microparticle Al2O3 were determined as independent factors for RSM simulation. The chosen condition was used for scalled-up through 1,5 L stirred tank-bioreactor batch, 1,0 vvm aeration rate. The kinetics parameters of Kitastospora sp. growth, enzyme production and substrate consumption were estimated through Logistic, Luedeking-Piret, and Modified Luedeking-Piret model assumption. The optimal point obtained was continued by partial purification. Subsequently, PKM hydrolysis was also done to observe synergistic enzyme effect with NaOH-HCl solvent-assisted for mannan’s derivative produced. The evidence showed 3% (w/v) PKM, pH 6.5, 34 °C, and 0.2% (v/v) Al2O3 were the best operating for β-mannanase production. Further confirmation in scale-up phase indicated the highest enzyme activity, rate of production, total sugar concentration, and SUY were calculated as 44.34 U/mL, 0.302 U/mL-1 hr-1, 39.17 g/L and 78.15%, respectively. Kinetics production parameter components, comprised as µmax, Xo, Xmax, β, α, Z, and γ, were expected around 0,0492 hr-1; 0,435 g/L; 8,93 g/; 0,085 U/mgX.hr; 4,467 U/mgX; 0,026 gS/gX.hr; dan 4,328 gS/gX, respectively. From clear zone and TLC experimental, it proved that the enzyme was capable to produce MOS from PKM, mainly mannobiose (M2) with extension of 72 hours duration by solvent-assisted enzymatic reaction."