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"As Indonesia continue to grow in economic stature, international influence and global presence, numerous economic resources, opportunities and leverages will become increasingly available for Jakarta to utilize in its economic diplomacy. With Indonesia climbing up the economic league table, its overseas economic interests will grow and economic diplomacy will constitute a much larger proportion of its overall diplomatic activities. This article argues that Indonesia can improve its economic diplomacy by strengthening its strategic competence, especially in (1) clarifying strategic priorities, (2) identifying transnational partners and (3) devising appropriate plans of action which are tailor-made for different scenarios for each economic issue and target market/host country. By taking into consideration the relative capabilities of the ministry of foreign affairs compared to its transnational partners and the relative strength of the target market/host country itself, this article theoretically discusses 8 (eight) possible scenarios and their corresponding plans of action. In the long run, a leading role for the Ministry of foreign affairs is needed to exercise "full-spectrum" economic diplomacy and will contribute greatly towards Indonesia's sustained rise and long-term strategic engagement with the globalized economy beyond its borders."

"Skripsi ini menganalisis pertimbangan apa yang mendasari keterlibatan Jepang secara triangular dalam Kerja Sama Selatan-Selatan (KSS) Indonesia. Indonesia sebagai middle-income country yang terus mengalami pertumbuhan ekonomi kini menjadi salah satu negara yang memiliki keinginan untuk menjadi penyedia KSS, termasuk melalui mekanisme triangular dengan mitra pembangunan dari negara donor tradisional. Sementara, Jepang sebagai donor terbesar ODA bilateral ke Indonesia lantas juga menjadi salah satu mitra pembangunan yang paling aktif. Ada beberapa keunikan terkait keterlibatan Jepang tersebut, antara lain bahwa Jepang telah terlibat melakukan kerja sama triangular dengan Indonesia sejak 1980an, serta area kerja samanya yang lebih banyak berfokus di sektor agrikultur alih-alih infrastruktur seperti ODA bilateralnya. Analisis akan didasarkan pada konsep pertimbangan kebijakan bantuan luar negeri, di mana di dalamnya ada tujuh aspek yang dapat menjadi pertimbangan. Dalam kasus Jepang, tiga aspek yang nampak menonjol yaitu perihal influence, kepentingan ekonomi, dan reputasi. Skripsi ini menemukan bahwa keterlibatan Jepang berdasarkan pertimbangan influence adalah untuk meningkatkan jangkauan Jepang di negara LDCs mengingat karakteristik Indonesia yang secara alami terbuka untuk berhubungan dengan negara manapun serta sebagai salah satu langkah pendukung kebijakan maritimnya di Indo-Pasifik. Kemudian berdasarkan pertimbangan kepentingan ekonomi, Jepang ingin meningkatkan efektivitas dan efisiensi bantuannya di tengah kelesuan ekonomi, mendukung pengembangan investasi di kawasan non-tradisional, menyelaraskan kepentingan dengan ODA bilateral di negara penerima manfaat, serta adanya knowledge asset di sektor agrikultur yang kebetulan juga merupakan sektor unggulan Indonesia dalam KSS. Berdasarkan pertimbangan terakhir yakni reputasi, Jepang ingin mentransformasikan citranya dari donor menjadi mitra sekaligus menjaga citranya di Indonesia yang telah terbangun melalui penyaluran ODA.

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This thesis analyzes Japans consideration in participating in a triangular cooperation in Indonesias South-South Cooperation (SSC). Indonesia as a middle-income country which continuously experiences economic growth now has become a country with an ambition to be a SSC provider, including through triangular cooperation with development partners from traditional donor country. Japan as the largest donor of bilateral ODA to Indonesia has also become one of the most active development partners. There are some unique characteristics related to Japan, including the fact that Japan has been involved in triangular cooperation since the 1980s and that in triangular cooperation Japan is mainly involved the agricultural sector instead of infrastructure such as its bilateral ODA. The analysis will be based on the concept of foreign aid policies consideration, where there are seven aspects that can be considered. In the case of Japan, three aspects that stand out are the aspect of influence, economic interests, and reputation. This thesis finds that based on the aspect of influence, Japan aims to widen its reach to various LDCs, especially remembering that Indonesia as a country is open to establish a relation with any country and also as measures to support its maritime policy in the Indo-Pacific. Then, based on economic interests, Japan wants to increase its assistances efficiency and effectivity in the midst of economic recession, support investment development in non-traditional areas, harmonize interests with bilateral ODA in beneficiary countries, and the existence of knowledge assets in the Indonesian agricultural sector in the SSC. Based on the last consideration put forward, which is reputation, Japan wants to transform its image from a donor into a partner while supporting its image in Indonesia that has been built through the distribution of bilateral ODA."

"Fenomena regionalisme ekonomi yang berlangsung di kawasan Asia-Pasifik pasca berakhirnya Perang Dingin memiliki karakteristik yang unik dan berbeda dibandingkan dengan regionalisme ekonomi yang terjadi di kawasan lainnya. Karakteristik utama dari regionalisme ekonomi di kawasan Asia-Pasifik adalah prinsip open regionalism. Pemahaman lebih lanjut mengenai fenomena regionalisme ekonomi di kawasan Asia-Pasifik dan prinsip open regionalism dapat ditelaah melalui eksistensi Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). APEC merupakan pelopor kerangka kerja sama ekonomi regional antarnegara di kawasan Asia-Pasifik yang berfokus pada agenda liberalisasi perekonomian regional. Penulisan tinjauan literatur ini bertujuan untuk meneliti eksistensi APEC dalam dinamika regionalisme ekonomi di kawasan Asia-Pasifik melalui metode kronologi. Berdasarkan metode kronologi, penulisan tinjauan literatur ini membagi periodisasi perkembangan kajian literatur tentang APEC ke dalam tiga periode yang berbeda. Tiga periode perkembangan kajian literatur tentang APEC tersebut terbagi menjadi (1) Periode I (Formative Years, 1990-1994), (2) Periode II (Stagnation Years, 1995-2001), dan (3) Periode III (Adjustment Years, 2002-2009). Penulisan tinjauan literatur ini mengidentifikasi bahwa terdapat lima isu dominan yang berkaitan erat dengan eksistensi APEC dalam dinamika regionalisme ekonomi di kawasan Asia-Pasifik, antara lain isu kepemimpinan, isu pembentukan kerja sama, isu pembentukan institusi, isu integrasi regional, dan isu tata kelola regional. Penulisan tinjauan literatur ini juga mengamati bahwa dalam kondisi internasional dan regional Asia-Pasifik yang terkini, APEC mengalami peralihan fokus pada agenda kerja sama ekonomi regionalnya, yang pada awalnya berfokus pada agenda liberalisasi ekonomi regional menjadi agenda integrasi ekonomi regional.

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The phenomenon of economic regionalism which occurs in the Asia-Pacific region after the end of the Cold War has unique and distinct characteristics compared to the economic regionalism that happens in other regions. The main characteristic of economic regionalism that takes place in the Asia-Pacific region is the principle of open regionalism. Further comprehension of the phenomenon of economic regionalism in the Asia-Pacific region and also the principle of open regionalism can be examined through the existence of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). APEC is the pioneer of the framework of regional intergovernmental economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region which focuses on the agenda of regional economic liberalization. This literature review aims to examine the existence of APEC in the dynamics of economic regionalism in the Asia-Pacific region by applying the method of chronology.

Based on the application of the method of chronology, this literature review divides the periodization of the evolution of a series of relevant literature about APEC into three different periods. The periodization is divided into (1) Period I (Formative Years, 1990-1994), (2) Period II (Stagnation Years, 1995-2001), and (3) Period III (Adjustment Years, 2002-2009). This literature review identified that there are five dominant issues which are closely related to the existence of APEC in the dynamics of economic regionalism in the Asia-Pacific region, as follows: leadership, cooperation building, institution building, regional integration, and regional governance. This literature review also observed that, in the context of current international and regional circumstances that happens in the Asia-Pacific region, APEC has been experiencing a transition of its focus from the agenda of regional economic liberalization regional economic integration."

"ABSTRAKPerdagangan internasional adalah salah satu cara negara memenuhi kebutuhannya. Kegiatan ekspor-impor adalah kegiatan utama dalam perdagangan internasional. Dalam melakukan kegiatan ini, diperlukan kebijakan yang mendukung kemudahan dan penyelesaian masalah kepabeanan dalam melakukan ekspor-impor. Salah satu kebijakan yang diterapkan adalah kebijakan operator ekonomi resmi (AEO). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kekuatan dan kelemahan implementasi PMK 227 / PMK.04 / 2014 tentang operator ekonomi bersertifikat dalam menyelesaikan masalah kepabeanan. Penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data dalam bentuk wawancara mendalam dan studi literatur.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan ini memiliki kelebihan dalam mempercepat administrasi kepabeanan, kemudahan, bongkar muat, keamanan, dan kelebihan lainnya dengan kelemahan, yaitu biaya pemenuhan yang relatif tinggi, waktu pemenuhan yang lama, serta banyak kendala dan tantangan. Ada beberapa masalah dalam implementasi kebijakan ini, yaitu pelaku bisnis jasa tidak dapat menikmati manfaat dari kebijakan AEO, masalah SDM dan teknis TI, dan kurangnya koordinasi antara lembaga yang terkait dengan proses kepabeanan. Untuk alasan ini, disarankan agar DJBC dapat mengajukan revisi terhadap peraturan yang terkait dengan AEO dan terus melakukan perbaikan teknis terkait dengan SDM dan TI.

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ABSTRACTInternational trade is one way the country meets its needs. Export-import activities are the main activities in international trade. In carrying out these activities, policies are needed that support the ease and resolution of customs problems in carrying out export-import. One of the policies implemented is the official economic operator (AEO) policy. This study aims to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the implementation of PMK 227 / PMK.04 / 2014 concerning certified economic operators in solving customs problems. This study, researchers used a qualitative approach to data collection techniques in the form of in-depth interviews and literature studies.The results showed that this policy has advantages in accelerating customs administration, convenience, loading and unloading, security, and other advantages with weaknesses, namely the relatively high fulfillment costs, long fulfillment times, and many obstacles and challenges. There are several problems in the implementation of this policy, namely service business people cannot enjoy the benefits of AEO policy, HR and IT technical issues, and lack of coordination between institutions related to the customs process. For this reason, it is recommended that DGCE can submit revisions to regulations related to AEO and continue to make technical improvements related to HR and IT."

"Studi ini menganalisis mengenai investasi Jepang di Asia Tenggara dengan mengambil studi kasus Indonesia periode 2010-2016. Pada periode tersebut, Jepang mengalami persaingan dari negara Cina. Melalui teori triangular diplomacy, studi ini berargumen bahwa terdapat hubungan antara dukungan pemerintah Jepang kepada pebisnis Jepang di Indonesia karena diplomasi ekonomi Jepang mendukung perusahaan untuk melakukan ekspansi bisnis. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif menggunakan data primer dan wawancara dengan pebisnis Jepang di Indonesia. Hasil analisis ditemukan bahwa Jepang berusaha mempertahankan posisi sebagai investor melalui keterlibatan bisnis. Tiga relasi yang terbentuk adalah Government-Government G-G , Company-Company C-C , dan Government-Company G-C . Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut, studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa peran aktor non-negara khususnya kelompok bisnis dalam upaya diplomasi ekonomi semakin menjadi signifikan sebagai pendukung investasi.

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This study analyzes Japan rsquo s investment in Southeast Asia with case study of Indonesia from 2010 to 2016. In the stated period, Japan facing investment competition from China. Through the theory of triangular diplomacy, this study argues a connection between Japan government support to Japanese businesspeople in Indonesia to expand their business. The research method used is qualitative using primary data and interview with Japanese businessman in Indonesia. The results of the analysis found that Japan is trying to maintain its position as an investor through business involvement. The three relationships formed are Government Government G G , Company Company C C , and Government Company G C . Based on the results, this study concludes that the role of non state actors, especially business groups in the effort of economic diplomacy becomes increasingly significant."