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"In Extra-Legal Power and Legitimacy: Perspectives on Prerogative, Clement Fatovic and Benjamin A. Kleinerman examine the costs and benefits associated with different ways that governments have wielded extra-legal powers in times of emergency. They survey distinct models of emergency governments anddraw diverse and conflicting approaches by joining influential thinkers into conversation with one another. Chapters by eminent scholars illustrate the earliest frameworks of prerogative, analyze American perspectives on executive discretion and extraordinary power, and explore the implications andimportance of deliberating over the limitations and proportionality of prerogative power in contemporary liberal democracy.In doing so, they re-introduce into public debate key questions surrounding executive power in contemporary politics"

"Pemberian pergantian, rehabilitasi, penghapusan, dan amnesti menjadi hak prerogatif belas kasih yang keberadaannya diakui di Indonesia bahkan sejak berlakunya Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Kekuasaan ini menjadi hak prerogatif penuh Presiden, yang memberikan hak penuh dan mutlak kepada Presiden. Terlebih dulu dalam menggunakan kekuatan. Ketika norma-norma konstitusional berubah, keberadaan otoritas ini sebagai hak prerogatif Presiden mulai mendapatkan pembatasan formal pada saat berlakunya Konstitusi Republik Indonesia Serikat melalui keterlibatan lembaga negara lain untuk memberikan pertimbangan. Mekanisme ini tetap sama pada saat berlakunya Undang-Undang Dasar Sementara 1950 dan diperbarui dalam Undang-Undang Dasar NRI 1945, yang saat ini diberlakukan. Mekanisme keterlibatan lembaga negara lainnya dalam menerapkan grasi eksekutif dipilih dengan alasan untuk memberdayakan peran lembaga negara lainnya dan untuk membatasi kemungkinan kepentingan politik Presiden. Melalui perbandingan norma-norma konstitusional di Indonesia dan negara-negara lain dengan sistem presidensial, ditemukan bahwa model saat ini di Indonesia cukup umum, namun bentuk pembatasan formal ini bukanlah bentuk pembatasan terkuat. Menyadari gagasan di balik pengangkatan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat dan Mahkamah Agung sebagai lembaga negara yang memberikan pertimbangan kepada otoritas yang berbeda dari hak prerogatif, disarankan untuk menetapkan seperangkat aturan teknis yang secara jelas mengatur dan dengan jelas mendefinisikan otoritas tersebut, sehingga pembatasan kekuatan-kekuatan itu akan dilakukan secara efektif.

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The granting of replacement, rehabilitation, abolition, and amnesty has become a prerogative of compassion whose existence is recognized in Indonesia even since the enactment of the 1945 Constitution. This power has become the full prerogative of the President, giving full and absolute rights to the President. First, in using force. When the constitutional norms change, the existence of this authority as a prerogative right of the President starts to get formal restrictions when the Constitution of the United States of Indonesia comes into force through the involvement of other state institutions to give consideration. This mechanism remained the same as the 1950 Provisional Constitution came into effect and was updated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, which is currently in force. The mechanism of involvement of other state institutions in implementing executive pardon was chosen on the grounds to empower the role of other state institutions and to limit the possible political interests of the President. Through comparison of constitutional norms in Indonesia and other countries with the presidential system, it was found that the current model in Indonesia is quite common, but this form of formal restriction is not the strongest form of limitation. Recognizing the idea behind the appointment of the House of Representatives and the Supreme Court as a state institution giving consideration to authorities that differ from the prerogative, it is advisable to establish a set of technical rules that clearly regulate and clearly define these authorities, so that restrictions on those forces will be imposed effectively."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tentang pembatasan hak prerogatif presiden dalam pengangkatan pejabat publik khusunya kepala kepolisian negara republik Indonesia dan Panglima TNI. Pembatasan tersebut berupa hak konfirmasi DPR dalam proses pengangkatan pejabat publik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian normatif yuridis dengan pendekatan pendekatan undang-undang (statuta approach). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa meskipun intitusi Polri dan TNI merupakan institusi pelaksana fungsi pemerintahan di bidang pertahanan dan keamanan yang kedudukannya berada dalam ruang lingkup kekuasaan eksekutif yakni di bawah Presiden serta jabatan Kepala Polri dan Panglima TNI merupakan jabatan karir, namun karena kedua institusi tersebut merupakan alat negara bukan alat pemerintahan maka perlu adanya pengawasan dari DPR sebagai lembaga yang merepresentasikan kepentingan rakyat. Pada konteks ini jika semula pengangkatan Kapolri dan TNI merupakan kewenangan mandiri (hak prerogatif) seorang presiden, kini menjadi hak prerogatif dengan pembatasan. Di masa yang akan datang perlu pengaturan secara tegas oleh konstitusi tentang pembatasan hak prerogatif presiden dalam pengangkatan Kapolri dan Panglima TNI. Karena, pembatasan atas hak prerogatif presiden semestinya hanya dapat dilakukan jika secara tegas diatur oleh konstitusi itu sendiri.

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ABSTRACT

This thesis focuses on the study of the restrictions on the Presidential Prerogative in the Appointment of Public Officials especially Chief of the Indonesian National Police and Commander of The Indonesian National Armed Forces. That Restrictions is the right of confirmation of the House of Representatives (DPR) in the process of appointment of public officials. This research is a normative research that use statuta approach. The results of this research is indicate that although the police and military institutions are the implementing agencies of government functions in the field of defense and security whose position is within the scope of executive power under the President, and the Chief of the Indonesian National Police and the Commander of The Indonesian National Armed Forces are career positions, but because these institutions are the state apparatus not government apparatus, so the supervision or control of the Parliament (DPR) as an institution that represents the interests of the people is needed. In this context, the appointment of Chief of the Indonesian National Police and the Commander of The Indonesian National Armed Forces is still prerogative of president but by the restrictions.The reseacher sugests that in the future, there should be regulation expressly by the constitution for the restriction of the presidential prerogative in the appointment of Chief of the Indonesian National Police and the Commander of The Indonesian National Armed Forces. Because, restriction on the prerogative of the president should only be performed if expressly provided by the Constitution itself."

"Beberapa bangunan kadang terlihat memiliki kekuatan diantara bangunan-bangunan di sekitarnya, seperti bangunan-bangunan pemerintahan, bangunan-bangunan bersejarah. Saya ingin menganalisa bagaimana bangunan-bangunan tersebut menyampaikan pengaruhnya kepada manusia sehingga manusia dapat merasakan kekuasannya. Hal ini mungkin dapat dilihat dari penggunaan bentuk-bentuk elemen-elemen yang digunakan, tata letak bangunan di site, tata letak site terhadap bangunan-bangunan atau site lain di sekitarnya, penggunaan warna, dsb.

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Some buildings seem to have a power among the others which surround it, such as government buildings, old buildings which have important history, etc. I would like to analyze how these buildings give effects to us so that we can feel it's Power. Possibly it can be explain by building elements, building position at the site, the influence of site position toward the others site and buildings surrounding it, colour using, etc."