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"The Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare, written at the invitation of the Centre by an independent International Group of Experts, is the result of a three-year effort to examine how extant international law norms apply to this new form of warfare. The Tallinn Manual pays particular attention to the jus ad bellum, the international law governing the resort to force by States as an instrument of their national policy, and the jus in bello, the international law regulating the conduct of armed conflict (also labelled the law of war, the law of armed conflict, or international humanitarian law). Related bodies of international law, such as the law of State responsibility and the law of the sea, are dealt within the context of these topics. The Tallinn Manual is not an official document, but instead an expression of opinions of a group of independent experts acting solely in their personal capacity. It does not represent the views of the Centre, our Sponsoring Nations, or NATO. It is also not meant to reflect NATO doctrine. Nor does it reflect the position of any organization or State represented by observers."

"Pada zaman sekarang, teknologi terus berkembang agar dapat membantu manusia melakukan kegiatannya sehari-hari. Dengan adanya tekonologi yang dapat membuat informasi menjadi digital, terbuka serta meluas maka masyarakat semakin bergantung pada jaringan dan tekonologi informasi. Tidak hanya pada masyarakat, teknologi informasi sangat diperdaya oleh pemerintahan untuk dapat membangun negaranya. Suatu negara dapat menggunakannya untuk kegiatan militer dan bahkan melakukan aktivitas-aktivitas dengan menggunakan cyber. Suatu cyber operation dapat membantu militer, namun tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa hal ini dapat mempengaruhi keamanan negara. Terdapat kasus-kasus dimana negara menuduh negara lain untuk melakukan cyber operation terhadap negaranya dan telah terbukti memberikan dampak-dampak terhadap infrastruktur negara. Cyber operation dan aktivitas cyber merupakan hal yang baru dan belum terdapat pengaturan khusus yang mengaturnya. Dengan demikian, skripsi ini melihat bagaimana penerapan hukum internasional ( khususnya dari segi jus ad bellum) yang ada pada perkembangan cyber, khususnya terhadap cyber operation. Skripsi ini akan menganalisa tiga kasus yakni kasus pada Estonia (2007), Iran (2010) dan Ukraina (2015).

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In the current era, technology continues to evolve and develop in order to help humans perform its daily activities. With the technology and digital information, it has made the public?s reliability towards them for its lives. Not only the people, information technology is being deceived by the government to be able to build and develop the country. A country can use them for military activities and even perform various activities using cyber. A military cyber operation can be a positive thing, however, it be denied that this could affect the security of the state. There have been cases where a state has been accused by other countries to conduct cyber operations against its country and has likely provide the effects on the country's infrastructure. Cyber operations and cyber activity is new and there are no specific law which govern them. Thus, this thesis seek to see how the current international law (from the perspective of jus ad bellum) applies towards the development of cyber particularly against cyber operation. This thesis will analyze three cases of the case in Estonia (2007), Iran (2010) and Ukraine (2015)."

"Introduction to Cyber-warfare : a multidisciplinary approach, written by experts on the front lines, gives you an insider's look into the world of cyber-warfare through the use of recent case studies. The book examines the issues related to cyber warfare not only from a computer science perspective but from military, sociological, and scientific perspectives as well. You'll learn how cyber-warfare has been performed in the past as well as why various actors rely on this new means of warfare and what steps can be taken to prevent it."

"Introduction to International Environmental Law provides a concise overview of international environmental law and the relations and agreements among nations to facilitate environmental protection. Beginning by exploring the history nature and sources of international environmental law, Professor Koivurova moves on to consider the key principles as well as examining the implementation and effectiveness of international environmental law in practice. It considers how international environmental law has developed away from other branches of international law which are heavily based on state sovereignty, in order to more effectively facilitate environmental protection and concludes by posing questions about the future of the field.Taking a concise, accessible approach throughout and employing case studies drawn from a global range of examples, this book is the ideal first point of entry to the context, principles and issues of this important subject"

"Since the end of the Cold War there has been an explosion of international courts and tribunals that sit apart from domestic legal systems, yet they are often woefully inadequate for their stated purposes. This book explores common problems across these courts, and applies a constructivist theory of international relations to explain their operation. Often established by states as signals of their commitment to moral values and political ideology, once created these courts find themselves trapped between the interests of the Great Powers. Some endure irrelevance, their judgements ignored. Yet more are unusably slow. Still others exhibit demonstrable political bias. Their common failings suggest that international law is not nearly as robust as it claims. The author skilfully shows that international courts are a species of international organisation, and share the same challenges of bureaucracy and unaccountability as have plagued the United Nations. Mirages of International Justice will be of particular interest to scholars and practitioners interested in critiques of the European Court of Human Rights, the World Trade Organisation, investment treaty arbitration, the EU courts, the international criminal courts, the International Court of Justice and public international law in general. Students of international relations and advocates for reform of international organisations will also learn much from this insightful study"

"This timely Research Handbook contains an analysis by leading scholars and practitioners of various legal questions concerning cyberspace and cyber activities. Comprehensive and thorough, it succeeds in mapping out the range of international rules that apply to cyberspace and to specific cyber activities, assesses their regulatory efficacy and offers insightful suggestions, where necessary, for revised standards. Contributors examine the application of fundamental international law principles to cyberspace such as the principle of sovereignty, jurisdiction, state responsibility, individual criminal responsibility, human rights and intellectual property rights. They explore the application of international rules to cyber terrorism, cyber espionage, cyber crime, cyber attacks and to cyber war. They deal with the meaning of cyber operations, the ethics of cyber operations as well as with cyber deterrence. Finally, they comment on the cyber security policies of international and regional institutions such as those of the United Nations, the European Union, NATO and of Asian-Pacific institutions. This Research Handbook will benefit scholars in the fields of international law, international relations, public and private law. Researchers will find the suggested future research avenues in this field invaluable whilst policy-makers and practitioners will gain fresh insights into topical issues concerning the regulation of cyberspace and of cyber activities."

"In Cyber Crime: All That Matters, Peter Warren and Michael Streeter outline the history, scale and importance of cyber crime. In particular they show how cyber crime, cyber espionage and cyber warfare now pose a major threat to society."