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"Praktek klinik lanjut selama praktek residensi keperawatan pada sistem imunologi dimaksudkan untuk mampu memberikan asuhan keperawatan, menerapkan Evidence Based Nursing (EBN) serta mampu berperan sebagai inovator di ruang perawatan. Residen melakukan asuhan keperawatan dengan kasus kelolaan utama menggunakan pendekatan teori adaptasi Roy dan 30 kasus resume menggunakan pendekatan teori Bandura. Dari hasil kasus kelolaan utama, diagnosa keperawatan utama yang muncul adalah defisit nutrisi sehingga intervensi utama keperawatan fokus pada manajemen nutrisi. Dari kasus resume masalah keperawatan yang paling banyak ditemukan yaitu ketidakpatuhan pengobatan. Intervensi keperawatan dukungan kepatuhan program pengobatan ditujukkan untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan pengobatan. Selain itu, intervensi yang dilakukan adalah melakukan proyek inovasi keperawatan berupa penerapan konseling pengobatan ART terstruktur dalam meningkatkan kepercayaan diri perawat serta kepatuhan pengobatan pasien. Evidence Based Nursing yang telag dilakukan residen adalah melakukan uji validitas dan reliabilitas PHQ-9 untuk skrining depresi yang menunjukkan bahwa PHQ-9 valid dan reliabel dalam mendeteksi depresi pada pasien dengan HIV.

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Advanced clinical practice during nursing residency practice in the immunology system is intended to be able to provide nursing care, implement Evidence Based Nursing (EBN) and as an innovator. Resident conducts nursing care with main cases using Roy's adaptation theory approach and 30 cases resumes using Bandura theory approach. From the results of the main case, the main nursing diagnosis was nutritional deficit so nursing interventions focused on nutritional management. From the case of resume, the most common nursing problem found was non-adherence. Nursing interventions is adherence support are aimed to improve treatment adherence. In addition, the nursing intervention was innovation project structured ART treatment counseling to increase nurse confidence and patient treatment compliance. Evidence Based Nursing that has been done by residents is to test the validity and reliability of PHQ-9 for depression screening which shows that PHQ-9 is valid and reliable in detecting depression in patients with HIV."

"Immunotoxicology is a highly specialized discipline that addresses potential adverse effects on the immune system, including immunosuppression, immunogenicity, hypersensitivity and other immune system functional disorders. A broad spectrum of xenobiotics, including agents present in our environment as well as pharmaceutical molecules may adversely affect the immune system."

"Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is believed to lead to an increased susceptibility to infection, or cause impaired immunity. Infection, occurring with malnutrition, is a major cause of morbidity in all age groups and is responsible for two-thirds of all death under 5 yr of age in developing countries. Many cells of the immune system are known to depend for their function on metabolic pathways that employ various nutrients as critical factors. The most consistent changes in immune competence in PEM are in cell-mediated immunity, the bactericidal function of neutrophils, the complement system, the secretory immunoglobin A, and antibody response."

"Eksperimen ini bertujuan untuk mereplikasi efek audiens (audience effect) dengan perspektif pemahaman evaluasi (evaluation apprehension). Empat puluh mahasiswa tingkat sarjana dari The University of Queensland terlibat sebagai partisipan dalam eksperimen ini. Studi ini menggunakan desain eksperimen independent group untuk mengukur kehadiran orang lain dalam dua kondisi: tanpa audiens dan dengan audiens. Pertama, kinerja tugas partisipan diukur dari kemampuan partisipan menyelesaikan 15 persamaan matematika sulit. Kedua, evaluation apprehension diukur dengan menggunakan survei pasca-eksperimen untuk melihat apakah partisipan merasa dievaluasi saat melakukan tugas. Hasil eksperimen ini menunjukkan bahwa partisipan dalam kondisi dengan audiens memiliki performa yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kondisi tanpa audiens. Namun, tidak ada perbedaan signifikan pada evaluation apprehension antara dua kondisi. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa hambatan sosial atau social inhibition (tugas sulit yang berkinerja lebih buruk dengan kehadiran penonton) terjadi dalam eksperimen ini; namun, apakah hal ini terjadi karena evaluation apprehension tidak dapat ditentukan.

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The study conducted a replication of audience effects from the evaluation apprehension perspective. Forty undergraduate students from the University of Queensland participated in the study. This study used an independent group experiment to investigate the presence of an audience in two conditions: audience and no audience condition. Participants’ performance assessed by involving fifteen mathematical equations. Evaluation apprehension level was measured by asking whether the participants feel evaluated while performing the task. The result of this study showed that the presence of an audience could lower performance compared to no audience. Furthermore, the study found no difference between levels of evaluation apprehension from both conditions. This implied the study found the social inhibition mechanism, in which a difficult task elicits an incorrect dominant response that could result in worse performance. However, the evaluation apprehension aspect in the study found to be undetermined."

"Latar Belakang: Respons imun berperan pada kerentanan pasien talasemia terhadap infeksi. Defisiensi seng pada talasemia akan memperburuk respons imun. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui profil respons imun pasien talasemia mayor dan pengaruh suplementasi seng dan imunisasi pneumokokus pada respons imun pasien talasemia pasca-splenektomi.Metode: Penelitian dilakukan di Pusat Thalassemia RSCM, Jakarta pada September 2013 ? Februari 2014. Studi observasi dengan metode belah lintang komparatif pada talasemia mayor sehat usia > 12 tahun dan HIV negatif non- dan pasca-splenektomi mendahului studi intervensi dengan metode randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial pada talasemia pasca-splenektomi yang dialokasikan menjadi kelompok seng 1,5 mg/kg/hr maksimum 50 mg, atau plasebo. Dua jenis imunisasi pneumokokus diberikan untuk menguji fungsi limfosit T. Luaran yang diukur adalah respons imun non-spesifik (jumlah dan fagositosis neutrofil) dan respons imun spesifik (kuantitatif dan kualitatif). Respons imun spesifik kualitatif mengukur produksi IgG pneumokokus, IL-2 dan TNF-α pasca pajanan PHA.Hasil Penelitian: Median fagositosis neutrofil kelompok pasca-splenektomi 29,79 (4 sampai 81)% dan kelompok non-splenektomi 55,83 (2 sampai 133)% (p < 0,001). Kelompok pasca-splenektomi mempunyai jumlah netrofil, limfosit total, jumlah limfosit T, jumlah limfosit T CD4+ dan CD8+ yang lebih tinggi dibanding kelompok non- splenektomi. Tidak ada perbedaan respons imun spesifik kualitatif yang bermakna di antara pasien talasemia mayor. Setelah intervensi, hanya 18 dari 28 subjek kadar seng serum kelompok seng yang menjadi normal. Walaupun fagositositosis neutrofil hanya berubah dari 31,36 (4 sampai 81)% menjadi 30,44 (3 sampai 72)% (p = 0,554), namun terdapat kecenderungan perbaikan fagositosis neutrofil pada kelompok seng. Parameter respons imun lainnya tidak menunjukkan perubahan antara kelompok seng dan plasebo selama penelitian 12 minggu (p > 0,05).Simpulan: Terdapat perbedaan respons imun antara pasien talasemia pasca-splenektomi dan non-splenektomi. Belum dapat dibuktikan pengaruh suplementasi seng pada hampir semua parameter respons imun pasien talasemia mayor pasca-splenektomi. Seng mungkin dapat direkomendasikan sebagai suplementasi, tetapi perlu penelitian lanjutan mengenai dosis dan lama pemberian yang tepat untuk perbaikan respons imun pasien talasemia mayor pasca-splenektomi.

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Introduction: Immune response plays a role in increasing thalassemia patient?s susceptibility to infections. Zinc deficiency in thalassemia patients will alter immune response. The aim of this study is to evaluate immune response of thalassemia major and zinc supplementation effects on immune response quality of post-splenectomy thalassemia major.

Methods: This study was conducted at Thalassaemia Centre, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta on September 2013 ? February 2014. An observational study using comparative cross-sectional method was done in healthy non- and post-splenectomy thalassemia major aged > 12 year and HIV negative. Then, it was followed by an interventional study using randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial, on post- splenectomy subjects, which were assigned to receive 1.5 mg/kg/d maximum 50 mg/d zinc or placebo. Moreover, 2 type of immunization were also administered in order to assess T lymphocyte function. The outcomes were non-specific (neutrophil count and phagocytosis) and specific immune response (quantitave and qualitative). Qualitative specific immune response measured by detecting IgG pneumococcal, IL-2 and TNF-α after PHA exposure.

Results: Median of neutrophil phagocytosis on post-splenectomy and non-splenectomy were 29.79 (4 to 81)% and 55.83 (2 to 133)% (p < 0.001). Post-splenectomy subjects have higher neutrophil count, total lymphocyte count, lymphocyte T count, lymphocyte T CD4+ and CD8+ than non-splenectomy. There is no significant difference on qualitative specific immune response among thalassemia major. Following the intervention, only 18 out of 28 subjects of zinc group had normal plasma zinc. There was a trend of neutrophil phagocytosis improvement on zinc group despite a little shifting on those value, from 31.36 (range 4 to 81)% to 30.44 (3 to 72)% (p = 0.554). Other immune response parameters showed no different changes between two groups after 12 weeks supplementation (p > 0.05).

Conclusions: There were significant differences on immune response of post- splenectomy and non-splenectomy patients. The significant changes on almost all of immune response parameter after zinc supplementation have not been proved yet. Addition of zinc supplementation may be recommended, but it need further study to evaluate the dose and duration of supplementation to improve immune response in splenectomised thalassemia major patients."

"Kanker serviks adalah salah satu penyebab kematian yang besar di dunia. Sehingga penelitian untuk menemukan terapi sebagai alternatif untuk obat-obatan sitotoksik terus dikembangkan. Hal ini karena, obat-obatan sitotoksik konvensional memiliki efek samping seperti; malnutrisi, gejala mual, penurunan daya tahan, dan lainya. Citronellol telah dilaporkan dapat menginduksi apoptosis pada sel kanker darah dan sel kanker payudara dengan menginduksi caspase-3. Citronellol juga telah dilaporkan memiliki potensi anti-bakteri, anti-oksidan, anti-inflamasi dan kemampuan untuk meningkatkan imun dari pasien kanker. Untuk menguji potensi Citronellol digunakan sel HeLa yang merupakan cell line kanker serviks yang memiliki sifat kuat, immortal, dan mudah dipropagasi dalam lab. Konsentrasi Citronellol yang digunakan adalah 10 µg/mL, 25 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL, dan 100 µg/mL. Untuk menguji potensi Citronellol terhadap viabilitas dan ultrastruktur sel HeLa digunakan uji Trypan Blue untuk melihat jumlah sel hidup dan mati, Scepter™ 3.0 cell counter untuk membandingkan rata-rata ukuran diameter sel dan melihat ultrastruktur sel dengan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Viabilitas sel HeLa diketahui semakin menurun seiring semakin tinggi konsentrasi Citronellol. Hal ini dibuktikan dari semakin sedikit jumlah sel yang hidup ketika konsentrasi Citronellol semakin tinggi pada uji Trypan Blue. Pada pengujian dengan Scepter™ 3.0 cell counter diameter sel makin mengecil ketika konsentrasi Citronellol semakin tinggiHasil uji statistik ANOVA menunjukkan penurunan viabilitas pada uji Trypan Blue memiliki nilai yang signifikan namun, pengujian dengan Scepter™ 3.0 cell counter memiliki nilai yang tidak signifikan. Hasil pengamatan dengan SEM, sel HeLa terlihat memiliki karakteristik sel yang sedang berada di fase apoptosis ketika sel diberi Citronellol.

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Cervical cancer is one of the major causes of death in the world. Therefore, research is conducted trying to find alternative therapies. Reason for further research is due to the many side effects caused by conventional cytotoxic drugs used in those conventional therapy such as; such as; malnutrition, symptoms of nausea, decreasing immunity and more. Citronellol has been reported to induce apoptosis in blood cancer cells and breast cancer cells by inducing caspase-3. Citronellol has also been reported to have potential anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immune-boosting abilities in cancer patients. In order to test the potential of Citronellol HeLa cells are used due to it being a cervical cancer cell and with characteristics like; strong, immortal and easily propagated in the lab. The amount of Citronellol used are 10 µg/mL, 25 µg/mL, 50 µg/mL, dan 100 µg/mL. In order to test the potential of Citronellol on the viability and ultrastructure of HeLa cells, the Trypan Blue test was used to see the number of live and dead cells, the Scepter™ 3.0 cell counter to compare the average cell diameter sizes and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is used to see the cell ultrastructure. HeLa cell viability is known to decrease as the concentration of Citronellol increases. In the Trypan Blue test this is evident shown by the fewer number of viable cells as the concentration of Citronellol is higher. In the test with Scepter ™ 3.0 cell counter, the diameter of the cell gets smaller as the concentration of Citronellol got higher. The results of ANOVA statistical test, the decrease in viability in the Trypan Blue test had a significant value, but not with the Scepter™ 3.0 cell counter SEM pictures showed HeLa cells with characteristics of cells undergoing apoptosis when given Citronellol."

"Salah satu zat pencemar yang cukup banyak dihasilkan oleh kegiatan antropogenik adalah partikulat (Particulate Matter/PM). Pencemar partikulat apabila terhirup dalam jumlah banyak dalam waktu yang lama dapat menyebabkan kerusakan fungsi organ pernapasan. Faktor penting yang mempengaruhi konsentrasi partikulat yakni partikulat sumber emisi domestik, sumber emisi eksternal dan kondisi meteorologi seperti suhu, kelembaban relatif, arah dan kecepatan angin. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendesain sistem pemantauan digital PM10 dan PM2.5 berbasis IoT yang terintegrasi dengan parameter suhu, kelembaban, arah dan kecepatan angin. Desain sistem ini terdiri dari perangkat keras sensor partikulat ZH03A, sensor suhu dan kelembabab SHT11, dan sensor kecepatan dan aran angin JL-FS2. Data diproses pada mikrokontroler berbasis ATMega2560 dan kemudian dikirim ke server menggunakan internet sehingga dapat ditampilkan di situs web secara real time. Setiap sensor dilakukan proses kalibrasi dan komparasi dengan alat standar dimana hasil yang didapatkan memiliki nilai koreksi sesuai standar dan dilakukan proses regresi linier agar data yang dihasilkan akurat. Pengukuran PM10 dan PM2.5 telah dilakukan di lima titik pengamatan daerah Jabodetabek dalam rentang waktu yang berbeda beda. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan dari lima titk pengamatan data PM10 dan PM2.5 memiliki hubungan dengan data suhu dan kelembaban dimana termasuk dalam korelasi sedang dimana korelasi rata rata didapat yaitu sebesar 0,5. Pengolahan data Arah dan Kecepatan Angin dengan data PM10 dan PM2.5 diolah menggunakan WindRose dan PollutantRosemenunjukkan bahwa sebaran polusi di udara serta dipengaruhi oleh topografi dan permukaan bangunan.

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One of the pollutants that is quite a lot produced by anthropogenic activities is Particulate (PM). These activities will produce particulates that have an impact on the decline in air quality in an area. The distribution of PM in the air is influenced by the condition of pollutant sources and by the physical and chemical processes of these pollutants in the atmosphere. This pollutant will be carried by the wind and will accumulate at the destination of the wind direction. Particulate pollutants if inhaled in large quantities for a long time can cause damage to respiratory organ function. Important factors that influence particulate concentrations are domestic emission sources, external emission sources and meteorological conditions such as temperature, relative humidity, wind direction and speed. This study aims to design an IoT-based PM10 and PM2.5 digital monitoring system that is integrated with temperature, humidity, direction and wind speed parameters. The design of this system consists of ZH03A particulate sensor hardware, SHT11 temperature and humidity sensor, and JLFS2 wind speed and flow sensor. Data is processed on an ATMega2560-based microcontroller and then sent to the server using the internet so that it can be displayed on the website in real time. This device will be tested by calibration and comparison methods with standard and operational tools. With this air quality monitoring tool can be an alternative for monitoring air quality and analyzing the influence of meteorological factors on the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 particulates in the city of Depok."