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"[Indonesia adalah negara yang berdasar atas hukum, kehadiran pengadilan menjadi syarat penting bagi tegaknya negara hukum. Pasca perubahan UUD 1945 Indonesia telah memilih membagi kekuasaan kehakiman dilaksanakan oleh Mahkamah Agung dan Mahkamah Konstitusi dengan salah satu kewenangannya menguji undang-undang terhadap UUD, Mahkamah Konstitusi sebagai The Guardian of The Constitution mempunyai peran tersendiri dalam pembentukan budaya konstitusi di Indonesia. Komitmen terhadap konstitusionalisme merupakan suatu budaya konstitusi yang juga akan mendinamisasi konstitusi itu sendiri. Komitmen terhadap UUD 1945 sebagai pembatasan terhadap kekuasaan- kekuasaan yang ada dalam negara dan jaminan perlindungan terhadap hak-hak konstitusional yang harus dilindungi oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam melaksanakan kewenangannya menguji undang-undang akan memperjelas konstitusionalisme di Indonesia. Pembahasan budaya konstitusi dalam tulisan ini difokuskan pada pengertian budaya konstitusi yang akan mempengaruhi pelaksanaan suatu konstitusi dalam praktek oleh ’’institusi formal negara” terutama dalam hubungannya dengan warga negara. Metode penelitian yang penulis gunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah metode penelitian yuridis normatif, yakni penelitian hukum yang dilakukan dengan cara meneliti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder belaka, disamping itu penelitian ini dilengkapi dengan studi historis dan studi perbandingan. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, diketahui bahwa Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam melaksanakan tugasnya menguji undang- undang terhadap UUD 1945 telah menggunakan berbagai metode penafsiran konstitusi, yang ditujukan untuk menegakan hukum dan keadilan sebagaimana diamanatkan UUD 1945, keadilan dimaksud diterjemahkan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi sebagai keadilan substantif. Berdasarkan beberapa putusannya nampak bahwa penafsiran konstitusi yang dilakukan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi telah memperluas beberapa pengertian yang ada dalam UUD 1945, budaya konstitusi yang nampak berdasarkan beberapa putusan pengujian undang-undang terhadap UUD 1945 mengarah pada dilakukannnya judicial activism oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi. Kehadiran Mahkamah Konstitusi diharapkan melengkapi sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia, sesuai dengan fungsi dan kedudukannya dan dapat memotivasi kineija lembaga negara lain, dalam hal ini pembentuk undang-undang agar dapat menghasilkan produk hukum yang lebih baik dan tidak bertentangan dengan UUD 1945.;The existence of court in Indonesia as the modern rule of law state, becomes important as requisite for the rule of law principle. After the amendment of the Constitution Indonesia has chosen to share judicial power held by the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court with the authority to judicial review of legislation act against the Constitution, the Constitutional Court as Guardian of the Constitution has its own role in establishing constitutional culture in Indonesia. Commitment to constitutionalism is a distinctive constitutional culture which will also develop the constitution itself Commitment to UUD 1945 as the limitation to the powers that exist in the country and guarantee the protection of constitutional rights that must be protected by the Constitutional Court with the authority to review as the implementation of Indonesia constitutionalism. Constitutional culture discuss in this paper is focused on understanding constitutional culture which will affect the implementation of the constitution in practice by the "the formal institutions of the state ", especially in relation to the citizenry. The method used in this research is a juridical-normative research methods, i.e., legal research are done by secondary data Legal materials used in this study. It consisted of primary legal materials, secondary and tertiary legal materials, with completed with a study of historical and comparative study. Based on the research, it is known that the Constitutional Court in judicial review the legislation to the constitution has used various methods of Constitutional interpretation to uphold the law and substantive justice. From some of the decision appears that the constitutional interpretation made by the Constitutional Court is expanding the existing notions of UUD 1945, the Constitutional Court leads to judicial activism. The presence of the Constitutional Court is expected to complement the government system of Indonesia, in accordance with the function can motivate the performance of other state institutions, in this case is the legislator in order to establish better legislation and not contradict with UUD 1945.;The existence of court in Indonesia as the modern rule of law state, becomes important as requisite for the rule of law principle. After the amendment of the Constitution Indonesia has chosen to share judicial power held by the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court with the authority to judicial review of legislation act against the Constitution, the Constitutional Court as Guardian of the Constitution has its own role in establishing constitutional culture in Indonesia. Commitment to constitutionalism is a distinctive constitutional culture which will also develop the constitution itself Commitment to UUD 1945 as the limitation to the powers that exist in the country and guarantee the protection of constitutional rights that must be protected by the Constitutional Court with the authority to review as the implementation of Indonesia constitutionalism. Constitutional culture discuss in this paper is focused on understanding constitutional culture which will affect the implementation of the constitution in practice by the "the formal institutions of the state ", especially in relation to the citizenry. The method used in this research is a juridical-normative research methods, i.e., legal research are done by secondary data Legal materials used in this study. It consisted of primary legal materials, secondary and tertiary legal materials, with completed with a study of historical and comparative study. Based on the research, it is known that the Constitutional Court in judicial review the legislation to the constitution has used various methods of Constitutional interpretation to uphold the law and substantive justice. From some of the decision appears that the constitutional interpretation made by the Constitutional Court is expanding the existing notions of UUD 1945, the Constitutional Court leads to judicial activism. The presence of the Constitutional Court is expected to complement the government system of Indonesia, in accordance with the function can motivate the performance of other state institutions, in this case is the legislator in order to establish better legislation and not contradict with UUD 1945., The existence of court in Indonesia as the modern rule of law state, becomes important as requisite for the rule of law principle. After the amendment of the Constitution Indonesia has chosen to share judicial power held by the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court with the authority to judicial review of legislation act against the Constitution, the Constitutional Court as Guardian of the Constitution has its own role in establishing constitutional culture in Indonesia. Commitment to constitutionalism is a distinctive constitutional culture which will also develop the constitution itself Commitment to UUD 1945 as the limitation to the powers that exist in the country and guarantee the protection of constitutional rights that must be protected by the Constitutional Court with the authority to review as the implementation of Indonesia constitutionalism. Constitutional culture discuss in this paper is focused on understanding constitutional culture which will affect the implementation of the constitution in practice by the "the formal institutions of the state ", especially in relation to the citizenry. The method used in this research is a juridical-normative research methods, i.e., legal research are done by secondary data Legal materials used in this study. It consisted of primary legal materials, secondary and tertiary legal materials, with completed with a study of historical and comparative study. Based on the research, it is known that the Constitutional Court in judicial review the legislation to the constitution has used various methods of Constitutional interpretation to uphold the law and substantive justice. From some of the decision appears that the constitutional interpretation made by the Constitutional Court is expanding the existing notions of UUD 1945, the Constitutional Court leads to judicial activism. The presence of the Constitutional Court is expected to complement the government system of Indonesia, in accordance with the function can motivate the performance of other state institutions, in this case is the legislator in order to establish better legislation and not contradict with UUD 1945.]"

"Judicial review on law on establishment of new provinces and municipal governments in Papua, Indonesia."

"Pembentukan Mahkamah Konstitusi sebagai Lembaga Peradilan pasca reformasi nyatanya memberikan angin segar bagi para pihak yang ingin berperkara. Salah satu kewenangan yang dimiliki oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi yang diberikan pada Pasal 24C ayat (1) yaitu memutus perselisihan tentang hasil pemilihan umum. Melalui kewenangan tersebut banyak gugatan perselisihan hasil pemilu diajukan ke Mahkamah Konstitusi. Dalil-dalil yang disampaikan beragam yaitu gugatan secara kualitatif atau gugatan kuantitatif namun, timbul perdebatan bahwa sejauh mana Mahkamah Konstitusi dapat mengadili perkara PHPU berdasarkan 2 (dua) pendekatan tersebut. Tesis ini hendak menjawab permasalahan yaitu mengenai macam-macam putusan MK dalam menangani perkara PHPU dan desain yang ideal agar tercapai nilai keadilan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode yuridis normatif. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa melihat beberapa putusan PHPU, Mahkamah Konstitusi memutus suatu perkara berbeda-beda dengan amar putusan yang melampaui dari ketentuan jenis putusan di UU Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi. Formulasi desain yang ditawarkan adalah alat kelengkapan penyelesaian PHP Kada hendaknya juga terdapat di PHPU Presiden dan Wakil Presiden. Pertimbangan estimasi waktu penyelesaian agar dapat diselaraskan mengingat kesamaan urgensi kekosongan Pemerintahan.

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The establishment of the Constitutional Court as a judicial institution after the reformation has in fact provided fresh air for parties who wish to litigate. One of the powers that the Constitutional Court has granted in Article 24C paragraph (1) is to decide on disputes over the results of general elections. Through this authority, many disputes over election results are submitted to the Constitutional Court. The arguments presented are various, namely qualitative or quantitative claims, however, there is a debate as to the extent to which the Constitutional Court can judge PHPU cases based on these 2 (two) approaches. This thesis intends to answer the problem, namely regarding the kinds of Constitutional Court decisions in handling PHPU cases and the ideal design to achieve the value of justice. The method used in this research is normative juridical method. The results showed that looking at several PHPU decisions, the Constitutional Court decided a case that was different from the verdict that exceeded the provisions of the type of decision in Law Number 24 of 2009 concerning the Constitutional Court. The design formulation offered is that the completion tool for PHPUD should also be available at the PHPU President and Vice President. Consideration of the estimated completion time so that it can be harmonized given the similarity of urgency for the absence of Government."

"Di dalam usianya yang ke-2, MK telah mengalami perkembangan yang naik turun. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari materi dan pertimbangan dalam putusan yang dikeluarkan oleh MK. Ada beberapa umpan plus yang menggembirakan tetapi ada pula minus yang mengkhawatirkan banyak pihak bahwa MK tidak lagi sebagai pengawal konstitusi. "

"Tidak seperti negara islam atau mayoritas berpenduduk muslim lain, konstitusi negara Indonesia tidak menyebutkan kata"syariah" sebagai sumber penyesunan Peraturan perundang-undangan. Meskipun begitu, beberapa aspek hukum Islam telah dimasukkan ke dalam sistem hukum nasional Indonesia. Hukum Islam versi negara ini sering mendapatkan tantangan dari umat Islam di Indonesia bahkan sejak pengundangannya pertama kali di era 1970-an. Apa yang terjadi ketika negara seperti Indonesia harus memutuskan perselisihan terkait tafsiran hukum Islam mana yang valid di Indonesia? Tulisan ini akan menganalisa metode dan argumen yang dipakai para Hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam menengahi perbedaan penafsiran hukum Islam antara umat Islam dan pemerintah terkait pada tataran apa hukum Islam seharusnya diakui, diaplikasikan, dan ditegakkan oleh negara Indonesia? Apakah pendekatan yang digunakan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam menyelesaikan sengketa konstitutionalitas peraturan perundang-undangan (PUU) khususnya terkait hukum Islam masih dalam batasan teori hukum Islam? Tulisan ini berpendapat bahwa Mahkamah Konstitusi menyatakan diri sebagai otoritas hukum dalam menafsirkan konstitusi, dan oleh karena itu berkuasa untuk menafsirkan dan membatasi hukum islam di Indonesia berdasarkan konstitiusi. Akan tetapi, hakim mahkamah konstitusi tetap menggunakan argumen dalam hukum islam ketika memutuskan sengketa PUU tersebut. Berdasarkan hal ini, putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi masuk ke dalam kategori siyasa shar`iyya, sehingga"

"Dalam penelitian ini, penulis akan membahas mengenai Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019 yang dibelakangi oleh adanya permohonan uji materil atas ketentuan Pasal 15 ayat (2) dan (3) Undang-Undang No. 42 Tahun 1999 tentang Jaminan Fidusia, yang mengatur mengenai kekuatan eksekutorial atas Sertifikat Jaminan Fidusia serta hak parate eksekusi yang dimiliki Penerima Fidusia. Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019 telah mengabulkan permohonan uji materil untuk sebagian dan menyatakan bahwa ketentuan Pasal 15 ayat (2) dan (3) tidak mengikat apabila tidak ada kesepakatan tentang cidera janji (wanprestasi) dan debitur keberatan menyerahkan secara sukarela objek jaminan Fidusia sehingga eksekusi harus dilakukan dan berlaku sama dengan pelaksanaan eksekusi putusan pengadilan yang telah berkekuatan hukum tetap, serta cidera janji (wanprestasi) tidak ditentukan secara sepihak oleh kreditur namun harus berdasarkan kesepakatan debitur dan kreditur atau adanya upaya hukum yang menentukan telah terjadi cidera janji (wanprestasi). Penelitian ini akan berfokus kepada pengaturan mengenai pelaksanaan hak parate eksekusi yang melekat dalam setiap bentuk jaminan kebendaan dan implikasi/dampak dari terbitnya Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019 terhadap pelaksanaan eksekusi jaminan Fidusia. Untuk dapat menjelaskan permasalahan pokok dari penelitian ini maka dipergunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, yang menekankan kepada penggunaan norma-norma hukum secara tertulis yaitu norma peraturan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan kasus (case approach) berdasarkan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019. Berdasarkan analisis diketahui bahwa Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019 telah menimbulkan beberapa dampak seperti hilangnya hak khusus yang dimiliki jaminan Fidusia, hilangnya kepercayaan kreditur untuk menyalurkan kredit, adanya potensi biaya eksekusi yang besar, timbulnya kemungkinan adanya itikad tidak baik dari debitur, Pengadilan Negeri akan terbebani dengan banyaknya permohonan gugatan wanprestasi yang diajukan, dan menjadi tidak berlakunya Peraturan Kepala Polisi Republik Indonesia No. 8 Tahun 2011 tentang Pengamanan Eksekusi Jaminan Fidusia.

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In this research, the author will discuss the Constitutional Court Decision No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019 based on the request for a judicial review of the provision of Article 15 paragraph (2) and (3) of Law No. 42 of 1999 on Fiduciary Guaranty, which regulates the executorial power of the Fiduciary Guaranty Certificate and parate execution right owned by the Fiduciary Recipient. Constitutional Court Decision No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019 has granted a partial judicial review request and stated that the provision of Article 15 paragraph (2) and (3) are not binding if there is no agreement on breach of contract (default) and the debtor refuse to voluntary hand over the object of Fiduciary Guaranty, therefore the execution shall be carried out and apply the same as the execution of court decision which already obtain a permanent legal force, and also a breach of contract (default) shall not be determined unilaterally by the creditor but must be based on the agreement of the debtor ad creditor or there is a legal remedy which determines that there has been a breach of contract (default). This study will focus on the regulation regarding the implementation of the parate execution rights in every form of secured transaction and the implications/impacts of the issuance of the Constitutional Court Decision No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019 on the execution of Fiduciary Guaranty. To be able to explain the main problems of this research, a normative judicial research method is used, which emphasizes the use of written legal norms, namely the statute approach and the case approach based on Constitutional Court Decision No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019. Based on the analysis, it is known that the Constitutional Court Decision No. 18/PUU-XVII/2019 has caused several impacts such as the loss of special rights held by Fiduciary Guaranty, namely the loss of creditor trust to give credits, the potential for large execution costs, the possibility of bad faith from the debtor, the District Court will be burdened with many lawsuit filled for default, and the Regulation of the Chief of Police of the Republic of Indonesia No. 8 of 2011 on the Safeguarding of the Execution of Fiduciary Guarantee."

"Kewenangan pengujian konstitusionalitas Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia bersumber dari atribusi Pasal 24C ayat (1) UUD NRI Tahun 1945. Pengaturan dalam Konstitusi tersebut hanya menyebutkan Mahkamah Konstitusi berwenang mengadili pada tingkat pertama dan terakhir yang putusannya bersifat final untuk menguji undang-undang terhadap Undang-undang Dasar. Menurut teori hukum administrasi negara, penerima atribusi dapat menciptakan wewenang baru atau memperluas wewenang yang sudah ada. Pada praktiknya Mahkamah Konstitusi menafsirkan sendiri jangkauan kewenangannya dalam pengujian konstitusionalitas melalui setiap Putusannya. Selain kewenangan sebagai negative legislator, Mahkamah Konstitusi juga berwenang sebagai positive legislator, bahkan memperluas obyek pengujiannya. Pengaturan dalam Undang-undang Mahkamah Konstitusi sebagai peraturan pelaksana dari Pasal 24 C ayat (1) UUD NRI Tahun 1945 yang membatasi kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi sebatas negative legislator dan membatasi obyek pengujian konstitusionalitas menjadi tidak serta merta mengikat bagi Mahkamah Konstitusi. Dalam praktik pengujian konstitusionalitas dewasa ini, perluasan kewenangan peradilan konstitusi dari sebatas negative legislator menjadi positive legislator dan perluasan obyek pengujian menjadi kecenderungan yang umum terjadi diberbagai negara. Perluasan kewenangan peradilan konstitusi memiliki kecenderungan dapat mengambil alih fungsi legislatif dari pembentuk undang-undang. Keadaan ini disebut pathology pengujian konstitusional. Oleh karena itu dilakukan penelitian secara yuridis normatif untuk mengetahui bagaimanakah pengujian konstitusionalitas yang masih menjadi kewenangan peradilan konstitusi. Hasil penelitian berupa konsep pengujian konstitusional yang masih menjadi kewenangan peradilan konstitusi, akan digunakan untuk menganalisa praktik pengujian konstitusional yang dilakukan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi di Indonesia. Pengujian konstitusionalitas yang dilaksanakan oleh Peradilan konstitusi dinyatakan masih dalam lingkup kewenangannya apabila memenuhi empat kriteria yaitu: 1).Melalui Proses Peradilan; 2). Secara Umum Berperan Sebagai Negative Legislator; 3). Dalam Keadaan Tertentu dan Batasan Materi Tertentu Sebagai Positive Legislator; dan 4). Materi muatan norma yang termasuk dalam kategori doktrin political question bukan Obyek Pengujian Konstitusionalitas. Praktik pengujian konstitusionalitas yang dilakukan Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia ada yang memenuhi empat kriteria tersebut sehingga masih berada dalam lingkup kewenangan peradilan konstitusi. Namun ada pula putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi yang tidak memenuhi empat kriteria kewenangan pengujian konstitusionalitas peradilan konstitusi. Putusan yang demikian memposisikan Mahkamah Konstitusi melampaui kewenangan peradilan konstitusi, sehingga memiliki kecenderungan untuk menjadi pathology karena mengambil alih fungsi legislatif dari pembentuk undang-undang.

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The jurisdiction of the constitutional judicial review of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia came from the attribution of Article 24C paragraph (1) NRI Constitution of 1945. The setting in the Constitution mentions only Constitutional Court jurisdiction to hear at the first and last decision is final, the laws against the Constitution. According to the theory of administrative law, the beneficiary attribution can create new or expand existing jurisdiction. In practice the Constitutional Court to interpret its own range of jurisdiction over the constitutionality through each Decision. In addition to the jurisdiction as negative legislator, the Constitutional Court also authorized as a positive legislator, even extending the test object. The settings in the Law of the Constitutional Court as the implementing regulations of Article 24 C of paragraph (1) NRI Constitution of 1945 which limits the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court and limiting the extent of negative legislator constitutionality object becomes not necessarily binding on the Constitutional Court. In the practice of the constitutional judicial review of today, the expansion of the jurisdiction of the constitutional court be limited from a negative legislator to be a positive legislator and expansion of test objects become a trend that is common in many countries. The expansion of the jurisdiction of a constitutional court may have a tendency to take over the legislative functions of the legislators. This condition is called constitutional pathology testing. Therefore normative juridical research to determine how the constitutional judicial review of which is still under the jurisdiction of a constitutional court.

The results of research in the form of concept constitutional judicial review is still the constitutional jurisdiction of the constitutional court, will be used to analyze the practice of constitutional judicial review carried out by the Constitutional Court in Indonesia. Judicial review carried out by the Constitution Court declared still within the scope of its jurisdiction if it meets four criteria: 1) Through the Judicial Proceedings; 2). In General Role In Negative Legislator; 3). In Specific Circumstances and Limitation of Certain Material For Positive Legislators; and 4). The substance of the norms included in the category of the political question doctrine is not Object Testing Constitutionality. Practice constitutional judicial review conducted Indonesian Constitutional Court there that meet these four criteria so that they are within the scope of jurisdiction of the constitutional court. But there is also a Constitutional Court ruling does not satisfy the four criteria of the jurisdiction of the constitutionality of the constitutional court. The verdict thus positioning the Constitutional Court exceeded the jurisdiction of the constitutional court, so it has a tendency to be a pathology due to take over the legislative functions of the legislators."

"Hukum Acara Mahkamah Konstitusi meliputi materi-materi terkait dengan kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi, kedudukan hukum pemohon, dan proses persidangan mulai dari pengajuan permohonan, pembuktian, hingga pengambilan putusan. Pelaksanaan kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi berdasarkan Pasal 24C UUD 1945 sangat tergantung pada mekanisme prosedur beracara yang diatur dalam UU No. 24 Tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi dan berbagai Peraturan MK mengenai hukum acara. Buku ini membahas proses beracara di Mahkamah Konstitusi secara umum, yang menjelaskan teknik-teknik beracara di Mahkamah Kontitusi mulai dari permohonan hingga putusan serta proses-proses apa saja yang harus dilalui sampai dengan pada tahapan akhir."