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"This book explains the rules for interpretation of treaties and gives examples of their application in national and international jurisdictions. The rules of treaty interpretation codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties now apply to virtually all treaties which may be encountered in an international context and also within national legal systems where treaties have an impact on a large and growing range of matters. The rules of treaty interpretation differ somewhat from typical rules for interpreting legal instruments and legislation within national legal systems. Lawyers, and also some administrators, diplomats, and officials at international organisations, are increasingly likely to encounter issues of treaty interpretation which require not only knowledge of the relevant rules of interpretation, but also how these rules have been, and are to be, applied in practice. Now that the codified rules of treaty interpretation have been in force for some twenty-five years, there is a considerable body of case law on their application. This case law, combined with the history and analysis of the rules of treaty interpretation, provides a basis for understanding this most important task in the application of treaties internationally and within national systems of law. Any lawyer who ever has to consider international matters, and increasingly any lawyer whose work involves domestic legislation with any international connection, is at risk nowadays of encountering a treaty provision which requires interpretation, whether the treaty provision is explicitly in issue or is the source of the relevant domestic legislation. This book provides a guide to interpreting treaties properly in accordance with the modern rules."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas ketentuan State of Necessity dalam Bilateral Investment Treaty ldquo ("BIT") rdquo sebagai dasar bagi para pihak dalam BIT untuk mengesampingkan pelaksanaan tanggung jawab negara atas tindakan pelanggaran kewajiban internasional dalam BIT Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan studi kasus atas sengketa LG&E Energy Corp, LG&E Capital Corp, LG&E International Inc ldquo ("LG&E") rdquo melawan Republik Argentina melalui pendekatan metode yuridis normatif Permasalahan utama dari penerapan State of Necessity dalam kasus tersebut antara lain sifat self judging klausul State of Necessity dalam BIT serta akibat penerapan State of Necessity terhadap keberlakuan BIT dan kewajiban pemberian ganti rugi Hasil pembahasan skripsi ini menyarankan perlunya pengaturan State of Necessity dalam BIT yang disepakati oleh setiap negara termasuk dalam BIT yang disepakati oleh Indonesia untuk menyeimbangkan kewajiban perlindungan investasi dan kepentingan esensial negara.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis explores the provision of State of Necessity in Bilateral Investment Treaty ldquo ("BIT") rdquo as a basis for the Parties to preclude the implementation of state responsibility against its wrongful act violating international obligations of BIT. The analysis will be conducted with regard to the case of LG&E Energy Corp, LG&E Capital Corp, LG&E International Inc ldquo ("LG&E") rdquo against Argentine Republic by using normative legal method The main problems of the implementation of state of necessity in the case are the self judging characteristic of State of Necessity provision in BIT and the consequences of its implementation on the enforceability of BIT and the obligation of reparation The result of this thesis suggest the importance of the regulation of State of Necessity in the BIT including the BIT agreed by Indonesia in order to balance investment protection and the safeguarding of essential interests of the State."

"This new edition of a textbook first published in 2000 provides a comprehensive account of the law of treaties from the viewpoint of an experienced practitioner. As such, it is the first, and only, book of its kind. Aust provides a wealth of examples of the problems experienced with treaties on a daily basis, not just when they are the subject of a court case. He explores numerous precedents from treaties and other related documents, such as memorandums of understanding (MOUs), in detail. Using clear, accessible language, the author covers the full extent of treaty law, drawing examples from both treaties and MOUs. Modern Treaty Law and Practice is essential reading for teachers and students of law, political science, international relations and diplomacy, who have an interest in treaties."

"Perjanjian Internasional merupakan sumber utama hukum internasional. Negara sebagai salah satu subyek hukum internasional dapat mengikatkan diri dan tunduk kepada Perjanjian Internasional. Namun, kedudukan dan cara pemberlakuan perjanjian internasional di dalam suatu negara dapat berbeda satu sama lain. Hal ini dikarenakan dalam mengatur kedudukan perjanjian internasional dalam sistem hukum nasional suatu negara, harus diperhatikan teori manakah yang dianut negara tersebut terkait hubungan hukum internasional dan hukum nasional, apakah monisme atau dualisme. Dari berbagai praktik negara dalam mengatur perjanjian internasional, Amerika Serikat dan Inggris merupakan contoh negara dualis, sementara Belanda merupakan contoh negara monis. Australia dan Tiongkok tidak mengatur jelas kedudukan perjanjian internasional dalam hukum nasionalnya, dan Jerman terlihat mencoba mengkombinasikan kedua teori tersebut. Terkait praktik di Indonesia, perjanjian internasional tidak memiliki kedudukan dan cara pemberlakuan yang jelas, sehingga menimbulkan kebingungan di kalangan praktisi dan para penegak hukum. Kerugian yang timbul akibat ketidakjelasan ini adalah adanya ketidakpastian hukum dan langkah hukum Indonesia yang tidak dapat diprediksi. Skripsi ini merupakan penelitian hukum yang memiliki bentuk yuridis normatif.

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Treaty are the main source of international law. State as one of the subjects of international law can bind itself and subject to the Treaty. However, the position and enforcement of treaty in a state can be different from one another. This is because in regulating the position of international treaties in the national legal system of the state, should be considered which theory espoused by the state related to the relationship of international law and national law, whether monism or dualism. Of the various practices of the state in regulating international treaty, the United States and the United Kingdom are examples of dualist state, while the Netherlands is an example of monist state. Australia and China did not set out clear position of international treaty in their domestic law, and Germany look to try to combine the two theories. Related practices in Indonesia, treaty do not have the clear position and how to enforcement clearly, giving rise to confusion among practitioners and law enforcement. Losses incurred as a result of this vagueness is legal uncertainty and Indonesian legal steps that can not be predicted. This thesis is a study of law has normative juridical form."