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"This volume mainly contains information on the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of brain tumors. Insights on the understanding of molecular pathways involved in tumor biology are explained, which should lead to the development of effective drugs. Information on pathways (e.g., hedgehog) facilitates targeted therapies in cancer. Tumor models are also presented, which utilize expression data, pathway sensitivity, and genetic abnormalities, representing targets in cancer. For example, rat model of malignant brain tumors using implantation of doxorubicin with drug eluting beads for delivery is explained. The future of pathway-driven therapies for tumors is summarized. The importance of personalizing cancer care is emphasized. The need for supportive measures for survivors of brain cancer is pointed out, so is the quality of life monitoring. The need of rehabilitation therapy for patients with primary and metastatic brain tumors is also emphasized. Role of MicroRNA in distinguishing primary tumors from metastatic primary tumors is discussed. Advantages and limitations of chemotherapy (e.g., temozolomide and doxorubicin) are discussed. The complexity of tumor to tumor transfer is explained; examples discussed are: brain metastases from breast cancer and brain metastases fro non-small cell lung carcinoma. Identification and characterization of biomarkers, including those for metastatic brain tumors, are presented. Genomic analysis for identifying clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma is included. A large number of imaging modalities are detailed to study progression and invasion of gliomas."

"This volume contains information on the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of spinal tumors. Various aspects of different major types of spinal tumors (astrocytomas, ependymomas, and oligodendroglioma) are discussed. Insights into the understanding of molecular pathways involved in tumor biology are explained. Classification of intradural spinal tumors, including the percentages of each of the three major types, is detailed. Symptoms, radiological features, and clinicopathological parameters of spinal cord tumors are explained. Diagnosis, outcome, and prognosis of primary spinal cord and oligodendroglioma are discussed. Diagnosis of some other spinal tumors (e.g., pilomyxoid and chordomas) is also explained. The useful role of neuroimaging in diagnosing spinal teratoid/rhabdoid and gangliogliomas is included. A wide variety of treatments of a number of spinal cord tumor types are presented in detail. Therapies discussed include chemotherapy, surgery, radiosurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, Cyberknife stereotactic radiotherapy, standard radiation alone, and rhenium-186 intracavity radiation. Also are duiscussed embolozation and spondylectomy. The usefulness of transplantation of human embryonic stem cells-derived oligodendrocyte progenitors and motoneuron progenitors in the repair of injured spinal cord is emphasized. Symptoms of the advent of spinal tumors are pointed out. Introduction to new technologies and their applications to spinal cord tumor diagnosis, treatment, and therapy assessment are explained."

"The most recent developments in diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of gliomas (glioblastoma) in the brain are presented. The importance of personalized medicine and clinical validation for targeted therapy are discussed. The identification of various types of biomarkers (determined by molecular genetics) is included, along with their advantages and limitations as markers in tumor detection and diagnosis. The identification and validation of brain cancer (glioblastoma) genes are discussed. The role of cancer stem cells in the initiation and persistence of malignant gliomas is explained, response of glioblastoma cancer stem cells to various growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibitor, is explained. The use of surgical resection, chemotherapy (e.g., temozolomide), immunotherapy, and radiation therapy for glioblastoma patients is included. Biological impediments for chemotherapy and radiotherapy for malignant glioblastoma are pointed out. Standard (established) as well as newer imaging modalities (proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy) are discussed. Also included are proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in intracranial gliomas, and the use of proton magnetic spectroscopic imaging in determining the infiltration zone in gliomas. The role of molecular signaling in the CNS cancer development is explained, including cell death signaling in glioblastoma multiforme."

"Various aspects, including diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis, of two brain tumors (meningioma and schwannoma) , of brain tumors are discussed in this volume. Insights on the understanding of molecular pathways involved in brain tumor biology are explained. For example, the role of E-cadherin gene instability, carbonic anhydrase 11, urokinase plasminogen activator, and Wnt signaling is discussed in detail. Such information will lead to the development of effective aniicancer drugs. The role of molecular genetics and epigenetic mechanisms in schwannomas is explained. Also, is explained the role of cyclin D1 in vestibular schwannoma. The determination of subtypes of meningiomas using perfusion magnetic resonance imaging is explained. Diagnosis of incidentally discovered meningioma and cystic papillary meningioma is also included. Diagnosis of facial nerve schwannoma, vestibular schwannoma, and intermediate nerve schwannoma is explained. Treatments for atypical meningioma, oncocytic meneingioma, intracranial meningioma, and cavernous are presented. Therapeutic methods such as neurosurgery, Gamma knife radiosurgery, and adjuvant radiation for this cancer are included. Large number of other treatments, including radiosurgery, retrosigmoidal craniotomy, and immunotherapy, for vestibular schwannoma patients are detailed."

"Now, the eighth in the set returns to the topic of brain tumors, dealing with seven distinct types, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma, chordoma, craniopharyngioma, oligodendroglioma, and ependymoma. After updating the classification of medulloblastoma the volume provides an overview of ependymoma as well as describing the delineation of prognosis based on the genetic aberrations of the latter patients. The material offers key insights into the molecular pathways involved in tumor biology, such as the role of E-cadherin gene instability, carbonic anhydrase II, urokinase plasminogen activator, and Wnt signaling in meningioma. Contributors explain the genetic and clinical features associated with recurring meningioma, including the role played by erythropoietin receptor, and examine the way in which OTX2 transcription factor functions as an oncogene in medulloblastoma."

"Latar Belakang: Tumor sistem saraf pusat (SSP) merupakan salah satu penyebab utama morbiditas di seluruh dunia yang menyebabkan disabilitas dan penurunan kualitas hidup. Tumor SSP menyebabkan defisit neurologis dan berisiko terjadinya kaheksia. Kaheksia dihubungkan dengan penurunan respons pengobatan dan penurunan kesintasan. Peradangan sistemik merupakan ciri khas kaheksia. Rasio neutrofil limfosit (RNL) merupakan penanda inflamasi sistemik yang mudah dan rutin diperiksa dengan harga yang tidak mahal. Belum diketahui hubungan antara RNL dengan kejadian kaheksia pada tumor SSP.Metode: Studi potong lintang ini dilakukan pada subjek berusia 18–65 tahun di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, yang dirawat dengan diagnosis tumor SSP pada bulan November hingga Desember 2023. Nilai RNL diambil dari pemeriksaan darah perifer lengkap dan dilakukan penegakan diagnosis kaheksia berdasarkan kriteria Evans. Dilakukan analisis hubungan RNL dengan kejadian kaheksia.Hasil: Terdapat 50 subjek dengan diagnosis tumor SSP. Median RNL adalah 4,13 (1,26; 23,22). Nilai RNL secara signifikan lebih tinggi pada kelompok subjek yang mengalami kaheksia (median RNL 7,19 (1,26; 23,22)) dibandingkan tanpa kaheksia (median RNL 3,10 (1,40; 8,48)) (p<0,001).Simpulan: RNL berhubungan dengan kejadian kaheksia pada tumor SSP. Subjek yang mengalami kaheksia memiliki RNL yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang tidak kaheksia.

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Background: Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are one of the leading causes of morbidity worldwide, causing disability and decreased quality of life. Central nervous system tumors cause neurological deficits and are at risk of developing cachexia. Cachexia is associated with decreased treatment response and reduced survival. Systemic inflammation is the hallmark of cachexia. Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a systemic inflammation that included in routine laboratory examination and inexpensive. The association between NLR and the incidence of cachexia in CNS tumors remain unknown.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on subjects aged 18–65 years old at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, who were admitted with CNS tumor diagnosis from November to December 2023. The NLR value was taken from the complete peripheral blood examination and the diagnosis of cachexia was based on Evans criteria. The relationship between NLR and the incidence of cachexia was analyzed.

Results: There were 50 subjects with CNS tumor diagnosis. The median NLR was 4,13 (1,26; 23,22). The mean NLR was significantly higher in the group of subjects with cachexia (median NLR 7,19 (1,26; 23,22)) than without cachexia (median NLR 3,10 (1,40; 8,48)) (p<0,001).

Conclusion: NLR is associated with the incidence of cachexia in CNS tumors. Subjects with cachexia had higher NLR compared to those withoit cachexia."

"Latar Belakang: Kanker primer tahap lanjut dapat bermetastasis ke sistem saraf pusat (SSP) yaitu otak dan spinal, maupun ke selain SSP. Perbedaan gejala klinis antara metastasis SSP dan tanpa keterlibatan SSP adalah defisit neurologis pada metastasis SSP. Kedua metastasis tersebut dapat berisiko menyebabkan indeks massa otot skeletal yang rendah akibat gejala klinis dan peningkatan metabolisme akibat kanker. Namun, belum diketahui perbedaan di antara keduanya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perbedaan appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI) pada pasien metastasis dengan dan tanpa keterlibatan SSP. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah studi potong lintang pada subjek berusia 18-65 tahun. Karakteristik subjek berupa usia, jenis kelamin, indeks massa tubuh, status gizi berdasarkan ASPEN, lokasi tumor primer, lokasi metastasis, waktu terdiagnosis metastasis, defisit neurologis, asupan energi dan protein, Karnofsky Performance Scale, kemoterapi, terapi glukokortikoid, dan nilai ASMI. Analisis bivariat digunakan untuk menilai perbedaan nilai ASMI antara metastasis SSP dan tanpa keterlibatan SSP. Hasil: Terdapat 59 subjek dengan nilai ASMI rendah. Rerata nilai ASMI pada metastasis SSP lebih rendah (3,81±1,19 kg/m2) dibandingkan dengan metastasis tanpa keterlibatan SSP (3,97±0,93 kg/m2) dengan perbedaan tidak signifikan pada kedua kelompok (p = 0,568). Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara ASMI rendah dengan jenis kelamin (p=0,000), asupan energi (p=0,012), disfagia (p=0,027), nyeri kepala (p=0,033), dan gangguan kognitif (p=0,032). Kesimpulan: Tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna antara subjek yang memiliki ASMI rendah pada metastasis SSP dan tanpa keterlibatan SSP. Perbedaan bermakna ditemukan antara ASMI dengan karakteristik subjek yaitu jenis kelamin, asupan energi, disfagia, nyeri kepala, dan gangguan kognitif.

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Background: Advanced primary cancer can metastasize to the central nervous system (CNS), namely the brain and spinal cord, or to other than the CNS. The difference in clinical symptoms between CNS metastases and those without CNS involvement is the neurological deficit in CNS metastases. Both metastases may be at risk for low skeletal muscle mass index due to clinical symptoms and increased metabolism due to cancer. However, the differences between them are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the difference of appendicular skeletal muscle index in metastatic patients with and without CNS involvement. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study on subjects aged 18-65 years. Subject characteristics included age, gender, body mass index, nutritional status based on ASPEN, primary tumor location, metastasis location, time of metastasis diagnosis, neurological deficits, energy and protein intake, Karnofsky Performance Scale, chemotherapy, glucocorticoid therapy, and ASMI value. Bivariate analysis was used to assess the difference in ASMI value between CNS metastasis and without CNS involvement Results: There were 59 subjects with low ASMI values. The mean ASMI value in CNS metastasis was lower (3,81±1,19 kg/m2) compared to metastasis without CNS involvement (3,97±0,93 kg/m2) without significant difference in both groups (p=0,568). There was a significant difference between low ASMI and gender (p=0,000), energy intake (p=0,012), dysphagia (p=0,027), headache (p=0,033), and cognitive impairment (p=0,032). Conclusion: No significant difference was found between subjects who had low ASMI in CNS metastasis and without CNS involvement. Significant differences were found between ASMI and subject characteristics such as gender, energy intake, dysphagia, headache, and cognitive impairment."

"This book is the first manuscript dedicated entirely to Desmoid Tumors. Written by prominent clinicians, researchers and advocacy group experts, patients and professionals alike will find this to be a comprehensive review. Clinical presentation, imaging guidelines and treatment paradigms are highlighted. Both the sporadic and heredity forms (Familial Adenomatous Polyposis) will be discussed. A thorough discussion on the unique issues in children with DT is included. A portion of the book will address the role of the APC gene, the β-catenin protein and the role of mutations in the genesis of DT. Emerging cutting edge research techniques will be revealed. Also included is a thoughtful discussion on the controversial labelling of desmoid tumors as benign and the consequences of such a designation. The role of advocacy groups in supporting research and in promoting awareness of rare diseases such as DT will be outlined. This book will serve as basis to prepare clinicians, researchers and patients to embark on the quest for a cure for desmoid tumors."

"Achieve optimal outcomes for your patients with this new multimedia reference. Organized by tumor then by region, this resource details diagnostic and therapeutic options for primary and malignant spinal tumors. Over 25 key procedures--including minimally invasive surgery--are presented in a concise, stepwise fashion, putting the key information you need right at your fingertips"