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"This book provides a detailed account of the physico-chemical properties and biological functions of the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of different pathogenic and non-pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. It also includes an authentic record of the first systematic study that discovered the mechanism of OMV formation by a pathogen, Vibrio cholerae, and proposed that the process represented a novel secretory activity of bacteria. Furthermore, the authors present clinical and laboratory data on the use of OMVs as immunogens, as effective and licensed vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B infections and on the development of more effective vaccines against other human and animal pathogens including Vibrio cholerae. This volume thus bears witness to the emerging revolution in the field of vaccines against pathogens and closes with a discussion of open questions and future research on OMVs."

"Latar belakang: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) merupakan salah satu periodontopatogen yang sangat banyak ditemukan pada periodontitis agresif di mana kerusakan tulang sangat cepat terjadi. Periodontitis tidak akan terjadi tanpa diinisasi melalui invasi bakteri ke dalam sel target untuk berproliferasi di dalamnya. Bakteri A. actinomycetemcomitans memiliki faktor virulensi Omp29 yang memediasi proses invasi tersebut ke dalam sel epitel gingiva. Tujuan: Menganalisis interaksi bakteri A. actinomycetemcomitans dengan sel bone marrow macrophage, preosteoklas dan osteoklas berdasarkan ekspresi gen Omp29 sebagai faktor virulensi bakteri. Metode: Studi in vitro diawali dengan menginfeksikan bakteri A. actinomycetemcomitans ke sel prekursor osteoklas (bone marrow macrophage (BMM) dan preosteoklas) dan osteoklas selama 30 menit dengan multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1:1 dan 1:5. Setelah diinfeksikan, terdapat sebagian sel yang langsung dilakukan lisis dengan TRIzol sedangkan sebagiannya lagi diinkubasi kembali selama 16,5 jam sebelum dilisis oleh TRIzol. Analisis ekspresi relatif gen Omp29 bakteri pada medium pasca infeksi dilakukan pada mesin qPCR dengan menggunakan gen 16SrRNA sebagai housekeeping gene. Hasil: Terdapat penurunan ekspresi relatif gen Omp29 pada bakteri A. actinomycetemcomitans 18 jam pasca infeksi sel BMM, preosteoklas dan osteoklas terhadap kontrol yaitu bakteri 1,5 jam pasca infeksi sel-sel yang sama. Penurunan ekspresi relatif yang sama ditemukan pada perbandingan antara bakteri 18 jam pasca infeksi sel preosteoklas dengan MOI 1:5 terhadap bakteri 18 jam pasca infeksi sel preosteoklas dengan MOI 1:1. Kesimpulan: Interaksi direk antara bakteri A. actinomycetemcomitans dengan sel BMM, preosteoklas dan osteoklas menyebabkan kerusakan atau berkurangnya faktor virulensi Omp29 pada bakteri di mana mekanismenya belum diketahui secara pasti.

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Background: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) is one of the periodontopathogen involved in periodontitis and it is found in abundance in aggressive periodontitis where rapid bone destruction occur. Periodontitis will not happen if it is not initiated by the invasion of bacteria into the targeted cells so that bacteria can proliferate inside them. A. actinomycetemcomitans has a virulence factor named Omp29 which plays a role in gingival epithelium cell invasion. Objective: To analyze the interaction of A. actinomycetemcomitans and osteoclast precursor (bone marrow macrophage (BMM) and preosteoclast) as well as osteoclast itself through the expression of Omp29 gene as a virulence factor. Methods: In vitro study by infecting A. actinomycetemcomitans to osteoclast precursor and osteoclast that is obtained from mice for 30 minutes in two different multiplicity of infection (MOI) which are 1:1 and 1:5. After that, some of the infected cells are immediately lysed using TRIzol and some are incubated again for about 16,5 hours before being lysed. Relative expression of the Omp29 gene from the post-infection medium is obtained using real-time PCR with 16SrRNA as a housekeeping gene. Results: There is downregulation of the relative expression of Omp29 in A. actinomycetemcomitans 18 hpi of BMM, preosteoclast and osteoclast compared to the control which is A. actinomycetemcomitans 1,5 hpi of the same cells in both MOI 1:1 and 1:5. The same is observed when comparing the relative expression of Omp29 in A. actinomycetemcomitans 18 hpi of preosteoclast in MOI 1:1 with MOI 1:5. Conclusion: Direct interaction of A. actinomycetemcomitans and osteoclast cause destruction or decrease of Omp29 which mechanism is still not known and need further study."

"ABSTRAKRuang lingkup dan Cara penelitian: Keikutsertaan pria/suami dalam program Keluarga Berencana (KB) masih rendah, hal ini karena masih terbatasnya pilihan metoda kontrasepsi pada pria. Kombinasi Depo medroksiprogesteron enantat (DMPA) dan Testosteron enantat (TE) memiliki potensi sebagai kontrasepsi hormon pria karena dapat menekan spermatogenesis melalui mekanisme kerjanya pada poros hipotalamus-hipofisis-testis. Beberapa peneliti melaporkan azoospermia belum dapat dicapai oleh seluruh subjek penelitian yang disuntik dengan kombinasi DMPA dan TE, dengan demikian masih ada kemungkinan terjadi fertilisasi. Fertilisasi dapat mengalami kegagalan bila fungsi integritas membran plasma spermatozoa buruk, karena itu pada penelitian ini dilakukan penilaian terhadap integritas membran spermatozoa. Kelenjar prostat dan vesika seminalis juga mempengaruhi kesuburan pada pria, karena itu ingin pula diketahui efek penyuntikan DMPA dan TE terhadap kedua kelenjar asesoris tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 10 pria fertil yang disuntik dengan kombinasi DMPA 250 mg dan TE 200 mg. DMPA disuntikkan setiap 6 minggu, mulai dari minggu ke 0 s/d minggu ke 18. TE mula-mula disuntikkan setiap minggu, mulai minggu ke 0 s/d minggu ke 6, selanjutnya disuntikkan setiap 3 minggu, mulai minggu ke 9 sampai dengan minggu ke 24. Fungsi integritas membran spermatozoa dinilai dengan uji HOS (Hypo Osmotic Swelling Test), fungsi kelenjar prostat dinilai dengan mengukur kadar asam sitrat dalam semen, dan fungsi kelenjar vesika seminalis dinilai dengan mengukur kadar fruktosa dalam semen. Pemeriksaan semen dilakukan setiap 3 minggu, mulai dari minggu ke 3 s/d minggu ke 24. Hasil penilaian selama perlakuan dibandingkan dengan penilaian sebelum perlakuan (penyuntikan).Hasil dan Kesimpulan : Penyuntikan kombinasi DMPA dan TE menurunkan fungsi integritas membran plasma spermatozoa dengan bermakna (p<0,05) pada minggu ketiga, dan sangat bermakna (p<0,01) pada minggu ke-6 dan ke-9. Fungsi normal kelenjar prostat dan vesika seminalis masih dapat dipertahankan sampai akhir perlakuan, hal ini ditunjukkan dengan masih normalnya kadar asam sitrat dan fruktosa dalam semen walaupun secara statxstik memperlihatkan penurunan yang sangat bermakna (p 0,01). Dengan demikian seluruh hipotesis pada penelitian ini diterima.

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Scope and Methodology : The participation of men/husband in family planning program is still low due to limited number of male contraceptive method available. The combination of DMPA and TE have potential capability to be male hormonal contraceptive since they are able to suppress spermatogenesis by their hypothalamus - pituitary - testis axis mechanism. Some scientist reported that azoospermia could not be covered by all subject of experiment whose given injection of combination of DMPA and TE. Therefore the fertilization are still possibly occur. The experiment of evaluation of sperm membrane integrity has been conducted since fertilization will not be successful when the functional integrity of sperm membrane is poor. The prostate and seminal vesicles gland may also influence the male fertility, so that effects of DMPA and TE injection to the two these accessories gland should also be determined. In this experiment 10 fertile men were given injections of DMPA (250 mg each) and TE (200 mg each). DMPA was given every 6 weeks, from the week of zero to 18. In the week zero to 6, TE was given every week, and followed by injection TE every 3 weeks up to week 24. The functional integrity of sperm membrane was evaluated with HOS (hypo osmotic swelling) test. The function of prostate gland was evaluated by content of citric acid in semen. The function of seminal vesicles gland was evaluated by content of fructose in semen. The semen was observed every 3 weeks, starting with the week of 3 to 24. The result, of observation during the treatment was compared to the result before the injection given (2 weeks before the treatment).

Results and Conclusions: The injection of the combination of DMPA and TE will decrease the functional integrity of sperm membrane on the third week (p < 0,05) and will decrease it very significantly on the 6th and 9th week (p <0,01). The normal function of prostate and seminal vesicles could be retained until the end of the experiment. It could be determined by the normal content of citric acid and fructose in semen even though it was statistically shown a very significant decrease (p<0,01). Therefore the overall hypothesis on the experiment could be accepted."

"Reflective of today's lifestyle, this guide is written for the modern woman. Focusing on the link between inner health and outer beauty, Jane Campsie has consulted with prominent figures in many different fields, including nutrition, fitness and alternative health, to compile this guide. Based on the philosophy that "beauty comes from within", this easy-to-use manual offers useful advice on how to maximize one's beauty and well-being. Solutions are given on everything from combating the hazards of pollution to tips successfully managing stress, re-energizing exercises, nutritional advice and pampering home spa treatments. It includes practical information on the beauty basics, such as skincare, make-up application and finding a hair-care regime that suits the individual"

"This book will interest specialists dealing with cancer associated infectious complications, researchers working in the field of cancer biology, teachers and scientists in the field of microbiology, biotechnology, medicine and oncology. The unique coverage of bacteriology and cancer association in both positive and negative way can usher into development of novel thrust area for microbiology students and experts."

"This book focuses on four themes : (1) evolving earth’s crust, (2) changing Baltic Sea, (3) climate change, and (4) planet earth, third stone from sun. The focus on these four topics provides both a state of the art review of earth science topics of particular importance to Scandinavia and the Baltic and also the global context in which a consideration of these topics must be made. It finishes by discussing our use of space born technologies for understanding these topics and places the earth within the context of our neighbouring planets and their satellites. "