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"Mitochondria are far more than the “powerhouse” of the cell as they have classically been described. In fact, mitochondria biological activities have progressively expanded to include not only various bioenergetic processes but also important biosynthetic pathways, calcium homeostasis and thermogenesis, cell death by apoptosis, several different signal transduction pathways mainly related to redox control of gene expression and so on. This functional and structural complexity may undergo important derangements so to justify the definition of ‘mitochondrial medicine’, which should include all the clinical consequences of congenital or acquired mitochondrial dysfunctions. There are actually a growing number of studies which assign a significant pathogenic role to damaged mitochondria in different diseases: ischemia/reperfusion injury, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer with its dramatic sequelae (i.e, metastasis), metabolic syndrome, hyperlipidemias, just to mention a few of the most important pathologies. In this context, a further aspect that should not be disregarded is the interaction of pharmacological agents with mitochondria, not only in regard of the toxicological aspects but, above all, of the potential therapeutic applications. In fact, it is interesting to note that, while the properties of different so-called “mitoxicants” are well-known, the subtle linkages between drugs and mitochondria is still in need of a real pharmacological and therapeutic control at the clinical level. "

"This book presents many of the major, relevant advances in molecular pathology that are occurring in the field of pediatric oncology and will serve as a useful overview for resident and attending physicians as well as scientists interested in understanding the molecular pathology of pediatric cancer in the context of clinical medicine. Chapters are based upon organ systems, and each is written by an expert or pair of experts in their field with subspecialty training and extensive clinical experience. Each chapter describes a variable number of tumors and includes an overview of the classification system and clinicopathological characteristics of each tumor. This is followed by a discussion of the molecular pathology relevant to a specific tumor, including specific molecular markers of the tumors, methods used for diagnosis or clinical management, clinical significance of the markers, and if appropriate, a description or discussion of current activities in translational research or issues that need to be addressed in the future. "

"Over the past decade, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), a platelet-concentrated plasma fraction, has been widely investigated and applied to regenerative medicine. The clinical utility of PRP is supported by evidence that PRP contains high concentrations of platelet-related growth factors and normal concentrations of plasma-derived fibrinogen, both of which contribute synergistically to the regenerative process. Additionally, its superior cost-efficacy versus conventional therapies is attractive to many clinicians. However, current disadvantages of PRP include a relatively complicated preparation procedure and variable operator-dependent efficacy. An additional disadvantage is the use of bovine thrombin, an animal-derived biological, as a coagulant. Many of these disadvantages are overcome by recent advances in preparation procedures and devices; for example, Joseph Choukroun simplified the platelet-rich fibrin preparation procedure and improved handling efficiency without the aid of animal-derived factors. With advancements in cell processing technology, there has been a general shift in cell therapy from autologous to allogeneic treatment; however, autologous PRP therapy will not easily be replaced by allogeneic treatment in the near future. Therefore, to provide more predictable regenerative therapy outcomes using autologous PRP, further investigations should address developing a standardized procedure for PRP preparation to augment its efficacy and potency, independent of donor variability. We would then propose that operators and clinicians prepare PRP according to the standardized protocol and to carefully evaluate the clinical scenario (i.e., recipient factors comprising skeletal defects) to determine which factor(s) should be added to PRP preparations. This careful approach will lead to improved clinical outcomes for patients."

"As age related diseases increase in prevalence and impact more significantly on medical resources it is imperative to understand these diseases and the mechanisms behind their progression. New research has stimulated a growing interest in mitochondrial involvement in neurodegenerative disorders such as parkinson’s disease, alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis and the mechanisms which lead from mitochondrial dysfunction to neurodegeneration. Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders brings together contributions from leaders in the field internationally on the various ways in which mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of these diseases, guiding the reader through the basic functions of mitochondria and the mechanisms that lead to their dysfunction, to the consequences of this dysfunction on neuronal function before finishing with the modelling of these disorders and discussion of new potential therapeutic targets. "

"Advances in Taxation Vol. 23 contains a collection of high-quality manuscripts addressing problems arising from federal, state local and international taxation. The series uses a wide variety of research methods, including archival, experimental, survey, qualitative and legal approaches to address the problems and issues associated with taxation."

"Volume 24 of Advances in Taxation contains seven articles, covering topics such as the impact of FASB Financial Interpretation No. 48 adoption through the lens of debt covenants; conflicting results in two prior studies on the relation between aggressive financial reporting and tax reporting; how a firm's external environment affects its tax avoidance activities; and bonus depreciation. Other articles use a behavioral research methodology to explore generational values and attitudes towards tax fairness and tax compliance; the expectation gap between tax clients' motivations to hire tax preparers versus tax preparers' perceptions of those clients' motivations; and evidence on the level and determinants of corporate income tax compliance costs. "