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"This book summarizes the extensive up-to-date literature overeview with the lastest work of experts about midkine in a detailed format that conveys its role as both a pathologic factor and therapeutic agent."

"This text describes research suggesting that abnormal activation of signaling pathways is a critical event in cancer pathogenesis, and describes the emerging ability to design small molecules, protein therapeutics, and other forms of targeted cancer therapies."

"Caveolins are important structural proteins of caveolae, small invaginations of the membrane. They have been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple cancers. In this volume, we will mainly focus on the importance of caveolin-1 in breast, prostate, lung, skin, colon, pancreatic and brain cancers with also a mention of the novel role of caveolin-3 in breast cancer."

"Diabetic neuropathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus that is often overlooked, since there are often no subjective complaints during initial stages, and sensory deficit is often only found after objective examination.Diabetic neuropathy is defined by the San Antonio Concensus of 1988 as "clinical or subclinical neural disturbance that occurs in diabetes mellitus, with no signs of other peripheral neuropathy. Neuropathy may manifest on the somatic, peripheral, as well as autonomicic nervous systems."The incidence rate of diabetic neuropathy is reported to be 10-90%. Such high variation is due to differences in the diagnostic criteria or method to establish the diagnosis.Reports of peripheral neuropathy from various hospitals in Indonesia are as follows: Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital / Jakarta (1989) 68.16%, Hasan Sadikin Hospital (1989) 12.2%, Dr. Sutomo Hospital / Surabaya (1990) 52.21%, Dr. Pirngadi Hospital / Medan (1996) 18.05%, Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital / Ujung Pandang (1997) 57.81%. Asril Bahar, Jakarta (1985), reported an incidence rate for parasympathetic autonomicic neuropathy of 11.9%, while Harsinen Sanusi, Ujung Pandang (1989) reported an incidence rate of 66.7%."

"The purposes of this study are to study the pathogenesis of oral cancer and to see the role play of oncogenes, onco-suppressor genes in cancer growth and their mutation type. There are many predisposing factors which may influence the development of cancer. The factors are divided intrinsic (hereditary) and extrinsic factors (bacteria, viruses, fungi, chemical, drugs, radiation, trauma, heat, cold and nutrition). These agents may act individually, in combination with other carcinogen (co-carcinogen) or in combination with other agents that do not in themselves causes cancer (promoters), but that help the carcinogens to mutate or depress cells, but in the mechanism still enigma. Oncogenes oncosuppressor genes are normal genes in human. Oncogenes functions are as growth factor (e.g. sis), growth factor receptor (e.g. erbB1), signal transducer (e.g. ras) or nuclear factor (e.g.myc, jun). Tumor (oral cancer) will be arises if oncogenes andonco-suppressor genes function are disturbed by some carcinogenand these genes have mutation, deletion, amplification or translocation. That was also related to the loss or inactivation of onco-suppressor genes such as p53, so that causes the loss of the normal growth regulation/strait control that associated with tumorigenesis."

"Summary:The authors discuss fundamental questions about the biology, genetics, mechanisms of pathogenicity, mechanisms of resistance, and drug development strategies that are likely to provide important new knowledge about TB and new interventions to prevent and treat this disease"

"Smooth Cayenne is the largest pineapple type cultivated in Indonesia, but its vegetative planting materials for mass propagation are limited. Somatic embryogenesis is a potential method to be applied. The aim of this study was to investigate the somatic embryogenesis regeneration under the effect of picloram and light. Callus formation was induced by picloram (21, 41 and 62 μM) added with 9 μM thidiazuron. The calli were transferred onto MS or Bac medium enriched with N-organic compounds with or without addition of 21 μM picloram under dark or light condition. The compact calli were subcultured onto MS medium supplemented with 4.65 μM kinetin, while the friable calli were transferred onto BIG medium (modified MS + 1.1 μM benzyl adenine + 0.9 μM indole butyric acid + 0.09 μM giberelic acid) or B medium (MS + 0.018 mM benzyl adenine). The results showed that the events of somatic embryogenesis were started from cell polarization, asymmetrical division, proembryo formation as embryogenic tissues and friable embryogenic tissues, and embryo development. The best treatment for callus induction was 21 μM picloram. The addition of 21 μM picloram on N-organic enriched medium and the use of light condition proliferated embryogenic calli. The N-organic enriched Bac medium and light condition yielded the highest number of mature somatic embryos (17 embryos perexplant in 2 months). The B medium was better than BIG medium to develop somatic embryos from friable embryogenic tissues. The somatic embryogenesis method presented is potential for pineapple mass propagation and artificial seedproduction."

"Bile reflux: gastropathy is a disease caused by reflux of duodenal fluid to the gaster: This fluid contains pancreatic juices and duodenal secretion. The manifestations that occur depend on the frequency amount, and duration of reflux. This disorder is quite rarely recognized in daily clinical practice. Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract is required to establish the diagnosis of this disorder: This paper will give a brief view ofthe pathogenesis and diagnostic method for this disorder."