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"Our recent understanding of the cellular and molecular defects and the regulation of the apoptotic signalling pathways has resulted in rationally designed anticancer strategies and the development of novel agents that regulates apoptosis. A comprehensive review of all apoptotic-related anticancer therapies is not the purpose of this book. However, in the volume of this book with 11 chapters, we have described a number of novel apoptotic regulators that have shown promising value and also great feasibility for cancer treatment. These novel agents either occur naturally or are chemically synthes. "

"Cancer is a class of disease or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues. One new approach in dealing with cancer is through apoptotic regulators, which is the process of controlling cell growth by abnormally prolonging cell survival, facilitating the accumulation of transforming mutations and promoting resistance. This book uses oral cancers as the specific means to demonstrate this technique with this particular type of cancer, which is quite prevalent (and deadly) in India and other parts of Asia, in particular"--Provided by publisher."

"The effect of individual oncogene on diverse cell types could be studied by using transgenic mice. The expression of transgene is mainly determined by the regulatory sequences chosen. Fifty four v-H-ras transgenic FVB/N mice and 54 parental FVB/N mice were used as the experimental and the control groups respectively. Each group was divided into nine subgroups with three different treatments i.e. 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO)-treated, phorbol 12,13-didecanoate(PDD)-treated and propane-1,2-diol (PD)-treated palatal of mice for 6, 16 or 24 weeks. Other four mice of parental mice were used as the untreated group. Two weeks after the last painting, all animals were sacrificed and the intra- or extra-oral tissues were removed and fixed in 4% m/v paraformaldehyde for 24 hours. Hard tissue were then decalcified after the fixation was completed. Subsequently, standard procedure for H&E staining was performed. The results of this studyshowed that 47 out of 54 transgenic mice produced spontaneous odontogenic, epidermal or mesenchymal neoplasms. After 24 weeks of painting with 4NQO there was minimal evidence of palatal epithelial dysplasia in both transgenic and parental strain groups and neither the PDD nor PD groups showed evidence of dysplasia. From these results it was apparent that the effect of 4NQO and PDD was slower than reported for other strain of mice and that activated v-H-ras did notincrease the rate of palatal mucosal carcinogenesis in the model used. On the other hand, incidental abnormalities were much detected especially in the experimental group."

"The independence of credit rating agencies focuses on the institutional and regulatory dynamics of these agencies, asking whether their business models give them enough independence to make viable judgments without risking their own profitability.Few have closely examined the analytical methods of credit rating agencies, even though their decisions can move markets, open or close the doors to capital, and bring down governments. The 2008 financial crisis highlighted their importance and their shortcomings, especially when they misjudged the structured financial products that precipitated the collapse of Bear Stearns and other companies.This book examines the roles played by rating agencies during the financial crisis, illuminating the differences between U.S. and European rating markets, and also considers subjects such as the history of rating agencies and the roles played by smaller agencies to present a well-rounded portrait."

"With a weight-of-the-evidence approach, cancer risk assessment indentifies hazards, determines dose-response relationships, and assesses exposure to characterize the true risk. This book focuses on the quantitative methods for conducting chemical cancer risk assessments for solvents, metals, mixtures, and nanoparticles. It links these to the basic toxicology and biology of cancer, along with the impacts on regulatory guidelines and standards. By providing insightful perspective, Cancer Risk Assessment helps researchers develop a discriminate eye when it comes to interpreting data accurately and separating relevant information from erroneous."

"Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa (RANK)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) signaling helps putative cancer stem cells (CSC) to maintain their stemness. Expression of CD44 and RANKL was analyzed in oral squamous cell carcinoma specimen (n = 191). Moreover, RANKL expression was measured in cancer cell lines (BICR3, BICR56) by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Scanned images were digitally analyzed using ImageJ and the immunomembrane plug-in. CD44 and RANKL expression on protein level was correlated with clinical characteristics and impact on survival. RANKL was co-labeled with CD44 in immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence double labeling experiments. Although high CD44+/RANKL+ co-expression was significantly associated with clinicopathological factors and worse survival, multivariate analysis did not demonstrate high CD44+/RANKL+ co-expression as independent prognostic factor. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence double labeling experiments revealed RANKL expression by CD44+ cancer cells. RANKL specificity was confirmed by western blot analysis. For the first time, this study provides evidence that RANKL expression in OSCC might be associated with disease recurrence and a cell compartment measured by CD44+/RANKL+ co-expression within the mucosal epithelial basal layer cells."