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Purba, Abdul Khairul Rizki
"[ABSTRAK
Latar belakang:
Penggunaan antibiotik empirik pada tata laksana penyakit infeksi, misalnya pneumonia
komunitas, sebaiknya mempertimbangkan bukti kemanfaatan klinis dan hasil
sensitivitas antibiotik pada suatu institusi pelayanan kesehatan. Penggunaan antibiotik
yang tidak tepat dapat menyebabkan kegagalan terapi, resistensi kuman, komplikasi
dan kematian. Biaya yang tinggi juga merupakan keluaran langsung dari penggunaan
antibiotik namun biasanya tidak dilaporkan. Oleh sebab itu, analisis terhadap biaya,
keluaran klinis, dan pola sensitivitas kuman menjadi sangat penting untuk menentukan
antibiotik empirik pada terapi pneumonia komunitas.
Tujuan:
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan antibiotik yang paling efektif dari aspek biaya
dan keluaran klinis pada tata laksana pneumonia komunitas.
Metode:
Penelitian ini dilakukan secara retrospektif pada pasien pneumonia komunitas di RSU
Dr. Soetomo Surabaya sejak 1 Januari sampai 31 Desember 2013. Analisis cost
effectiveness digunakan untuk evaluasi farmakoekonomi berdasarkan perbaikan klinis
hari ke-5, mortalitas, dan biaya total.
Hasil:
Sebanyak 434 pasien dirawat di RSU Dr. Soetomo dan menerima antibiotik empirik.
Sebanyak 200 pasien dikelompokkan menjadi 4 grup: seftriakson(35%), seftazidim
(26%), levofloksasin (14,5%), dan kombinasi seftazidim dan levofloksasin (24,5%).
Perbaikan klinis hari ke-5 tertinggi adalah kelompok yang diberi seftazidim sekitar
67,3%. Seftriakson merupakan antibiotik empirik yang paling efektif dengan ACER
505.585,3 untuk perbaikan klinis hari ke-5 namun hasil sensitivitas kuman
menunjukkan bahwa seftazidim masih lebih sensitif dari pada seftriakson (61,1% vs
38,5%) dengan nilai ACER seftazidim sebesar 763.322. Kombinasi seftazidim dan
levofloksasin digunakan untuk pasien dengan klinis yang buruk (PSI: 84,1+28,6) dan
berdampak pada tingginya biaya pengobatan (ACER 23685450.5).
Kesimpulan:
Seftazidim dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai antibiotik empirik yang efektif dan efisien
dalam tata laksana pneumonia komunitas yang dirawat di rumah sakit. Kombinasi seftazidim dan levofloksasin juga dapat dipertimbangkan untuk pasien pneumonia komunitas yang berat.ABSTRACT Introduction:
Empirical antibiotic use in the management of infectious disease such as community
pneumonia should be considered based on evidence of clinical effectiveness and
institutional antibiotic sensitivity results. Inappropriate antibiotic leads to failure in
treatment, microbial resistance, complications and mortality. In addition, high cost is
one of the direct impact of this condition that is usually under-reported. Thus, analysis
of cost and clinical outcome, besides antibiotic sensitivity pattern, should be performed
to find effective empirical antibiotic in the treatment in community acquired
pneumonia (CAP).
Aim:
The objective of the study was to determine the most effective antibiotic in cost and
clinical outcome in CAP.
Methodology:
This study has been conducted retrospectively in patient with CAP in Dr. Soetomo
Hospital Surabaya from 1 January to 31 December 2013. Cost effectiveness analysis
was used to evaluate pharmacoeconomic outcomes based on clinical improvement in
day 5, mortality, and total cost.
Results:
There were 434 hospitalized patients with pneumonia that received empirical
antibiotic. Two hundred patients were selected based on inclusion and exclusion
criteria of this study. Subjects were categorized into 4 groups: ceftriaxone (35%),
ceftazidim (26%), levofloxacin (14.5%), and combination ceftazidim and levofloxacin
(24.5%). Clinical improvement in day 5 and clinical remission was assessed with
highest number in ceftazidim group, roughly 67.3% and 76,9% respectively.
Furthermore, ceftriaxone was the most effective one with ACER 505585.3 for day 5
outcome. However, the ceftazidim sensitivity was higher than ceftriaxone (61,1% vs
38,5%), while ceftazidime was in the one second position with ACER 763322. The
combination ceftazidim and levofloxacin particularly used in worse clinical symptom
(PSI: 84,1+28,6) and lead to the highest cost with ACER 23685450.5.
Conclusion:
Ceftazidim should be considered as effective and efficient empirical antibiotic in the
management of hospitalized CAP. However, combination ceftazidim and levofloxacin is also could be effective to improve clinical sign for particular patient even with severe CAP. , Introduction:
Empirical antibiotic use in the management of infectious disease such as community
pneumonia should be considered based on evidence of clinical effectiveness and
institutional antibiotic sensitivity results. Inappropriate antibiotic leads to failure in
treatment, microbial resistance, complications and mortality. In addition, high cost is
one of the direct impact of this condition that is usually under-reported. Thus, analysis
of cost and clinical outcome, besides antibiotic sensitivity pattern, should be performed
to find effective empirical antibiotic in the treatment in community acquired
pneumonia (CAP).
Aim:
The objective of the study was to determine the most effective antibiotic in cost and
clinical outcome in CAP.
Methodology:
This study has been conducted retrospectively in patient with CAP in Dr. Soetomo
Hospital Surabaya from 1 January to 31 December 2013. Cost effectiveness analysis
was used to evaluate pharmacoeconomic outcomes based on clinical improvement in
day 5, mortality, and total cost.
Results:
There were 434 hospitalized patients with pneumonia that received empirical
antibiotic. Two hundred patients were selected based on inclusion and exclusion
criteria of this study. Subjects were categorized into 4 groups: ceftriaxone (35%),
ceftazidim (26%), levofloxacin (14.5%), and combination ceftazidim and levofloxacin
(24.5%). Clinical improvement in day 5 and clinical remission was assessed with
highest number in ceftazidim group, roughly 67.3% and 76,9% respectively.
Furthermore, ceftriaxone was the most effective one with ACER 505585.3 for day 5
outcome. However, the ceftazidim sensitivity was higher than ceftriaxone (61,1% vs
38,5%), while ceftazidime was in the one second position with ACER 763322. The
combination ceftazidim and levofloxacin particularly used in worse clinical symptom
(PSI: 84,1+28,6) and lead to the highest cost with ACER 23685450.5.
Conclusion:
Ceftazidim should be considered as effective and efficient empirical antibiotic in the
management of hospitalized CAP. However, combination ceftazidim and levofloxacin is also could be effective to improve clinical sign for particular patient even with severe CAP. ]"
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2015
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Sri Suratini
"ABSTRAK
Pneumonia komunitas merupakan salah satu penyakit infeksi yang umum terjadi danmerupakan salah satu penyebab kematian dan kesakitan terbanyak. Penyakit ini memilikidampak terhadap sosioekonomi dimana tingginya biaya kesehatan terutama disebabkanoleh biaya rawat inap. Evaluasi farmakoekonomi dilaksanakan untuk menilai efektivitasbiaya antibiotik untuk mengetahui apakah pengobatan antibiotik memberikan outcometerapi yang baik dengan biaya yang minimal. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap kombinasiseftriakson-azitromisin dan levofloksasin tunggal sebagai antibiotik empiris untuk pasienpneumonia rawat inap. Analisis efektivitas biaya dilakukan dengan membandingkan totalbiaya medis langsung dan efektivitas yang dilihat dari lama rawat masing-masingkelompok pengobatan. Penelitian dilakukan di RSUP Persahabatan, Jakarta, dengandesain penelitian studi kohort retrospektif, dimana pengambilan data dilakukan secararetrospektif terhadap data sekunder, berupa rekam medis pasien dari tahun 2014-2016.Jumlah pasien yang dilibatkan dalam analisis 100 pasien, yaitu 64 pasien menggunakanantibiotik seftriakson iv dan azitromisin oral, dan 36 pasien menggunakan levofloksasiniv tunggal. Median biaya antibiotik berbeda signifikan antara kelompok seftriaksonazitromisindan kelompok levofloksasin, yaitu Rp.130.756,- dan Rp.286.952,-. Medianbiaya medis langsung kelompok seftriakson-azitromisin lebih tinggi dibandingkankelompok levofloksasin tunggal, yaitu Rp. 6.494.998,- dan Rp. 5.444.242,-. Keberhasilanterapi kelompok seftriakson-azitromisin yaitu 95,3 , sementara keberhasilan terapikelompok levofloksasin sebesar 97,2 namun tidak terdapat perbedaaan signifikan.Median lama rawat LOS dan lama rawat terkait antibiotik LOSAR kelompoklevofloksasin berturut-turut sebesar 6 hari dan 5 hari, lebih singkat dibandingkan LOSdan LOSAR kelompok seftriakson-azitromisin, yaitu 7 hari dan 6 hari. Nilai ACERkelompok levofloksasin sebesar Rp.56.011,-/persen efektivitas lebih rendahdibandingkan kelompok seftriakson-azitromisin sebesar Rp. 68.153,-/persen efektivitas.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa levofloksasin lebih cost-effectivedibanding kombinasi seftriakson-azitromisin.

ABSTRACT
Community Acquired Pneumonia CAP is one of the most common infectious diseasesand is one of the leading causes of death and morbidity. This disease has an impact onsocioeconomic where the high cost of health is mainly caused by the cost ofhospitalization. A pharmacoeconomic evaluation was conducted to assess the costeffectivenessof antibiotics to find out whether antibiotic treatment results in a goodtherapeutic outcome with a minimal cost. The study was conducted on a combination ofceftriaxone azithromycin and single levofloxacin as an empirical antibiotic for inpatientCAP patients. Cost effectiveness analysis is conducted by comparing the total directmedical costs and the effectiveness measured from length of stay of each treatmentgroup. The study was conducted in RSUP Persahabatan, Jakarta, with a cohortretrospective design study, where retrospective data retrieval was conducted onsecondary data, in the form of patient medical records from 2014 2016. The number ofpatients involved in the analysis of 100 patients, ie 64 patients using combination of ivceftriaxone and oral azithromycin, and 36 patients using single iv levofloxacin. Medianantibiotic costs differed significantly between the ceftriaxone azithromycin group andthe levofloxacin group, which were Rp.130,756, and Rp.286,952, . Median directmedical costs of the ceftriaxone azithromycin group were higher than the singlelevofloxacin group, which was Rp. 6,494,998, and Rp. 5,444,242, . Success rate ofgroup of ceftriaxone azithromycin group was 95.3 , while the success rate oflevofloxacin group was 97.2 but there was no significant difference. Median length ofstay LOS and length of stay antibiotic related LOSAR of levofloxacin group wererespectively 6 days and 5 days, shorter than LOS and LOSAR of ceftriaxoneazithromycingroup, which were 7 days and 6 days. The value of the ACER levofloxacingroup was Rp.56.011, percent effectiveness, lower than the ceftriaxone azithromycingroup of Rp. 68.153, percent effectiveness. Based on the results of the study, it isconcluded that levofloxacin is more cost effective than a combination of ceftriaxoneazithromycin."
2017
T48638
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Marlina
"Latar belakang: Pneumonia adalah salah satu masalah kesehatan utama pada geriatri. Proses penuaan sistem organ dan faktor komorbid banyak berperan pada peningkatan morbiditas dan mortalitas pneumonia pada pasien geriatri sehingga menyebabkan tingginya biaya pengobatan penyakit tersebut. Salah satu biaya yang menyerap besar anggaran rumah sakit adalah biaya antibiotik. Tingginya biaya penggunaan antibotik untuk pneumonia komunitas menyebabkan perlunya dilakukan analisis farmakoekonomi. Cost effectiveness adalah salah satu metode analisis farmakoekonomi.
Tujuan: Menilai cost effectiveness tata laksana pneumonia komunitas pada geriatri.
Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan secara retrospektif pada pasien geriatri rawat inap dengan pneumonia komunitas di RSCM periode 1 Januari 2012-31 Maret 2016. Analisis cost effectiveness digunakan untuk analisis farmakoekonomi yang membandingkan biaya (cost) dengan hasil luaran klinis sembuh (effectiveness).
Hasil: Sebanyak 104 pasien geriatri dengan pneumonia komunitas dirawat di RSCM dianalisis cost effectiveness dan dikelompokkan menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu: kombinasi seftriakson azitromisin (n=38), kombinasi sefotaksim azitromisin (n=23), monoterapi meropenem (n=22), kombinasi meropenem levofloksasin (n=13), dan monoterapi sefepim (n=8). Kesembuhan tertinggi pada monoterapi sefepim (100%), kombinasi sefotaksim azitromisin (95,7%), dan kombinasi seftriakson azitromisin (92,1%). Kematian tertinggi pada kombinasi meropenem levofloksasin (46,2%) dan monoterapi meropenem (36,4%). Penelitian ini dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok besar. Kelompok 1 terdiri dari kombinasi seftriakson azitromisin dan kombinasi sefotaksim azitromisin. Kelompok 2 terdiri dari kombinasi meropenem levofloksasin, monoterapi meropenem dan monoterapi sefepim. Nilai ACER (Average Cost Effectiveness Ratio) pada kombinasi seftriakson azitromisin Rp285.097,- dan monoterapi sefepim memiliki nilai ACER Rp 1.747.356,-. Pada nilai ICER (Intremental Cost Effectivenees Ratio), penggunaan kombinasi seftriakson azitromisin memberikan selisih penambahan harga sebesar Rp 31.756,- untuk setiap selisih penambahan 1% kesembuhan dibandingkan dengan kombinasi sefotaksim azitromisin. Penggunaan monoterapi sefepim memberikan selisih penurunan harga sebesar Rp 58.124,- untuk setiap selisih penambahan 1% kesembuhan dibandingkan dengan monoterapi meropenem. Penggunaan monoterapi sefepim memberikan selisih penurunan harga sebesar Rp 83.918,- untuk setiap selisih penambahan 1% kesembuhan dibandingkan dengan kombinasi meropenem levofloksasin. Penggunaan meropenem memberikan selisih penurunan harga sebesar Rp 179.724,- untuk setiap selisih penambahan 1% kesembuhan dibandingkan dengan kombinasi meropenem levofloksasin untuk terapi pneumonia komunitas pada geriatri.
Kesimpulan: Kedua rejimen antibiotik kombinasi seftriakson azitromisin dan kombinasi sefotaksim azitromisin memiliki cost effectiveness yang sama untuk terapi pneumonia komunitas pada geriatri. Monoterapi sefepim memiliki cost effectiveness lebih tinggi dibandingkan monoterapi meropenem dan kombinasi meropenem levofloksasin untuk terapi pneumonia komunitas pada geriatri.

Background: Pneumonia is one of the major health problems in elderly. The aging process of organ systems and many comorbid factors contribute to increase the morbidity and mortality of pneumonia in geriatric patients, causing high costs of the treatment, mainly the cost of antibiotic. The high cost of antibiotic used for community pneumonia creates need for pharmacoeconomics analysis. Cost effectiveness analysis is one of the method for doing pharmacoeconomics analysis.
Objective: To analyze the cost effectiveness of antibiotic uses on community pneumonia in elderly.
Method: This study was conducted retrospectively in hospitalized geriatric patients with community pneumonia in RSCM for period of 1 January 2012-31 March 2016. The cost effectiveness analysis method was used to analyze pharmacoeconomics by comparing the expense (cost) with clinically cured patients (effectiveness).
Result: A total of 104 geriatric patients with community pneumonia treated in RSCM were analyzed by using cost effectiveness method. They were classified into 5 groups: combination of azithromycin ceftriaxone+azithromycin (n=23), combination of cefotaxime+azithromycin (n=38), meropenem monotherapy (n=22), combination of meropenem+levofloxacin (n=13), and cefepime monotherapy (n=8). The highest percentage of recovery was found in cefepime monotherapy (100%), followed by combination of cefotaxime+azithromycin (95.7%) and combination of ceftriaxone+azithromycin (92.1%). The highest percentage of mortality was observed in the combination of meropenem+ levofloxacin (46.2%), followed by meropenem monotherapy (36.4%). This research is divided into two large groups. Group 1 consisted of combination of ceftriaxone+azithromycin and combination of cefotaxime+azithromycin. Group 2 consisted of combination of meropenem+levofloxacin, meropenem monotherapy and cefepime monotherapy .The Average Cost Effectiveness Ratio of combination ceftriaxone+azithromycin is Rp 285.097,-while the ACER of cefepime monotherapy is Rp 1.747.356,-. The Intremental Cost Effectivenees Ratio of combination of ceftriaxone+azithromycin is Rp 31.756,- for each 1% increment of recovery when compared to combination of cefotaxime+azithromycin. The use of cefepime monotherapy provides reduction of Rp 58.124, - for each 1% additional of recovery compared to meropenem monotherapy. The use of cefepime monotherapy provides reduction of Rp 83.918,- for each 1% additional of recovery compared to combination of meropenem+levofloxacin. The use of meropenem provides reduction of Rp 179.724,- for each 1% additional of recovery compared to combination of meropenem+levofloxacin for treatment of community pneumonia in elderly.
Conclusions: Both of two regimen azithromycin+ceftriaxone and cefotaxime+azithromycin got the same cost of effectiveness for the treatment of community pneumonia in elderly. Cefepime monotherapy has higher cost effectiveness than meropenem monotherapy and combination of meropenem+levofloxacin for treatment of community pneumonia in elderly.
"
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2016
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Winda Putri
"Rumah Sakit Karya Bhakti Pratiwi menggunakan seftriakson dan levofloksasin sebagai pilihan terapi utama berdasarkan pengalaman klinis pada pasien pneumonia komunitas dewasa rawat inap. Perbedaan biaya antara kedua obat ini menjadi alasan berlangsungnya penelitian ini. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan analisis efektivitas-biaya AEB dari seftriakson dan levofloksasin sehingga diperoleh pengobatan yang lebih efektif-biaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan data sekunder berupa data peresepan dan data administrasi biaya pasien pneumonia rawat inap tahun 2017 yang berasal dari Sistem Informasi Rumah Sakit. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik total sampling. Sampel yang dilibatkan pada penelitian ini sebanyak 33 pasien, yaitu 23 pasien menggunakan seftriakson dan 10 pasien menggunakan levofloksasin.
Efektivitas pengobatan diukur berdasarkan lama hari rawat. Biaya diperoleh dari median total biaya pengbatan yang berasal dari biaya obat utama, biaya obat lain, biaya obat penyakit penyerta, biaya alat kesehatan, biaya laboratorium, biaya radiologi, biaya fisioterapi, biaya pelayanan, biaya administrasi, dan biaya rawat inap. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, rata-rata lama hari rawat pasien yang menggunakan seftriakson adalah 3,43 hari dan levofloksasin 3,50 hari dan tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada analisis Mann-Whitney p=0,440. Median total baya pengobatan seftriakson sebesar Rp2.183.356,54 lebih murah dibandingkan levofloksasin Rp2.819.895,56. Seftriakson secara umum memiliki nilai REB sebesar Rp636.547,10/hari lebih efektif-biaya dibandingkan levofloksasin dengan nilai REB: Rp805.684,40/hari.

Karya Bhakti Pratiwi Hospital has been using ceftriaxone and levofloxacin as the empirical therapy option in community acquired pneumonia in adult patients. The difference in the cost between these two drugs encouraged researcher to perform Cost effectiveness analysis CEA to obtain more cost effective treatment. The study design was a cross sectional, data were collected retrospectively with total sampling method using data from the prescribing data and administrative financial data of inpatient pneumonia in 2017 from Hospital Information System. The number of samples were 33 patients, consisted of 23 patients using ceftriaxone and 10 patients using levofloxacin.
The effectiveness of treatment has measured by the length of stay. The total costs therapy were obtained from the median total cost from major drug costs, other drug costs, medical equipment costs, laboratory costs, radiology costs, physiotherapy costs, service fees cost, administrative costs, and hospitalization costs. Based on the results of the study, the efficacy of ceftriaxone with an average length of stay was 3.43 days and levofloxacin 3.50 days. The median total costs therapy of ceftriaxone was cheaper Rp2,183,356.54 than levofloxacin Rp2,819,895.56. The result shows that ceftriaxone generally REB Rp 636.547,10 day more cost effective than levofloxacin REB Rp805,684.40 day.
"
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2018
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UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Aisyah Nur Fa'izah
"Pneumonia komunitas merupakan peradangan akut pada parenkim paru yang bersumber dari masyarakat dengan tingkat mortalitas, morbiditas, dan beban biaya yang tinggi terutama pada pasien rawat inap. Rata-rata biaya yang dibutuhkan bagi pasien pneumonia komunitas di Indonesia dalam satu periode rawat inap kurang-lebih mencapai Rp11.877.120. Pemilihan antibiotik empiris yang tepat penting dalam mengendalikan infeksi dan mengurangi beban total biaya pengobatan. Studi farmakoekonomi digunakan untuk mengetahui intervensi antibiotik yang paling unggul dari aspek efektivitas-biaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas-biaya levofloksasin monoterapi dibandingkan dengan kombinasi seftriakson-azitromisin pada pasien pneumonia komunitas rawat inap non-ICU di RSUD Tangerang Selatan. Desain studi yang digunakan merupakan cross-sectional dengan metode pengumpulan data secara retrospektif terhadap data rekam medis, data penggunaan obat, dan data billing. Efektivitas terapi dinilai sebagai proporsi pasien yang mencapai kestabilan klinis setelah 72 jam penggunaan antibiotik. Data biaya yang digunakan berupa data biaya medis langsung berdasarkan perspektif rumah sakit. Sampel pada penelitian ini berjumlah 86 pasien yang merupakan 43 pasien dari masing-masing kelompok terapi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna antara efektivitas kelompok levofloksasin dan kombinasi seftriakson-azitromisin (p < 0,05). Berdasarkan perhitungan REB (rasio efektivitas-biaya), kelompok levofloksasin memiliki nilai sebesar Rp78.028,22/% efektivitas dan kelompok kombinasi seftriakson-azitromisin Rp107.666,91/% efektivitas.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma that originates from the community and carries a high mortality, morbidity, and cost burden, particularly in hospitalized patients. The average cost of treating CAP patients in Indonesia during a single hospitalization period is Rp11,877,120. Selecting the appropriate empiric antibiotic is crucial in controlling the infection and reducing the overall treatment costs. Pharmacoeconomic studies are conducted to determine the most effective and cost-efficient antibiotic intervention. This study aims to analyze the cost-effectiveness of levofloxacin monotherapy compared to the combination of ceftriaxone-azithromycin in non-ICU inpatient CAP cases at RSUD Tangerang Selatan. The study design was cross-sectional, utilizing a retrospective data collection method that involved medical records, drug usage data, and billing information. The therapy's effectiveness was assessed by the proportion of patients who achieved clinical stability after 72 hours of antibiotic use. The cost data utilized represents direct medical costs from the hospital's perspective. The study sample consisted of 86 patients, with 43 patients in each treatment group. The results indicated a significant difference in the effectiveness of the levofloxacin group compared to the ceftriaxone-azithromycin combination (p < 0.05). Calculation of the Average Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ACER) revealed that the levofloxacin group had a value of Rp78,028.22 per % effectiveness, while the ceftriaxone-azithromycin combination group had a value of Rp107,666.91 per % effectiveness. "
Depok: Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Indonesia, 2023
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UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Simanjuntak, Rohayat Bilmahdi
"Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) oleh patogen resisten obat (PRO) memiliki tingkat keparahan yang tinggi. CAP akibat PRO memerlukan terapi antibiotik spektrum luas, skor Drugs Resistance in Pneumonia (DRIP) mampu memprediksi kasus tersebut. Penggunaan skor DRIP dapat mencegah kegagalan terapi antibiotik empirik dan mempersingkat lama rawatan, untuk itu diperlukan validasi. Penelitian ini merupakan studi Cohort Retrospektif pada pasien CAP yang dirawat inap selama periode Januari 2019 hingga Juni 2020. Data diambil dari rekam medis, kegagalan antibiotik bila terdapat kematian, pindah rawat ICU dan eskalasi antibiotik. Performa skor DRIP dianalisis dengan menentukan nilai kalibrasi dan diskriminasi, uji Hosmer-Lemeshow dan Area Under Curve (AUC). Diperoleh 480 pasien yang telah memenuhi kriteria. Terdapat 331 pasien (69%) dengan skor DRIP <4 dan 149 pasien (31%) dengan skor DRIP ≥4, dengan jumlah kegagalan antibiotik sebesar 283 pasien (59%), 174 pasien (61,4%) skor DRIP <4 dan 109 pasien (38,5%) skor DRIP ≥4. Kalibrasi DRIP menggunakan uji Hosmer-Lemeshow diperoleh p-value = 0,667 (p>0,05), diskriminasi AUC pada kurva ROC diperoleh 0,651 (IK 95%; 0,601-0,700). Skor DRIP menunjukkan performa yang cukup baik dalam memprediksi kegagalan antibiotic empiric pada pasien CAP yang terinfeksi PRO. Skor DRIP tidak berhubungan dengan lama rawatan di Rumah Sakit.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by drug resistant pathogens (DRP) has a high level of severity. The incidence of CAP due to DRP requires broad spectrum antibiotic therapy, the Drugs Resistance in Pneumonia (DRIP) score is able to predict these cases. The use of the DRIP score can prevent antibiotic failure and minimize length of hospitalization, but validation is needed . This research is a retrospective cohort study in CAP patients who were hospitalized during the period January 2019 to June 2020. Data were taken from patient medical records, and failure of empiric antibiotics occurs when one of this criteria are found: patient mortality, ICU transfer and escalation of antibiotics as well as length of stay. Furthermore, the performance of the DRIP score was analyzed by determining the calibration and discrimination, using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and the Area Under Curve (AUC). There were 480 patients who met the criteria. There were 331 patients (69%) with a DRIP score <4 and 149 patients (31%) with a DRIP score ≥4, with a total of 283 patients (59%) of antibiotic failures which were detailed in 174 patients (61.4%) with a DRIP score <4 and 109 patients (38.5%) DRIP score ≥4. DRIP calibration using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test obtained p-value=0.667 (p>0.05), AUC observations on the ROC curve obtained 0.651 (95% CI; 0.601-0.700). The DRIP score showed good performance in predicting failure of empiric antibiotics in infected CAP patients. PRO. The DRIP score is not related to the length of stay in the hospital."
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2022
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Lorreta, Elisabeth
"Pneumonia merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang terjadi di daerah perkotaan. Lingkungan perkotaan yang padat, udara yang tidak sehat, dan gaya hidup yang tidak sehat merupakan faktor risiko yang meningkatkan angka kejadian pneumonia pada masyarakat kota. Salah satu masalah yang dapat terjadi pada penderita pneumonia adalah gangguan bersihan jalan napas. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk melakukan analisis evidence based mengenai terapi batuk efektif dalam mengatasi masalah gangguan bersihan jalan napas pada pasien pneumonia. Hasil dari pelaksanaan batuk efektif ini terbukti efektif dalam meningkatkan pengeluaran sekret pada pasien. Rekomendasi penulisan ini agar perawat mengajarkan terapi batuk efektif.

Pneumonia is one of the health problems that occur in urban areas. Dense environment, polluted air, and unhealthy lifestyle are risk factors that increase the incidence of pneumonia in urban community. One of the problems that can occur in patients with pneumonia is impaired airway clearance. This study is aimed to do evidence based analyze about effective cough therapy to overcome impaired airway clearance in pneumonia patient. The result of effective cough therapy exercise is proved in increasing the excretion of secret in patient. Recommendation of this study is that nurses teach this effective cough therapy to pneumonia patients in order to overcome airway clearance disorders.
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Depok: Fakultas Ilmu Keperawatan Universitas Indonesia, 2014
PR-Pdf
UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Soedarsono
"Background: multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) caused pneumonia has become a crucial case. MDRO infection has been a problem concern to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). A lot of factors play roles in CAP with MDRO infection. This study aimed to analyze MDRO as the etiology of hospitalized patients with CAP along with its risk factors in Dr. Soetomo Hospital as one of the top referral hospitals in east Indonesia. Methods: this retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 2016 to December 2018. Data were collected from patients' medical records. Automatic Rapid Diagnosis (Phoenix TM) was used as a standard method for culture and susceptibility test. Various risk factors were analyzed for MDRO infection. Results: five most common pathogens in hospitalized patients with CAP were Acinetobacter baumannii 244/1364 (17.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 134/1364 (9.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 91/1364 (6.7%), Escherichia coli 58/1364 (4.3%), and Enterobacter cloacae 45/1364 (3.3%). There were 294/1364 (21.5%) MDROs isolated from patients with CAP. MDRO infection was linked to previous hospitalization, malignancy, cardiovascular disease, and structural lung disease with p values of 0.002, <0.001, 0.024, and <0.001, respectively. Conclusion: the incidence of MDRO in CAP is high (21.5%). The risk factors related were previous hospitalization, malignancy, cardiovascular disease, and structural lung disease."
Jakarta: University of Indonesia. Faculty of Medicine, 2021
610 UI-IJIM 53:2 (2021)
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Icang Khairani
"Penyakit pneumonia adalah salah satu penyebab utama kematian pada anak di dunia. Kasus kematian anak di Indonesia yang diakibat oleh pneumonia diperkirakan mencapai 23,6 . Antibiotik memiliki peran penting dalam terapi pengobatan pneumonia. Pemberian ampisilin dan seftriakson direkomendasikan untuk pasien pneumonia anak. Analisis Efektivitas Biaya AEB merupakan salah satu metode farmakoekonomi untuk mengetahui obat yang efektif dengan biaya terkecil. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membandingkan total biaya medis langsung dan efektivitas yang ditinjau dari lama hari rawat pasien yang menggunakan ampisilin dan seftriakson. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah non eksperimental dengan studi penelitian cross sectional. Pengambilan data dilakukan secara retrospektif terhadap data sekunder pasien dan data keuangan pasien pneumonia anak di Rumah Sakit Anak dan Bunda Harapan Kita Jakarta Tahun 2016. Pengambilan sampel dilkakukan secara total sampling. Jumlah pasien dalam analisis sebanyak 21 pasien, yaitu 8 pasien menggunakan ampisilin dan 13 pasien menggunakan seftriakson. Median total biaya medis antara ampisilin dan seftriakson berturut-turut sebesar Rp 2.717.075,00 dan. Rp 3.333.750,00. Median lama hari rawat ampisilin dan seftriakson berturut-turut 5,5 hari dan 6 hari. Berdasarkan AEB menunjukkan bahwa ampisilin lebih cost-effective dibandingkan seftriakson.

Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death in children in the world. The case of child mortality in Indonesia caused by pneumonia is estimated at 23.6 . Antibiotics have an important role in the treatment of pneumonia therapy. Provision of ampicillin and ceftriaxone is recommended for pediatric pneumonia patients. Cost Effectiveness Analysis AEB is one of the pharmacoeconomic methods to find out the effective drug with the smallest cost. This study was conducted to compare the total direct medical cost and effectiveness, which was measured from length of stay LOS , of ampicillin and ceftriaxone usage. The research design used was non experimental with cross sectional study. Retrospective data retrieval was performed on patient secondary data and financial data of child pneumonia patient at Rumah Sakit Anak dan Bunda Harapan Kita Jakarta in 2016. Samples were taken by using total sampling method. The number of patients in the analysis were 21 patients, which included 8 patients with ampicillin and 13 patients with ceftriaxone. Median total medical costs between ampicillin and ceftriaxone were respectively Rp 2,717,075.00 and. Rp 3,333,750.00. Median duration of day of ampicillin and ceftriaxone consecutive 5.5 days and 6 days. An AEB shows that ampicillin is more cost effective than ceftriaxone.
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Depok: Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Indonesia, 2017
S67726
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Mohammad Adi Firmansyah, examiner
"[Latar Belakang: Pneumonia komunitas masih merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian terbanyak untuk penyakit infeksi, baik di negara maju ataupun negara berkembang. Pengetahuan tentang prediktor mortalitas dapat membantu pengambilan keputusan klinis untuk tatalaksana pasien. Penelitian terdahulu mengenai prediktor mortalitas di luar negeri sebagian besar dilakukan pada usia lanjut dan hanya ditemukan satu penelitian mengenai faktor-faktor prediktor mortalitas di Indonesia namun juga terbatas pada usia lanjut.
Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor-faktor prediktor mortalitas pasien pneumonia komunitas dewasa di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM).
Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort retrospektif pada pasien rawat inap dewasa RSCM yang didiagnosis pneumonia komunitas selama tahun 2010– 2014. Data klinis dan laboratorium beserta status luaran (hidup atau meninggal) selama perawatan diperoleh dari rekam medis. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Chi-square dilakukan pada sepuluh variabel prognostik, yakitu kelompok usia, penurunan kesadaran, komorbiditas (skor Charlson Comorbidity Index – CCI >5), sepsis, gagal napas, pneumonia berat, kadar hemoglobin <9 g/dL, hitung leukosit <4.000/ul atau >20.000/ul, kadar albumin <3 g/dL, dan kadar glukosa darah sewaktu >200 mg/dL. Data yang tidak lengkap diatasi dengan teknik multiple imputation. Variabel yang memenuhi syarat akan disertakan pada analisis multivariat dengan regresi logistik.
Hasil: Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 434 pasien. Mortalitas selama perawatan sebesar 23,9%. Sebanyak 197 (45,4%) pasien adalah laki-laki dan 237 (54,6%)pasien adalah perempuan. Median usia pasien 58 tahun (rentang 18 sampai 89)tahun dan median lama perawatan adalah 8 (rentang 1 sampai 63) hari. Patogen tersering dari hasil kultur sputum adalah Klebsiella pneumoniae (28%). Prediktor mortalitas independen yang bermakna pada analisis multivariat adalah pneumonia berat (OR=29,42; IK 95% 20,81 sampai 41,58), sepsis (OR=3,65; IK 95% 2,57 sampai 5,19), gagal napas (OR=3,2; IK 95% 1,9 sampai 5,37), skor CCI >5 (OR=2,25; IK 95% 1,6 sampai 3,15) dan kadar albumin <3 g/dL (OR=1,42; IK 95% 1,04 sampai 1,95).
Simpulan: Pneumonia berat, gagal napas, sepsis, skor CCI >5, dan kadar albumin <3 g/dL merupakan pediktor independen mortalitas pasien pneumonia komunitas dewasa saat rawat inap., Background: Community-acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is one of the causes of death from infectious disease in the developed or developing countries. The prediction of outcome is important in decision-making process. Previous studies of predictors of mortality in overseas mostly in elderly and only found one previous study in Indonesia, but also limited in the elderly.
Objective: To determine the predictors of mortality in hospitalized patients with CAP in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study among hospitalized patients with CAP in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital between 2010–2014. Data were collected at initiation of hospitalized period and the main outcome was all-cause mortality during hospitalization. We analyzed age, decreased of consciousness, comorbidity (represented as Charlson Comorbidity Index – CCI), sepsis, respiratory failure, severe pneumonia, hemoglobin level <9 g/dL, leucocyte count <4.000/ul or >20.000/ul, albumin level <9 g/dL, and blood glucose level >200 mg/dL in bivariate analysis using Chi-Square test. Missing data were handled using multiple imputation. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of mortality.
Results: A total of 434 patients were evaluated in this study. In-hospital mortality rate was 23.9%. There were 197 (45,4%)male and 237 (54,6%) female patients. Median age of population was 58 (range 18 to 89) years old and median length of stay was 8 (range 1 to 63) days. The commonest pathogen was Klebsiella pneumoniae (28%). The independent predictors of mortality in multivariate analysis were severe pneumonia (OR 29.42; 95% CI 20.81 to 41.58), sepsis (OR 3.65; 95% CI 2.57 to 5.19), respiratory failure (OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.9 to 5.37), CCI score >5 (OR 2.25; 95% CI 1.6 to 3.15) and albumin level <3 g/dL (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.95).
Conclusion: Severe pneumonia, respiratory failure, sepsis, CCI scores >5, and albumin level <3 g/dL were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality among hospitalized patients with CAP.]"
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2015
SP-PDF
UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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