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"Tesis ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kedudukan Indonesia dalam negosiasi perdagangan bebas Uni Eropa (UE) dengan negara-negara Asia Tenggara, yang dilihat dari perspektif UE. Pertanyaan pendahuluan dari penelitian ini adalah mengapa UE menegosiasikan perjanjian perdagangan bebas dengan negara-negara Asia Tenggara. Sementara itu, pertanyaan penelitian utama dari tesis ini adalah mengapa Indonesia hanya menjadi negara keenam di Asia Tenggara yang melakukan negosiasi perdagangan bebas dengan UE dan bukan yang pertama. Metode penelitian tesis ini adalah metode analisis kualitatif dengan menggunakan studi kasus, dalam hal ini negosiasi perdagangan bebas UE-Asia Tenggara. Metode pengumpulan data utama menggunakan teknik studi pustaka yang dikumpulkan dari buku, artikel, laman berita, dan laman resmi dari organisasi-organisasi terkait. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian, peneliti menggunakan teori Cross-Regionalism yang dikemukakan oleh Mireya Solís dan Saori N. Katada (2007). Faktor regional yang membuat UE melakukan perjanjian perdagangan bebas (FTA) lintas kawasan antara lain kondisi ekonomi internal yang terpuruk; kemunculan kekuatan-kekuatan ekonomi baru, terutama Tiongkok, yang menyaingi UE; kemajuan ekonomi dari keenam negara Asia Tenggara yang jauh lebih baik dari UE; kondisi perdagangan barang yang tidak menguntungkan dengan ASEAN; dan kebijakan politik UE. FTA lintas kawasan merupakan upaya UE untuk memperbaiki kondisi perekonomiannya, mencegah terjadinya pengalihan perdagangan (trade diversion), dan menjadi kekuatan normatif. Faktor regional yang menyebabkan Indonesia tidak menjadi prioritas bagi UE adalah kondisi ekonomi Indonesia yang tidak lebih baik dari Singapura, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, dan Filipina; hubungan ekonomi UE-Indonesia yang menurun; isu-isu keberlanjutan (sustainability); dan minimnya hubungan UE-Indonesia. Kemudian, motif yang memengaruhi UE untuk melakukan FTA lintas kawasan adalah motif pengaruh (leverage), yaitu untuk mempromosikan nilai-nilai UE, sehingga terbentuk like-minded countries. Motif ekonomi dan motif pengaruh (leverage) merupakan alasan yang menyebabkan Indonesia tidak menjadi mitra negosiasi FTA bilateral pertama dan hanya yang keenam. Tampaknya kedua alasan ini memengaruhi UE dalam penentuan mitra FTA, sedangkan motif keamanan dan diplomasi tidak memengaruhinya. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa motif keamanan dan diplomasi (politik) diabaikan oleh UE. Dalam memilih mitra FTA, nilai-nilai yang diusung UE kalah ketika berhadapan dengan kepentingan ekonominya.

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This thesis aims to analyze Indonesia's position in the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations between the European Union (EU) and Southeast Asian countries as seen from the EU's perspective. The preliminary question of this thesis is why the EU negotiated FTAs with Southeast Asian countries. Meanwhile, the primary research question is why Indonesia became the sixth country in Southeast Asia to negotiate a bilateral FTA with the EU instead of the first. The research method of this thesis is a qualitative analysis using a case study, which is the EU-Southeast Asia FTA negotiations. The majority of the data collected in this thesis is collected from books, articles, news pages, and official pages from related organizations. To answer the research question, the researcher uses Cross-Regionalism theory put forward by Mireya Solís and Saori N. Katada (2007). Regional factors that have led the EU to conduct cross-regional FTA ​​are internal economic slump; the emergence of new economic powers, notably China, that rival the EU; economic improvement of the six Southeast Asian countries which is much better than the EU; unfavorable trade in goods with ASEAN; and EU political policy. Cross-regional FTA is EU's effort to improve its economic condition, prevent trade diversion, and become a normative power. Regional factors that have caused Indonesia not to become a priority for the EU are Indonesia's economic condition that was no better than Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, and the Philippines; the decline of EU-Indonesia economic relation; sustainability issues; and the lack of EU-Indonesia relation. Furthermore, the motive that influences the EU to conduct cross-regional FTA ​​is leverage motive, namely to promote EU values, so that like-minded countries are formed. Economic motive and leverage motive were the reasons why Indonesia was not the first and only the sixth bilateral FTA negotiating partner. It seems that both of these reasons influenced the EU in determining its FTA partners, while security and diplomacy motives did not influence the EU. This shows that security and diplomacy (politics) motives were disregarded by the EU. In choosing FTA partners, the values promoted by the EU lose out when it comes to its economic interests."

"Tesis ini membahas fakta kedekatan diplomatik Ceska-Israel tidak menghasilkan kedekatan ekonomi kedua negara. Dalam penelitian ini, kedekatan ekonomi diukur dari volume perdagangan Ceska-Israel lalu dibandingkan dengan volume perdagangan Israel-anggota lain di Uni Eropa. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi dan memaparkan penyebab volume perdagangan Israel-Ceska lebih rendah dibandingkan volume perdagangan Israel-negara lain di UE yang punya kedekatan politik setara. Kedekatan politik diukur lewat jumlah dan lokasi perwakilan diplomatik serta hasil pemungutan suara di sidang Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa. Sementara dari sisi ekonomi menerapkan pendekatan gravitasi, memanfaatkan indeks komplementaritas perdagangan (TCI) dan Indeks Perdagangan Intra-industri (IIT) untuk memeriksa perdagangan Israel-Ceska dan Israel-negara anggota UE lainnya. Pemeriksaan menggunakan UNCTAD, Bank Dunia, International Trade Center (Intracen), serta CEPII. Dalam penelitian ditemukan, Jerman, Perancis, dan Ceska paling dekat secara politik dengan dengan Israel. Walakin, karena kapasitas ekonomi dan jenis komoditas perdagangannya, volume perdagangan Israel-Ceska lebih rendah dibandingkan volume perdagangan Israel-Jerman atau Israel-Perancis. Ceska-Israel perlu meningkatkan aras komplementaritas komoditasnya untuk mendorong kenaikan volume perdagangan.

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This thesis discusses Czech-Israel diplomatic propinquity is not reflected in their economic relations. In this research, economic proximity is measured with trade volume between Czech and Israel and then compared with the trade volume of other countries in the European Union to Israel. This study identifies and describes causative factors Czech-Israel trade volume is lower than Israel-other EU member states trade volume. This study identifies and explains the causes of lower Israeli- Czech trade volume compared to Israel-Czech trade volumes in other EU countries that have equal political affinity. Political closeness is measured by the number and location of diplomatic representatives and the results of voting at the General Assembly of the United Nations. Meanwhile, from an economic perspective, applying a gravity approach, utilizing the trade complementarity index (TCI) and intra-industri trade index (IIT) to examine Israel-Czech trade and Israel-other EU member states. The examination uses data from UNCTAD, the World Bank, the International Trade Center (Intracen), and CEPII. In the study it was found that Germany, France, and the Czech Republic were closest politically to Israel. However, due to its economic capacity and the type of trading commodities, the Israeli-Czech trade volume is lower than the Israeli-German or Israeli-French trade volume. Czech-Israel needs to increase the level of complementarity of its commodities to encourage an increase in trade volume."

"ABSTRAKIn the Treaty of Rome 1957, agriculture sector has been recognized as an important feature regarding its strategic values, such as the natural factor with its major role, food endurance and its susceptibility toward competitive pressures although its contributions on economics declined.On 30 July 1962, Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was introduced after three years of negotiations in line with the mechanism settlement and its organizations as a whole. Various agricultural problems in member states were the causes of the difficulties in achieving agreements on CAP mechanism.Protectionism through market mechanism (price intervention and subsidies) which tried improving the welfare of farmers was the central focus of CAP. But as time goes, this mechanism burdens the European Union's budget. The EU's budget allocation to CAP in 1990 was almost 60% which lead to debates between France and United Kingdom on Budgeting 2007-2013. The EU's enlargement in 2004 was also a cause that burdens the budget. Other factors are the demand from the international trade regulations in GATT, then WTO which tried to establish international trade liberalization through reducing protectionism such as reducing tariffs and subsidies. Various requests on environment conservations, rural development and biotechnology improvement were backgrounds of Mac Sharry Reformations, Agenda 2000 and Reformation 2003.Pros and Cons on CAP within the European Unions didn't affect the EU's integration because of the common perspectives on uniting Europe as a whole. Less debates within the CAP would shift the focus on external issues therefore strengthen the international positions of EU. But even though EU is powerful enough, deadlock against United States would still remain.These days international trade is already relative free where barriers in trade are declined. Therefore CAP is no longer a relevant issue. It can block the international trade liberalization because the protectionism still exists. It will be a difficult task for the European Union to completely remove CAP because of its importance for the member states. Currently the European Union is only able to reduce its protection value in phase."

"Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari penerapan suatu kebijakan liberalisasi perdagangan terhadap ekspor Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Indonesia. Maksud dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh variabel harga, pendapatan dunia, nilai tukar rill, harga minyak dunia, pungutan ekspor dan kebijakan liberalisasi perdagangan terhadap ekspor CPO Indonesia. Kebijakan liberalisasi perdagangan di ukur dengan menggunakan variabel dummy yang menandakan perrnulaan dilaksanakannya kebijakan tersebut. Data yang akan dipakal dalam penelitian ini ad.alah data runtun waktu (time series) kuartalan sekunder. Periode penelit[an mulai dari tahun 1990 triwulan pertama sampai tahun 2007 triwulrm keempat Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji kointegrasl dan model koreksi kesalahan errror correction model (ECM). Estimasi dilakukan terhadap hubungan jangka panjang dan jangka pendek antara varlbel terikat dan varibel bebas. Untuk estimasi jangka panjang dipakai metode johansen multivariate cointegmtion dan estimasi jangka pendek menggunakan modelkoreksi kesalahan Engle-Granger. Dari hasil uji kointegrasi bahwa pada jangka panjang kebijakan liberalisasi memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan ekspor CPO Indonesia. Sedangkan dalam jangka pendek, pungutan ekspor dan kebijakan !iberalisasi tidak memberikan berpengaruh terhadap ekspor CPO Indonesia. Koefisien ECM menunjukkan nilai yang negatif dan signifikan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan jangka panjang dan jaogka pendek atau ada kemampuan untuk mengoreksi ketidakseimbangan untuk menuju kondisi keseimbangan."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang negara-negara Visegrad Group pada masa krisis Uni Eropa. Krisis-krisis yang dibahas adalah krisis ekonomi, krisis keamanan energi, dan krisis keamanan migrasi. Pertanyaan penelitian yang dianalisis dalam tesis ini adalah bagaimana upaya negara-negara Visegrad Group bertahan dari krisis-krisis Uni Eropa dan bagaimana pengaruh krisis-krisis tersebut terhadap politik domestik negara-negara Visegrad Group. Negara-negara Visegrad Group dikaji sebagai suatu negara berdaulat dan sebagai institusi sub-regional dalam Uni Eropa. Perspektif English School menjadi acuan utama dalam penulisan tesis ini. Kerangka teori yang digunakan adalah teori Sekuritisasi dari Barry Buzan dan teori Eropanisasi sebagai bagian dari teori integrasi Eropa.

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The focus of this study is the Visegrad Group states at the time of the European Union crises. The crises covers economic crisis, energy security crisis, and migration security crisis. The purposes of this study are to explain the efforts of the Visegrad Group states to survive from the crises, and to analyze the effect of the crises on the domestic politics of Visegrad Group states. Visegrad Group states are examined as sovereign states and as sub regional institution in the European Union. English School perspective is the major view of this study. Theoretical frameworks that are used to analyze the research question are Securitization theory from Barry Buzan and Europeanization theory as a part of European integration theory."

"Tesis ini dilatarbelakangi oleh penyatuan ekonomi Eropa (Integrasi Uni Eropa) yang ditandai dengan penyatuan mata uang negara-negara yang tergabung dalam Uni Eropa yaitu Euro. Sejak tanggal 1 Januari 2002. Peredar.m Euro sebagai alat tukar baru menggantikan uang nasional 12 negara anggota UE (Austria, Belgia, Belanda, Finlandia, frlandia, ltalia, Jerman, Luksemburg, Perancis, Portugal, Spanyol, Yunani) berlangsung relatif mulus. Apakab penyatuan mata uang tersebut akan berpengarub terbadap ekspor Indonesia, maka kam.i menganaJisa 6 (euarn) negara EU (Perancis, Jerman, Italia, Belgia Luxemburge, Belanda).Tujuan tesis ini adatah untuk mengkaji ekspor Indonesia terhadap 6 {eanam) Negara Uni Eropa, sejak mulai 1995 hingga tahun 2008 dan mengetahui sejauh mana pengaruh GDP 6 {enam) negara Uni Eropa terhadap perkembangan Ekspor Indonesia. Analisis dalam tesis ini menggunakan data sekunder runtun waktu (time series). yang diambil dari data yang telah dipublikasikan oleh BPS dan European Statistic (Eurostat) dan data primer. Hasil yang diperoleh berdasarkan data tersebut dianalisa dengan menggunakan analisis regresllinier berganda dengan metode Fix Effect. Dengan metode ini maka dapat dijelaskan variable-variabe1 yang mempengaruhi ekspor lndonesia, cara meningkatkan ekspor pemerintah, dan seberapa besar.

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This thesis is motivated by the economic unification of Europe is marked by the currency union countries that joined the European Union. Since January 1, 2002. Circulation of the Euro as a new tender to replace the national currency of 12 EU members (Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Germany, Luxembourg, France, Portugal, Spain, Greece) took place relatively smoothly. Is the currency union will affect the exports of Indonesia, then we analyze the 6 (six) EU countries (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium Luxemburg, Netherlands).The purpose of this thesis is to examine exports of Indonesia to 6 (six) European Union member, since the beginning of 1995 until the year 2008 and determine how far the influence of GDP, Exchange Rate (ER) and Single currency implementation of the European Union member on the development of Indonesian exports. The analysis in this thesis uses secondary data time series, derived from data published by BPS and the European Statistics (Eurostat) and the primary data. The results obtained on the basis of these data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis by the method of Fix Effect."

"ABSTRAKThe relationship between Indonesia and European Union has already bond since years ago. An economic cooperation, especially in trade, was the beginning of it relation that made European Union an important business partner for Indonesia. Chapter one explains how European Union has a significant position in trade with Indonesia, where the percentage is more or less of 13 percent of Indonesian total trade worldwide. Mapping should be done in order divide Indonesian commodities into two parts, which are competitive commodities and uncompetitive commodities in European Union's market. There are several leading Indonesian commodities in European Union's market that should be secured ,and increased. Thus Indonesia is able to be more responsive to the European Union about the alternatives to increase market share. Commodities in this thesis are divided into five (5) categories such as fuels, agricultures and raw materials, food, ores and metals, and manufactures. Indonesia hopes that the integration of European Union will increase the export value of Indonesia to EU market, although there are some barriers in trading activities. One of the barriers is EU import policy that had been imposing to Indonesia export commodity, either tariff policy or non-tariff policy.Apparently, there are many perspectives about those trade policies that can be seen from European Union's (as the importer countries) and Indonesia's (as the exporter country) point of view. Because of that reason we have to recognize and identify -several factors that set up those policies such as Economic factor and Social-Politic factors.Finally, after the mapping and formulating factors of export activities, Indonesia is able to describe threat and opportunities in exporting commodities to the European Union's market. As results, the writer would like to give some opinions about alternative efforts to increase Indonesian export to European Union."