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"ABSTRAKArtikel ini membahas kritik sosial yang terdapat dalam novel L rsquo;Ing nu yang ditulis oleh Voltaire dan dipublikasikan pada tahun 1767. Kritik sosial adalah tanggapan terhadap masalah sosial yang terjadi dalam masyarakat yang disebabkan karena adanya ketidakselarasan terhadap norma dan nilai sosial yang berlaku. Kritik dapat disampaikan melalui dua bentuk, yaitu penyampaian secara langsung seperti sarkasme dan penyampaian secara tidak langsung dengan majas seperti metafora. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan mengungkapkan dan menjelaskan berbagai kritik sosial di Prancis abad ke-18 yang terdapat dalam novel L rsquo;Ing nu. Analisis dalam penelitian ini meliputi analisis aspek struktural alur dan pengaluran, tokoh dan penokohan dan latar serta analisis teks dengan pendekatan sosiologi milik Wellek dan Warren 1993 . Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang sudah dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa L rsquo;Ing nu sarat akan kritik sosial yang mencakup kritik di bidang agama, sosial dan politik.

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ABSTRACTThis article discusses the social criticism contained in the novel L rsquo Ing nu written by Voltaire and published on 1767. Social criticism is a response to social problems that occur within the society and disturbs the prevailing social norms and values. Criticism can be conveyed through two forms, directly such as sarcasm and indirectly by using metaphors. This study aims to reveal and explain various social criticisms in France during the 18th century that are written in the novel L rsquo Ing nu. The analyses done in this study includes the structural aspects of flow and channeling, figures and characterizations and also the literary and analyze text using sociological approach of Wellek and Warren 1993 . In this article, the author uses qualitative methods and literature study techniques. After the analysis is conducted, it can be concluded that social criticism in L rsquo Ing nu is found in the religious, social, and political sector."

"Identitas merupakan karakter yang dimiliki oleh individu dan dapat terbentuk melalui struktur kebudayaan suatu masyarakat. Kesusastraan Kanada sering kali mengangkat permasalahan identitas sebagai topik utama penulisannya. Québec sebagai wilayah frankofon Kanada menghadapi puncak isu identitasnya pada masa Révolution Tranquille. Jacques Godbout dalam novelnya yang berjudul Salut Galarneau! (1967) membawakan cerita mengenai François, lelaki asal Kanada yang tumbuh di lingkungan multikultur karena Ayah François merupakan orang Prancis dan Ibunya merupakan orang Amerika. Stuart Hall (2005) menyampaikan bahwa identitas budaya merupakan suatu identitas yang akan terus berubah tergantung dengan siapa individu tersebut berinteraksi, kapan dan di mana ia berada. Namun, pada praktiknya manusia akan bertemu manusia lain dan melakukan interaksi di tempat dan dalam situasi yang berbeda. Kemudian masyarakat yang hidup berdampingan ini akan berusaha untuk mempertahankan karakteristik dari budaya mereka masing-masing. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan tekstual pada film sebagai korpus penelitian. Penelitian juga didukung teori fokalisasi oleh Genette (1983) dan teori struktur naratif oleh Roland Barthes (1975). Hasil analisis menunjukkan François pada akhirnya menjauhkan diri dari budaya Prancis serta menunjukkan bahwa multikulturalisme berperan penting dalam pembentukan jati diri seseorang.

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Identity is a character that is owned by individuals and can be formed through the cultural structure of a society. Canadian literature often raises the issue of identity as the main topic of its writing. Québec as a francophone region of Canada faced the peak of its identity issue during the Révolution Tranquille. Jacques Godbout in his novel Salute Galarneau! (1967) tells the story of François, a man from Canada who grows up in a multicultural environment because François' father is French and his mother is American. Stuart Hall (2005) said that cultural identity is an identity that will continue to change depending on who the individual interacts with, when, and where he is. However, in practice, humans will meet other humans and interact in different places and situations. Then these people who live side by side will try to maintain the characteristics of their own culture. The research was conducted using a qualitative method with a textual approach to film as a research corpus. This research is also supported by the theory of focalization by Genette (1983) and the theory of narrative structure by Roland Barthes (1975). The results of the analysis show that François ultimately distanced himself from French culture and shows that multiculturalism plays an important role in the formation of one's identity."

"Skripsi ini berisi tentang kritik sosial Lidija Korneevna Čukovskaja (1907-1996) terhadap pemerintahan Stalin terutama pada masa Periode Pembersihan Stalin (1935-1938) yang termanifestasikan dalam novela Софья Петровна/Sof’ja Petrovna/Sofia Petrovna. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analitis dan penulis mengaitkannya dengan teori sosiologi sastra. Dari analisis yang telah dilakukan, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa kritik yang paling menonjol dari novela ini adalah kritik terhadap cara kerja sistem birokrasi pada Periode Pembersihan Stalin, yaitu kritik terhadap polisi rahasia dan lembaga peradilan.

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This mini thesis analyzes Lidija Korneevna Čukovskaja’s (1907-1996) social criticism of Stalinist Soviet especially during Stalin’s Great Purge (1935-1938), which manifested in the novella Софья Петровна/Sof’ja Petrovna/Sofia Petrovna. This research is using the method of descriptive analysis combined with the sociology of literature. From the analysis which author had been done, the most prominent critic from this novella is the critic about how bureaucratic system works during Stalin’s Great Purge, which are contain about the secret police and the judiciary. "

"This thesis deals with the ideal facts in a work of George Sand, a French female-writer from 19th century. Sand believes that writing novel needs the touch of idealization. Idealization here is restricted to social aspect, especially the social values, which prevail in societies depicted in La Mare au Diable. To explore the object systematically, the structural method is chosen to observe the poetic aspect of the novel. As preliminary stage of discussion, this first step shows a sintagmatic axis of the story which concentrates merely on two characters, namely Germain and Marie. It also reveals that the intrigue of the story is basically simple, consisting only of a chronological set of simple events.The characters represent several social groups. It comes out that among societies of three villages, that's to say, Belair, Onueaux, and Farouche, all observations end up in privileging Belairian characters more than those of the two others. Positive characters and features belong totally to Belair. Good old generation, good young generation, tolerant men and intelligent women are those of Belair. On the contrary, the people of the two other villages have the opposite qualities.To put it briefly, Belair has the good characters. It is then justified with values prevailing and binding the individuals within the society. Originality in tradition, harmonious relationship, freedom from religious obligations, respectful status of women and the dominance of agricultural profession, are distinctive features which characterize Belair. On the contrary, Ormeaux and Farouche people show pragmatism, individualism, materialism, and exploitation. These facts are completed with the description of space and time which clearly confirms the fore-mentioned statement about Belair's excellent position.The result of the analysis mentioned-above is then compared to real rustic life in 19th century social history of France documented by social historians. There are a lot of contrasts resulting from this comparison. History reveals that societies in French villages were individualistic in nature, despite the fact that they were religious people. Besides, there was no equality of respect and opportunity for women. Social life was characterized by resolute segregation stemming from strict social classes. Moreover, typical villagers regarded other people in a fully suspicious stance so that no possible interaction could be put into reality, particularly with the urban society.From this comparison we can conclude that Belairian society is an idealized one which can be found in a noel. It typically represents all literary works in romantic tradition which expresses people's longing for the natural beauty. Such artistic trend reflects the basic concept in art, known as back to nature, whose origin can be traced back to the French philosopher, lean Jacques Rousseau. Sand can be classified as the writer who tries to create an ideal world to materialize her dreams and aspirations. In brief, La Mare au Diable accommodates Sand's obsession of perfect people who live in simple but happy life."

"Penelitian ini membahas kritik sosial dalam novel Orang Cacat Dilarang Sekolah (OCDS) karya Wiwid Prasetyo. Novel itu menceritakan perjuangan tiga bersaudara penyandang disabilitas yaitu Cikal, Tunas, dan Ikrar. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan sosiologi sastra Ian Watt. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kritik sosial berkenaan dengan keadaan penyandang disabilitas serta ditujukan kepada masyarakat dan pemerintah. Kepada masyarakat, kritik itu menyampaikan bahwa terdapat perlakuan buruk masyarakat dan penolakan keluarga terhadap penyandang disabilitas. Kritik sosial kepada masyarakat juga dilakukan dengan pendobrakan realitas, bahwa penyandang disabilitas mampu bersaing dengan nondisabilitas. Namun, hal itu dapat dicapai dengan dukungan keluarga dan pemerolehan pendidikan bagi penyandang disabilitas. Sementara itu, kepada pemerintah, kritik itu menunjuk kurangnya kesempatan bagi penyandang disabilitas untuk bekerja layak dan kurangnya upaya pemenuhan hak-hak penyandang disabilitas.

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This study discusses social criticism in the novel Orang Cacat Dilarang Sekolah (OCDS) by Wiwid Prasetyo. The novel tells the struggle of three siblings with disabilities named Cikal, Tunas, and Ikrar. This research uses Ian Watt's literary sociology approach. The method used in this research is qualitative research method. The result of this study shows that social criticism is related to the situation of people with disabilities and addressed to the society and government. To the society, the criticism states that there is mistreatment and family rejection toward people with disabilities. The social criticism is also done by breaking the reality; that people with disabilities are able to compete with people without disabilities. However, this can only be achieved with the family support and the acquisition of education for people with disabilities. Meanwhile, to the government, the criticism points out the lack of opportunities for people with isabilities to work properly and the lack of efforts to fulfill the rights of people with disabilities."

"Novel umumnya merefleksikan problematika yang ada di dalam realitas kehidupan sosial. Hal ini terlihat dari novel Di Tanah Lada. Novel ini menghadirkan beragam konflik yang memperlihatkan realitas kehidupan yant terjadi dalam rumah tangga. Konflik yang paling nyata diangkat adalah kekerasan terhadap anak. Konflik-konflik yang terdapat dalam novel itu memengaruhi perkembangan karakter tokoh utama yang berusia anak-anak, yaitu Ava dan Pepper. Konflik ini terjadi diakibatkan oleh perbedaan pendapat atau gagasan. Perbedaan pendapat itu disebabkan oleh orang ketiga di luar konflik. Sebagai karya yang merefleksikan kehidupan manusia, konflik yang terjadi dalam novel karya Ziggy Zesyazeoviennazabrizkie ini benar-benar dekat dengan kehidupan sosial. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini menjelaskan konflik sosial yang terdapat novel Di Tanah Lada dan menjelaskan bagaimana pengaruh konflik-konflik itu terhadap perkembangan karakter tokoh utama. Untuk menjelaskan hal itu, penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa konflik berupa KDRT dan kekerasan terhadap anak memengaruhi perkembangan anak. Anak akan memiliki penilaian yang buruk terhadap sosok ayah dan anak akan berusaha mencari kebahagiaannya sendiri. Kondisi ini tentunya berdampak pada kesejahteraan yang seharusnya ada di dalam setiap rumah tangga. Oleh karena itu, penanganan konflik yang ada di dalam novel ini layak dipertimbangkan untuk mendukung salah satu Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (TPB) yaitu menciptakan kesejahteraan sosial melalui rumah tangga.

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The novel generally reflects the problems that exist in the reality of social life. This can be seen in the novel Di Tanah Lada. This novel presents various conflicts which show the reality of the life which occurs in the household. The most obvious conflict raised was violence against children. The conflicts contained in the novel affect the development of the main characters of the children, namely Ava and Pepper. This conflict arises due to differences of opinion or ideas. The difference of opinion was caused by a third party outside of the conflict. As a work that reflects human life, the conflict in Ziggy Zesyazeoviennazabrizkie's novel is really close to social life. Therefore, this article explains the social conflicts contained in Tanah Lada's novel and explains how these conflicts affect the development of the main character. To explain this, this study uses descriptive qualitative methods. The results of this study indicate that conflicts in the form of domestic violence and violence against children affect children's development. The child will have a bad appreciation of the father figure and the child will try to find his own happiness. This condition certainly has an impact on the well-being that should exist in every household. Consequently, the conflict management contained in this novel deserves to be considered to support one of the Sustainable Development Goals (TPB), namely the creation of social protection through households."

"Albert Heijn merupakan salah satu supermarket yang terkenal di Belanda. Sebagai supermarket yang terkenal, Albert Heijn membuat beberapa iklan yang berupa video untuk menarik perhatian masyarakat untuk mempromosikan produk mereka. Pada tahun 2013, Albert Heijn meluncurkan 33 iklan yang berupa video. Dari 33 iklan, terdapat lima iklan yang mempromosikan produk makanan. Pada jurnal ini akan dibahas mengenai model SPEAKING pada iklan video yang mempromosikan produk makanan yang diunggah pada tahun 2013 oleh Albert Heijn. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kelima iklan Albert Heijn ini terdapat beberapa aspek yang sama, misalnya pada seting dan peserta tuturan. Iklan-iklan yang diproduksi oleh Albert Heijn adalah contoh iklan yang memiliki seluruh aspek SPEAKING sehingga struktur, maksud dan tujuan iklan menjadi jelas. Selain itu, karakter iklan-iklan yang dihadirkannya adalah jenaka dan kreatif sehingga tidak membosankan.

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Albert Heijn is one of the famous supermarket in The Netherlands. As a famous supermarket, Albert Heijn made many tv advertisements, attracting people’s attention on their products. In 2013 Albert Heijn made 33 advertisements, 5 of them promoting it's food products. This paper tends to give decription of the five advertisements using the SPEAKING model. The method used in this paper is qualitative method. The result of this research shows that all the five Albert Heijn’s advertisements consist of all the aspects of SPEAKING model, for example the settings and the participants. The Albert Heijn’s advertisements are examples of advertisements which are composed of the SPEAKING aspects, making the structure, intents and purposes of the advertisements obvious and clear. Besides that, the advertisements are made funny and creative so that the viewers are far from being bored."

"Terdapat tiga cakupan dalam pendekatan sosiologi sastra, yaitu analisis hubungan sosial dan pengarang, analisis hubungan sosial dan pembaca, atau analisis hubungan sosial dan karya. Dalam makalah ini, penulis menerapkan pendekatan sosiologi karya dalam menganalisis tiga cerpen karangan Toha Mohtar yang berjudul "Meneer Charlie Boon", "Sersan Wolters", dan "Perginya Seorang Sahabat". Hal ini disebabkan adanya kesamaan yang cukup mencolok dari segi intrinsik tiga cerpen ini, terutama mengenai pemilihan tema, latar waktu, latar sosial, dan tokoh. Penulisan makalah ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan kondisi sosial masyarakat Indonesia yang tercermin dalam cerpen "Meneer Charlie Boon", "Sersan Wolters", dan "Perginya Seorang Sahabat". Lebih jauh lagi, untuk menerangkan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan yang terdapat dalam masyarakat Indonesia saat itu.

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There are three approaches in the sociology of literature coverage, the analysis of social relations and the author, the analysis of social relations and the reader, or the analysis of social relationships and work. In this paper, the authors apply a sociological approach in analyzing the work of three short stories written by Toha Mohtar entitled "Meneer Charlie Boon", "Sergeant Wolters", and "It Goes A Friend". This is due to the similarities are quite striking in terms of the intrinsic three short stories, especially regarding the selection of the theme, setting time, social background, and character. This paper aims to describe the social condition of the people of Indonesia which is reflected in the short story "Meneer Charlie Boon", "Sergeant Wolters", and "It Goes A Friend". Furthermore, to explain human values contained within Indonesian society at that time."

"Adanya masa pemerintahan Jerman Timur merupakan masa yang kelam bagi para warganya. Mereka diatur kebebasannya dan dikekang oleh pemerintah. Dalam novel Schuld, Grit Poppe mengemukakan pandangan dan kritiknya terhadap pemerintahan Jerman Timur. Kritik Grit Poppe terhadap pemerintahan Jerman Timur dianalisis dengan pendekatan sosiologi sastra yang difokuskan pada teori Pierre Bourdieu mengenai arena kekuasaan yang kemudian menjadi alat untuk menganalisa konflik di dalam novel ini yang mencerminkan kondisi sosial pada masa itu. Orang-orang yang melakukan perlawanan dengan pemerintah diawasi dan kemudian ditangkap oleh Stasi dan pihak Stasi tidak memandang umur orang yang ditangkap. Dengan perjuangan para warga Jerman Timur yang merindukan kebebasan, akhirnya Jerman Timur dan Jerman Barat kembali bersatu (Wiedervereinigung) dan masa reunifikasi ini dianggap juga sebagai masa perubahan "Wendezeit".

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The government of East Germany has brought the dark time for its citizens. The government set up a restriction for its citizens liberty and restrained them too. In the novel Schuld, Grit Poppe put her views and criticisms towards the government of East Germany. Her Critics towards the government of East Germany were analyzed by sociology of literature approach that is focused on the theory of Pierre Bourdieu about field of power which used as tools to analyzing the conflicts in this novel that reflects the social conditions in that time. The people, who were against with the government will be monitored and then arrested by the Stasi and the Stasi irrespective of age. Through the struggle of the East German citizens who yearn for freedom, finally East Germany and West Germany reunited (Wiedervereinigung) and reunification is considered to be a time of change "Wendezeit"."