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"Latar belakang : Hiperkolesterolemia antara lain menjadi faktor risiko penyakit jantung koroner dan komplikasinya dapat menyebabkan inkapasitasi pada pilot. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi hubungan kebiasaan makan lemak dan faktor lainnya terhadap risiko hiperkolesterolemia pada pilot sipil di Indonesia. Metode : Penelitian menggunakan metode potong lintang dengan sampel purposif pada pilot sipil di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan Jakarta tanggal 18-29 Mei 2015. Karakteristik demografi, pekerjaan, kebiasaan diperoleh melalui wawancara. Data kolesterol total diperoleh dari laboratorium yang telah dikalibrasi. Kategori kolesterol total dibagi dua yaitu hiperkolesterolemia ( ≥ 240 mg/dl) dan normal (< 200 mg/dl). Analisis menggunakan risiko relatif yaitu regresi Cox dengan waktu konstan. Hasil : Di antara 690 pilot yang melakukan pemeriksaan medis, 428 subjek bersedia mengikuti penelitian. Subjek yang diikutsertakan dalam analisis sebanyak 327 pilot, 12,3% memiliki hiperkolesterolemia dan 87,7% memiliki kadar kolesterol normal. Subjek dengan kebiasaan makan lemak hampir setiap hari dibandingkan hampir tidak pernah berisiko 3,8 kali lipat lebih besar hiperkolesterolemia [risiko relatif suaian (RRa)=3,78; p=0,223]. Subjek dengan usia 50-65 tahun dibandingkan dengan 19-34 tahun berisiko 1,8 kali lipat lebih besar hiperkolesterolemia (RRa=1,82; p=0,103). Selanjutnya subjek dengan riwayat hiperkolesterolemia dibandingkan tanpa riwayat hiperkolesterolemia berisiko 2,1 kali lipat lebih besar hiperkolesterolemia (RRa=2,13; p=0,118). Simpulan : Kebiasaan makan lemak hampir tiap hari, usia 50 tahun atau lebih, riwayat keluarga hiperkolesterolemia dalam keluarga meninggikan risiko hiperkolesterolemia di antara pilot sipil di Indonesia.

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Background : Hypercholesterolemia becoming one of a risk factor for coronary heart disease and complications may cause the pilots incapacitation. The purpose of this study was to identify eating fatty food habits and other factors and the risk of hypercholesterolemia in civilian pilots in Indonesia.

Methods : A cross sectional study with purposive sampling was conducted in civilian pilots at Indonesian Aviation Medical Center in Jakarta from 18-29 May, 2015. Demogrhapic characteristics, employment, habits was obtained through interviews. Total cholesterol data obtained from laboratory test had been calibrated. Category of cholesterol total was divided into hypercholesterolemia (≥ 240 mg/dl) and normal (<200 mg/dl). Analysis using risk relative by Cox regression with a constant time.

Result : Among the 690 pilots who conducted medical examination, 428 subjects agree to join the study. This analysis included 327 pilots, 12.3% had hypercholesterolemia, and 87.7% normal cholesterol levels. The subjects who had eating fatty food habits almost every day compared to almost never, had 3.8 fold higher risk to be hypercholesterolemia [adjusted relative risk (RRa)=3.78; p=0.223]. The subject aged of 50-65 years compared to 19-34 years, had 1.8 fold higher risk to be hypercholesterolemia (RRa=1.82; p=0.103). Furthermore, subjects with a family history of hypercholesterolemia compared with no family history, had 2.1 fold higher risk to be hypercholesterolemia (RRa=2.13; p=0.118).

Conclusions : Having eating fatty food habits almost every day, age 50 and over, history of hypercholesterolemia elevate the risk of hypercholesterolemia."

"Latar belakang: Perubahan gaya hidup antara lain kebiasaan makan lemak tinggi dapat menyebabkan hiperkolesterolemia yang merupakan salah satu faktor risiko penyakit kardiovaskuler yang dapat mempengaruhi keselamatan penerbangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuktikan pengaruh penerbangan jarak panjang dan kebiasaan sering makan berlemak terhadap risiko hiperkolesterolemia pada pilot sipil di Indonesia. Metode: Studi ini menggunakan disain potong lintang dengan sampling purposif dan analisis regresi Cox. Hiperkolesterolemia jika kadar kolesterol total dalam darah puasa lebih dari 200 mg/dl sesuai kriteria NCEP (National Cholesterol Education Program). Pengumpulan data yang lain meliputi karakteristik sosio demografi, pekerjaan, dan kebiasaan dengan wawancara yang menggunakan kuesioner. Penelitian di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan Jakarta antara pilot yang sedang melakukan medical check-up tanggal 8 sampai 22 Mei 2013. Hasil: Dari 253 pilot yang bersedia mengikuti penelitian, 140 (55,4%) mengalami hiperkolesterolemia. Faktor yang berhubungan bermakna dengan hiperkolesterolemia ialah: penerbangan jarak panjang dan kebiasaan makan berlemak. Pilot yang biasa melakukan penerbangan jarak panjang mempunyai risiko 30% lebih tinggi terkena hiperkolesterolemia dibandingkan pilot dengan penerbangan jarak pendek [risiko relatif suaian (RRa) = 1,30; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI) = 0,99-1,71; p = 0,062]. Pilot yang mempunyai kebiasaan dibandingkan dengan pilot yang tidak mempunyai kebiasaan makan makanan berlemak setiap hari mempunyai risiko 32% lebih tinggi terkena hiperkolesterolemia risiko relatif suaian (RRa) = 1,32; 95% CI =0,95-1,86; p = 0,101. Kesimpulan: Penerbangan jarak panjang dan makan berlemak mempertinggi risiko hiperkolesterolemia pada pilot penerbangan sipil Indonesia.

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Background: Lifestyle changes among civil pilots such as high fat eating habits can cause hypercholesterolemia which is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease might affecting the safety of flight. This study aimed to identify thr influence of long haul flights and eating habits on the risk of hypercholesterolemia in civil pilot in Indonesia.

Methods: The study used a cross-sectional design with purposive sampling and Cox regression analysis. Data collection included socio demographic, job and habits characteristics by interview using a questionnaire. The subjects consisted of pilots who attending medical check up at Aviation Medical Center Jakarta. Hypercholesterolemia defined as total cholesterol levels in the blood of fasting 200 mg/dl or more in accordance with the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP).

Results: Among 253 civil pilots who participated this study, 140 (55.3%) had hypercholesterolemia. The dominant factors associated with hypercholesterolemia were long-haul flights and frequent eating fatty foods. Pilot who used than did not use have long haul flights had 30% higher risk of developing hypercholesterolemia [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.99-1.71; P = 0.062]. Pilots who had than did not often habit of eating fatty foods each day had 32% higher risk to be hypercholesterolemia (RRa) = 1.32; 95% CI = 0.95-1.86; P = 0.101].

Conclusion: Long haul flights and eatimgh fatty food habit everyday increased the risk of hypercholesterolemia among civil pilots in Indonesia."

"Latar belakang: Mata merupakan indera yang sangat penting dalam penerbangan. Salah satu fungsi untuk menentukan perkiraan jarak, sehingga diperlukan fungsi kedua mata yang baik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah diketahuinya identifikasi pengaruh jam terbang total terhadap risiko miopia ringan pada pilot sipil di Indonesia. Metode: Studi potong lintang dengan purposif sampel pada pilot sipil yang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan dengan rentang waktu 27 April sampai dengan 13 Mei 2015. Definisi miopia ringan jika mata memerlukan koreksi penglihatan jauh dengan lensa < -3 dioptri. Data karakteristik demografi, pekerjaan, kebiasaan diperoleh dari kuesioner. Data tajam penglihatan dan kadar gula darah puasa didapatkan dari rekam medis Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan. Analisis menggunakan regresi Cox dengan waktu konstan. Hasil: 690 pilot sipil yang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan, 428 subjek bersedia menjadi responden. Subjek terpilih untuk dianalisis berjumlah 413 pilot dan 15 pilot lainnya menderita miopia berat. Dari 413 pilot, 141(34,1%) miopia ringan dan 272 (65,8%) normal. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi miopia ringan adalah ras, status perkawinan dan jam terbang total secara signifikan. Subjek dengan ras selain Asia dibandingkan dengan ras Asia berisiko 2,1 kali lipat lebih besar menderita miopia ringan [risiko relatif suaian (RRa)=2,19; p=0,030]. Dibandingkan dengan subjek tidak menikah, subjek yang menikah berisiko 3,8 kali lipat menderita miopia ringan (RRa=3,80; p=0,000). Selanjutnya, dibandingkan subjek dengan jam terbang total 16-194 jam, subjek dengan jam terbang total 195-30285 jam mempunyai risiko 4,5 kali lipat menderita miopia ringan (RRa=4,56; p=0,000). Kesimpulan: Subjek yang menikah, ras non Asia dan yang memiliki 195 atau lebih jam terbang total mempunyai risiko lebih tinggi menderita miopia ringan di Indonesia.

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Background: Eye is very important organ in aviation?s operation. One of the functions is to estimate distance where both healthy eyes are needed. The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of total flight hours on the risk of mild myopia among civilian pilots in Indonesia.

Methods: Study design was cross-sectional with purposive sampling among pilots those who got medical examinations at Civil Aviation Medical Center on April 27th - May13th, 2015. Mild myopia is condition the eyes need negatif lens corection for distance visual acuity less than -3 diopters. Demographic characteristic, occupational characteristic, ranking characteristics, and habits were obtained from questionnaire. Visual acuity and fasting blood sugar levels data were obtained from medical records in Aviation Medical Board. Data were analysed with Cox regression.

Resulted: 690 civilian Indonesia?s pilots who conducted medical examination, 428 subjects were willing to participate. Total subjects to be analyzed were 413 pilots and 15 pilots were not involved since severe myopia. Amongst of 413 pilots, 141 (34,1%) mild myopia and 272 (65,8%) normal. Factors influencing mild myopia were race, marital status and total flight hours. Non-Asian subject had 2.1-fold risk of mild myopia compared to Asian race subject [adjusted relative risk (RRa)=2.19; p=0.030]. Subjects who were married had 3.8-fold risk of mild myopia compared with subjects who were not married (RRa=3.80; p=0.000). Subjects who had total flight hours 195-30285 hours had 4.5-fold risk to be mild myopia compared with subjects 194 or less total flight hours (RRa=4.56; p=0.000).

Conclusion: Married subject, non-Asian race and those who have 195 or more total flight hours constitute a higher risk of suffering mild myopia."

"Latar belakang : Diabetes Mellitus (DM) dapat terjadi pada pilot sipil akan menyebabkan struk dan gangguan kardiovaskular sehingga membahayakan keselamatan penerbangan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah identifikasi kaitan total jam terbang dan faktor lainnya terhadap DM pada pilot sipil di Indonesia.Metode : Penelitian menggunakan metode potong lintang dengan sampel purposif pada pilot sipil di Indonesia yang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan pada tanggal 26 Mei ? 6 Juni 2015. Pengumpulan data menggunakan formulir kuesioner, pemeriksaan fisik dan laboratorium. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah karakteristik demografi dan pekerjaan, kebiasaan makan, indeks massa tubuh (IMT) dan kebiasaan olah raga. Kategori Diabetes Mellitus berdasarkan PERKENI.Hasil: Diantara 690 pilot yang melakukan pemeriksaan medis, 428 subjek bersedia mengikuti penelitian. Subjek yang diikutsertakan dalam analisis sebanyak 292, 10,3% memiliki kadar gula puasa tinggi dan 89,7% memiliki kadar gula puasa normal. Jika dibandingkan subjek dengan jam terbang 16-4999 jam subjek dengan jam terbang 5000-27500 jam mempunyai risiko lebih besar menyandang DM risiko relatif suaian (RRa)=2,86; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI)=1,38-5,94; p=0,005]. Selanjutnya dibandingkan pilot dengan IMT normal, pilot dengan obesitas memiliki risiko lebih besar menyandang DM (RRa=3,29; 95% CI=0,76-14,29; p=0,111).

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Background : Diabetes Mellitus (DM) can occur in civilian pilots will lead to a stroke and cardiovascular disorders, endangering flight safety. The purpose of this study was the identification of linkages total flying hours and other factors against the DM at civilian pilot in Indonesia.Methods: A cross-sectional study using the method with a purposive sample in civilian pilots in Indonesia, which performs periodic health checks on Flight Health Center on May 26 to June 6, 2015. The data were collected using a questionnaire form, physical examination and laboratory findings. The data collected were the demographic characteristics and work, eating habits, body mass index (BMI) and exercise habits. DM classification based on standard PERKENI.Results : Among the 690 pilots who conduct medical examination, 428 subjects were willing to follow the study. Subjects were included in the analysis as much as 292, 10.3% had high fasting glucose levels and 89.7% had normal fasting glucose levels. Compare to the pilots with total flight hours 16-4999 hours, pilots total flight hours 5000-27500 had 2.86 higher risk DM [RRa = 2.86; 95% CI = 1.38 to 5.94; p = 0.005]. Furthermore, compared to the pilot with normal BMI, the pilot with obesity had 3.3 higher risk DM (RRa = 3.29; 95% CI = 0.76- 14.29; p = 0.111).Conclusions: The pilots who had total flight hours 5000 hours or more and obese had higher risk to be DM."

"Latar belakang: Gangguan pendengaran sensorineural pada pilot merupakan masalah kesehatan yang dapat menyebabkan inkapasitasi pada saat pilot menjalankan tugas terbangnya dan berdampak terhadap keselamatan penerbangan. Tujuan penelitian ini mengidentifikasi jam terbang total dan faktor dominan lainnya terhadap risiko gangguan pendengaran sensorineural di antara pilot sipil di Indonesia. Metode: Desain penelitian potong lintang dengan purposive sampling pada tanggal 4-20 Mei 2015 terhadap pilot laki-laki berusia 20-60 tahun dan pilot memiliki lisensi Commercial Pilot License (CPL) atau Air Transport Pilot License (ATPL) yang sedang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala (medex) di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan, Jakarta. Gangguan pendengaran yaitu subyek memiliki ambang dengar 25 dB atau lebih. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara memakai kuesioner. kemudian data diambil dari rekam medis pada hari pemeriksaan. Risiko gangguan pendengaran sensorineural dianalisis menggunakan risiko relatif (RR) dengan regresi Cox. Hasil: Selama 3 minggu masa pengumpulan data terdapat 681 pilot yang melakukan medex di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan, didapatkan 314 pilot yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Sebanyak 15,9% mempunyai gangguan pendengaran sensorineural. Pilot dengan jam terbang total lebih 5000 jam dibandingkan kurang 5000 jam berisiko gangguan pendengaran sensorineural 4,7 kali lipat [risiko relatif suaian (RRa)=4,73; p=0,137]. Pilot dengan usia 45-60 tahun dibandingkan usia 20-44 tahun berisiko gangguan pendengaran sensorineural 6,8 lipat (RRa=6,87; p=0,000). Simpulan: Jam terbang total 5000 jam atau lebih serta usia 45-60 tahun meningkatkan risiko gangguan pendengaran sensorineural pada pilot sipil di Indonesia.

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Background: Sensorineural hearing loss in civil pilots could interfere pilots? performance to safely operate an aircraft thus could cause incapacitation on board. This study aimed to identify risk factors of sensorineural hearing loss among civil pilots in Indonesia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study design with purposive sampling on 4-20 May 2015 was conducted on pilots of the male civilian. The inclusion criteria civilian pilots male 20-60 years old and had Commercial Pilot License (CPL) or Air Transport Pilot License (ATPL) who were taking medical examinations (medex) in Civil Aviation Medical Centre, Jakarta. Hearing impairment defined by hearing threshold of 25 dB or more. Demographic data were collected by interviewed pilots using questionnaires while audiometry and laboratory data were collected from medical records. Risk factors of sensorineural hearing loss were analyzed by Cox regression.

Results: Three weeks collecting data had 681 pilot conducted medex in Civil Aviation Medical Centre, among 314 commercial pilots were fulfilled the criteria?s. Percentage of sensorineural hearing loss from audiometry data were 15.9%. Subjects with 5000 flight hours or more had almost five times increased risk of sensorineural hearing loss compared to subjects with less than 5000 flight hours [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 4.73; p = 0.137]. Subjects aged 45-60 year-old had almost seven times increased risk of sensorineural hearing loss compared to subjects aged 20-44 year-old (RRa= 6.87; p = 0.000).

Conclusion: Total flight hours 5000 hours or more and age of 45-60 years increased the risk of sensorineural hearing loss among civilian pilots in Indonesia."

"Latar belakang: Salah satu penyebab inkapasitasi pada pilot adalah penyakit kardiovaskular sehingga perlu dilakukan pengendalian faktor risiko untuk mencegah progresivitas penyakit tersebut, diantaranya adalah dengan melakukan latihan fisik sesuai dengan rekomendasi ACSM. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian mengenai faktor-faktor yang berhubungan terhadap kebiasaan latihan fisik pada pilot sipil di Indonesia. Hasil: 46,17% subjek memiliki kebiasaan latihan fisik sesuai rekomendasi ACSM, sedangkan 53,83% tidak memiliki kebiasaan latihan fisik yang sesuai. Jika dibandingkan dengan pilot yang mempunyai persepsi latihan fisik tidak penting bagi kesehatan, maka pilot dengan persepsi latihan fisik yang sangat penting bagi kesehatan nampaknya lebih besar 1,64 kali lipat memiliki kebiasaan latihan fisik sesuai. Simpulan: Faktor risiko yang berpengaruh terhadap kebiasaan latihan fisik adalah persepsi pentingnya latihan fisik bagi kesehatan, jam terbang 7 hari terakhir, IMT serta Indeks Brinkman.

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Background: One of the most dangerous causes of incapacitation among the civil pilot is cardiovascular disease. To prevent it, those risk factors must be manageable by doing physical exercise based on the ACSM recommendation. The study objective is to identify the factors that related with the physical exercise habit among the civil pilots in Indonesia.

Method: A cross sectional study based on the Healthy Lifestyle Survey towards 600 civil pilots, who did their medical examination at the Aviation Medical Center, Jakarta and met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The collected data were demographic and job characteristics, physical exercise habits, body weight, heights. The data was obtained through interview and physical examinations. Pilot was categorized as having an appropriate physical exercise habit if he/she spent 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise per week or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity exercise per week.

Results: 46.17% subjects had appropriate physical exercise habit based on ACSM recommendation; meanwhile 53.83% subjects did not. Compared to the pilot who perceived that physical exercise is not important for health, pilot who perceived that physical exercise is very important for health is 1, 64 times more likely to have appropriate physical exercise.

Conclusion: Risk factors of the inappropriate physical exercise habit among the civil pilot are perceived importance of physical exercise, flight hour in 7 consecutive days, BMI, and Brinkman Index."

"Peningkatan kadar kolesterol dan lemak dalam darah yang menyebabkan penyempitan atau pengapuran pada pembuluh darah arteri merupakan penyebab utama dari penyakit kardiovaskular. Tingkat persaingan hidup yang tinggi kemungkinan berdampak pada munculnya aneka pergeseran gaya hidup, mulai dari perilaku makan, aktivitas fisik, stres, kebiasaan merokok dan konsumsi alkohol. Gaya hidup yang tidak sehat merupakan pencentus hiperkolesterolemia di usia produktif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh gaya hidup terhadap hiperkolesterolemia di Provinsi DKI Jakarta tahun 2015-2016. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional dengan sampel penelitian 1090 orang peserta Posbindu Penyakit Tidak Menular di DKI Jakarta tahun 2015-2016. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada pengaruh antara kebiasaan merokok dan aktivitas fisik terhadap hiperkolesterolemia, namun tidak untukkonsumsi sayur dan buah. Responden dengan aktivitas fisik kurang memiliki risiko 5,9 kali lebih tinggi (95% CI 4,0-8,4), sedangkan yang memiliki kebiasaan merokok memiliki risiko 1,4 kali lebih tinggi (95% CI 1,3-1,6) menderita hiperkolesterolemia setelah dikontrol oleh tekanan darah dan status gizi. Promosi kesehatan sangat diperlukan untuk menyampaikan informasi tentang hiperkolesterolemia dan msyarakat secara pro aktif melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan secara rutin sehingga memperkecil risiko terkena penyakit tidak menular.

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Increased levels of cholesterol and fat in the blood that cause narrowing or calcification of the arteries are the main cause of cardiovascular disease. High levels of life competition may have an impact on the emergence of various lifestyle, ranging from eating behavior, physical activity, stress, smoking and alcohol consumption. Unhealthy lifestyle is a trigger Hypercholesterolemia in the productive age. The purpose of this study is to know the relationship between smoking habits and physical activity with hypercholesterolaemia in DKI Jakarta Province 2015-2016. The methods of this this study is cross-sectional with 1090 samples of participants of Non-Communicable Disease Posbindu in DKI Jakarta 2015-2016.

The results showed there was an influence between smoking and physical activity on hypercholesterolemia, but not for consumption of vegetables and fruits. Individuals with less physical activity 5.9 times higher (95% CI 4.0-8.8), whereas those with smoking habits 1.4 times higher (95% CI 1.3-1 , 6) suffers from hypercholesterolemia after being controlled by blood pressure and nutritional status. Health promotion is needed to convey information about hypercholesterolemia and the community pro-actively carry out routine health checks thereby minimizing the risk of non-communicable diseases."

"Hiperlipidemia dan atherosklerosis berperan dalam patogenesis penyakit kardiovaskular, yang merupakan penyebab mortalitas tertinggi di Indonesia dalam kategori penyakit tidak menular (PTM). Pengobatan standar bagi hiperlipidemia, yaitu golongan statin dan fibrat, memiliki banyak efek samping. Ekstrak etanol akar Acalypha indica Linn. memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang memiliki efek hipolipidemik namun belum diketahui efeknya pada jaringan adiposa. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini akan diteliti aktivitas hipolipidemik ekstrak etanol akar Acalypha indica Linn. pada jaringan adiposa viseral tikus jika dibandingkan dengan simvastatin dan gemfibrozil. Penelitian ini memiliki desain studi eksperimental dengan membandingkan jaringan adiposa viseral tikus jantan Sprague-Dawley yang telah diinduksi diit tinggi kolesterol-fruktosa dan diberi terapi ekstrak, simvastatin, gemfibrozil, kombinasi ekstrak dan simvastatin, serta kombinasi ekstrak dan gemfibrozil selama 4 minggu. Penelitian dilakukan di Departemen Farmasi dan Histologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, pada Juli-November 2015. Selularitas jaringan adiposa yang diwarnai dengan Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) dinilai dengan diameter reratanya menggunakan perangkat lunak Adiposoft®. Data yang diperoleh diuji dengan uji one-way ANOVA yang diikuti post-hoc atau uji Kruskal-Wallis. Tikus yang diberi terapi ekstrak memiliki berat lemak viseral dan diameter adiposit yang paling rendah serta jumlah sel/lapang pandang yang paling banyak. Namun secara statistik, tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara terapi ekstrak, simvastatin dan gemfibrozil untuk menurunkan deposisi lemak pada jaringan adiposa viseral (p>0,05).

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Hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis have a role in pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, the biggest non-communicable cause of mortality. Its standard therapy, statin and fibrate, have several side effects. Ethanolic root extract of Acalypha indica Linn. has antioxidant properties that can act as hypolipidemic agent. But then, its effect on visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is not known yet. Therefore, this research will seek the comparison of hypolipidemic activity between ethanolic root extract of Acalypha indica Linn., simvastatin and gemfibrozil towards fat deposit in VAT.

This research compares VAT in Sprague-Dawley male rat induced with high cholesterol-fructose diet and given 5 types of therapy (extract, simvastatin, gemfibrozil, extract + simvastatin, and extract + gemfibrozil). The research was conducted in Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, on July- November 2015. Adipose is then stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and its cellularity is measured digitally by using Adiposoft®. Data is analyzed with one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey or Kruskal-Wallis test. Rats given with extract have the lowest fat mass, lowest adipocyte diameter, and highest number of cell/field of all therapy group. There is no significant difference in extract, simvastatin, and gemfibrozil therapy in minimising fat deposition in VAT (p>0.05)."

"Latar belakang: Lingkungan kerja pilot dengan paparan radiasi kosmik dan hipoksia dapat menyebabkan gangguan metabolisme lemak yang terlihat pada pemeriksaan profil lipid darah. Dislipidemia merupakan faktor risiko utama aterosklerosis yang menyebabkan serangan jantung sehingga dapat mengancam keselamatan penerbangan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor - faktor risiko dislipidemia pada pilot sipil di Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan consecutive sampling pada pilot sipil yang memeriksakan kesehatan berkala di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan. Data profil lipid didapatkan dari pengisian kuesioner. Variabel yang dianalisis adalah jam terbang total, asupan makanan, Indeks Massa Tubuh IMT, kebiasaan merokok, dan latihan fisik. Hasil: Terdapat 128 responden yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan bersedia mengikuti penelitian. Didapatkan prevalensi dislipidemia 61,7 dengan mayoritas kadar HDL rendah sebesar 57. Faktor - faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan dislipidemia adalah obesitas dan asupan makanan tidak sesuai. Pilot sipil dengan asupan makanan tidak sesuai meningkatkan risiko dislipidemia sebesar 2x lipat dibandingkan pilot sipil dengan asupan makanan sesuai OR= 2,44; IK 95 = 1,15 - 5,18; p= 0,02. Jika dibandingkan dengan pilot sipil dengan IMT normal, pilot obese berisiko 4x lipat terjadi dislipidemia OR= 4,21; IK 95 = 1,48 - 11,99; p= 0,007. Simpulan: Asupan makanan tidak sesuai dan obesitas berhubungan dengan terjadinya dislipidemia pada pilot sipil di Indonesia.

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Background: Pilot's occupational environment with cosmic radiation and hypoxia exposure can influence lipid metabolism which reflected in blood lipid profile. Dyslipidemia is the main risk for atherosclerosis that lead to heart attack which can threats flight safety. The purpose of this study was to identify associated risk factors for dyslipidemia among civilian pilot in Indonesia.

Methods: This was cross - sectional study using consecutive sampling among civilian pilots who went to periodic medical check - up in Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan. Blood lipid profiles data was obtained from questionnaire. Variables that went into analyze are total flight hours, food intake, Body Mass Index BMI, smoking habit, and physical activity.

Results: There were 128 respondents who met the inclusion criteria and willing to participate. The dyslipidemia prevalence was 61,7 with low - HDL index was the highest up to 57. Obesity and inapproriate food intake were dominant risk factors that associated with dyslipidemia. Civilian pilots with inapproriate food intake compared with those who had appropriate food intake had 2 - fold risk to have dyslipidemia OR 2,44 95 CI 1,15 - 5,18 p 0,02. Obese pilots had 4 - fold risk to have dyslipidemia compared with those pilots with normal BMI OR 4,21 IK 95 1,48 - 11,99 p 0,007.

Conclusion: Inapropriate food intake and obesity associated with dyslipidemia among civilian pilots in Indonesia. "

"Tujuan: Mengurangi risiko PKV di Indonesia dengan menurunkan kadar kolesterol dan apolipoprotein B melalui pemberian serat larut β-glukan Tempat: P.T. National Gobel, Bogor. Bahan dan Cara: Penelitian eksperimental dengan disain pre dan post test, dengan subyek penelitian pria, usia > 40 tahun, kadar kolesterol total 220-300 mg/dL, tidak menderita hipotiroid, gangguan hati, sindroma nefrotik, diabetes melitus dan tidak mengkonsumsi obat penurun kolesterol. Subyek penelitian diberikan 75 g oatmeal yang mengandung 3,5 g serat larut β-glukan setiap hari selama 42 hari. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi data sosiodemografi, pemeriksaan antropometri, data asupan makan sebelum dan selama penelitian, pola makan dan pemeriksaan kadar kolesterol total, kolesterol LDL dan apolipoprotein B plasma sebelum dan sesudah penelitian. Hasil : Data sosiodemografi menunjukkan sebagian besar subyek mempunyai aktivitas ringan, berpendidikan sedang dan mempunyai penghasilan di atas garis kemiskinan. Data antropometri menunjukkan IMT dan rasio Lpe/Lpa sebelum dan sesudah penelitian tidak berbeda bermakna (p>0,05), sedangkan pada Lpe terjadi penurunan yang bermakna (p<0,05). Penilaian pola makan subyek penelitian menunjukkan sebagian besar subyek mempunyai pola makan yang cukup. Asupan energi dan zat gizi sebelum dan selama penelitian tidak berbeda bermakna (p>0,05), kecuali asupan serat yang meningkat bermakna (p<0,05) selama penelitian. Persentase asupan energi dan zat gizi bila dibandingkan dengan yang dianjurkan, antara lain didapatkan persentase asupan lemak jenuh lebih dari yang dianjurkan sedangkan asupan serat kurang dari yang dianjurkan. Hasil pemeriksaan kadar kolesterol total, kolesterol LDL dan apolipoprotein B sesudah penelitian menunjukkan penurunan yang bermakna (p<0,01). Kesimpulan: Kadar kolesterol yang tinggi pada subyek penelitian kemungkinan disebabkan asupan lemak jenuh yang tinggi dan asupan serat yang rendah. Pemberian 75 g oatmeal selama 42 hari terbukti dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol total, kolesterol LDL dan apolipoprotein B.

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SubjectsObjectives: To reduce CVD risks in Indonesia by reducing the elevated plasma cholesterol and apolipoprotien B level with β-glucan soluble fiber. Location: P.T. National Gabel, Bogor.

Material and Method: Experimental study with pre and post test design bad been carried out on male subjects age > 40 years, with total cholesterol concentration 220 to 300 mg/dl, not suffer from hypothyroid, liver disorder, nephritic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and did not take any cholesterol reducing agents. Subjects were given 75 g of oatmeal (contain 3.5 g β-glucan soluble fiber) daily for 42 days. The data collected before and during the study were sociodemographic data, anthropometric and food intake. Eating pattern, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B plasma level were also recorded before and after the study.

Result: Socio-demographic data showed that most of the subjects have light activities, moderate education and have monthly income per capita above the poverty line. Anthropometric data showed that BMI and WHR did not differ significantly before and after the study. Eating pattern assessment showed that most of the subjects had moderate eating pattern. Energy and nutrient intake before and after the study did not significantly different (p>0,05) except for fiber intake which increased significantly (p<0,05) during the study. Percentage of nutrient and energy intake compared with recommended showed that saturated fat intake is higher while fiber intake is lower. The study showed a significant decrease in the concentration of plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B.

Conclusion: High cholesterol level in the subjects was likely brought about by high saturated fat and low fiber intakes consumption of 75 g oatmeal daily for 42 days showed to lower the concentration of the plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B."