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"[Pada penelitian ini, telah diuji pengaruh pemberian kombinasi ekstrak sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) dan spirulina (Arthrosphira platensis Gomont) terhadap persen parasitemia, persen survival, jumlah eritrosit dan kadar hemoglobin serta persen apoptosis sel limpa pada mencit yang diinfeksi P. berghei. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan rancangan acak lengkap menggunakan 75 ekor mencit strain Swiss Webster. Kelompok uji terdiri dari kelompok AP, AP+ES, AP+PS, CMC dan DHP. Seluruh mencit diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei pada hari ke 0. Ekstrak bahan uji diberikan 3 hari sebelum diinfeksi (H-3) dansetiap hari selama 28 hari setelah infeksi. Data parasitemia diambil pada hari ke-3,7,10,15,21 dan 28. Sedangkan data jumlah eritrosit dan kadar Hb diambil pada hari ke 3, 10 dan 21. Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan uji Anova satu arah yang dilanjutkan dengan uji post hoc. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi powder spirulina dan ekstrak sambiloto (AP+PS) memberikan hasil yang berbeda bermakna dalam menekan persen parasitemia (p=0,02), meningkatkan jumlah eritrosit (p=0,03) dan kadar hemoglobin (p=0,01) pada puncak infeksi, dibanding kelompok yang diberi sambiloto saja (AP). Pemberian ekstrak sambiloto dan atau tanpa spirulina dapat menurunkan persen apoptosis sel limpa secara bermakna (AP p= 0,001; AP+ES p= 0,000; AP+PS p= 0,000) dibanding dengan kelompok CMC pada puncak infeksi.;Effect of a combination of extracts of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees)and spirulina (Arthrosphira platensis Gomont) had been investigated decrease the number of parasitemia, increase erythrocytes count, level of hemoglobin and apoptosis of spleen cell in P. berghei infected mice. This study was conducted by employing a complete random design using 75 Swiss Webster mice. The test group consisted of groups of AP, AP + ES, AP + PS, DHP and CMC. All mice were infected with P. berghei on day 0. Material test given 3 days prior to infection (D-3) and for 28 consecutives days orally after infection. Data of parasitemia, taken on D3, 10,15, 21 and 28 while erythrocytes count, and level of hemoglobin taken on D3,10 and 21. Data processed by one way Anova test followed by post hoc test. Results showed that the combination of extract ofsambiloto and spirulina powder (AP + PS) was significant in suppressing the number of parasitemia (p = 0.02), increase of erythrocytes (p = 0.03) and level of hemoglobin (p = 0.01) in the peak of infection, compared with the group given only sambiloto (AP). Combination of sambiloto extract and or without spirulina had been significant in decrease apoptosis of spleen cell, (AP p= 0,001; AP+ES p= 0,000; AP+PS p= 0,000) compared with group of CMC, Effect of a combination of extracts of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees)and spirulina (Arthrosphira platensis Gomont) had been investigated decrease thenumber of parasitemia, increase erythrocytes count, level of hemoglobin andapoptosis of spleen cell in P. berghei infected mice. This study was conducted byemploying a complete random design using 75 Swiss Webster mice. The testgroup consisted of groups of AP, AP + ES, AP + PS, DHP and CMC. All micewere infected with P. berghei on day 0. Material test given 3 days prior toinfection (D-3) and for 28 consecutives days orally after infection. Data ofparasitemia, taken on D3, 10,15, 21 and 28 while erythrocytes count, and level ofhemoglobin taken on D3,10 and 21. Data processed by one way Anova testfollowed by post hoc test. Results showed that the combination of extract ofsambiloto and spirulina powder (AP + PS) was significant in suppressing thenumber of parasitemia (p = 0.02), increase of erythrocytes (p = 0.03) and level ofhemoglobin (p = 0.01) in the peak of infection, compared with the group givenonly sambiloto (AP). Combination of sambiloto extract and or without spirulinahad been significant in decrease apoptosis of spleen cell, (AP p= 0,001; AP+ESp= 0,000; AP+PS p= 0,000) compared with group of CMC]"

"Tuberkulosis (TB) merupakan salah satu penyebab utama kesakitan dan kematian di dunia, dan Indonesia menempati peringkat ke-3 di dunia.Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang terbukti dapat digunakan pada infeksi saluran nafas ringan, namun perannya pada pengobatan TB masih perlu diteliti. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membuktikan peran penambahan ekstrak sambiloto pada pasien TB paru kasus baru yang mendapat terapi standar.Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinis acak tersamar ganda (randomized double blind placebocontrolled clinical trial) terhadap 48 pasien TB paru kasus baru yang mendapat terapi standar Obat Anti Tuberkulosis (OAT). Pasien dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yang sama banyak, 24 pasien pada kelompok perlakuan mendapat ekstrak sambiloto 1x500mg perhari dan 24 pasien pada kelompok kontrol mendapat plasebo dan dinilai perbaikan klinis dan konversi sputum bakteri tahan asam (BTA) pada minggu ke 2, 4, 6 dan 8 serta pemeriksaan radiologis/foto thorak pada minggu 0 dan 8.Evaluasi 8 minggu pertama, pemberian ekstrak sambiloto pada pasien TB paru kasus baru yang mendapat terapi standar memberikan kecenderungan konversi lebih cepat dibandingkan pemberian plasebo, walaupun tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik (rerata lama konversi sambiloto vs plasebo : 4,7 minggu vs 5,65 minggu; P = -0,026 (Uji P, Pearson Correlation ). Analisis subgrup konversi pada minggu ke-4 dan ke-6 memberikan hasil bermakna secara statistik (minggu ke 4 : plasebo : 43%; sambiloto 65%; minggu ke 6 : plasebo : 61%; sambiloto 70%). Didapatkan pula kecenderungan perbaikan gejala klinis dan perbaikan foto thorak dibandingkan plasebo walapun secara statistik tidak bermakna.Sambiloto cukup menjanjikan sebagai terapi komplementer pada pengobatan TB bersama dengan OAT, namun masih membutuhkan studi lebih banyak lagi.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, and Indonesia ranks third in the world.Andrographis paniculata is one of the traditional plants that are proven to be used in mild respiratory tract infections, but its role in TB treatment remains to be investigated. This research was conducted to prove the role of the suplementation of extract Andrographis paniculata in patients with new cases of pulmonary TB who received standard therapy.This study is a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial in 48 new cases of pulmonary TB patients who received standard therapy Anti Tuberculosis Agent, the patients were divided in two groups, in which group 1, 24 patients in the treatment group received the extract Andrographis paniculata 1x500mg per day and 24 patients in the control group received placebo and assessed clinical improvement and sputum smear conversion at weeks 0, 2, 4,6 and 8, and radiological examination / thoracic photo at weeks 0 and 8.Evaluation of the fist 8 weeks, the extract Andrographis paniculata in patients with new cases of pulmonary TB who received standard therapy provides faster conversion trend when compared with placebo, although the difference was not found statistically significant (mean old Andrographis paniculata conversion vs. placebo: 4.7 weeks vs. 5.65 weeks, P = -0.026 (P test, Pearson correlation). In this study, statistically not significant, but it has meant to the clinical improvement. Conversion analysis subgroup at 4 and 6 week, provide statistically significant results (in 4 week : placebo: 43%; bitter 65%, in 6 week : placebo : 61%; bitter 70%).Found also trend and the improvement of clinical symptom improvement compared to placebo thoracic photo even if it is not statistically significant. Andrographis paniculata enough promise as a complementary therapy in the treatment of TB along with OAT, but it still needs more study."

"Diabetes melitus (DM) adalah penyakit metabolik yang ditandai dengan peningkatan kadar glukosa darah diatas normal (hiperglikemia). Bahan alami yang mengandung zat hipoglikemik dapat menjadi alternatif pengobatan DM, salah satunya adalah daun sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata). Daun sambiloto mengandung senyawa andrografolid dan flavonoid yang memiliki aktivitas anti-diabetes. Metode penelitian diawali dengan preparasi simplisia yang dilanjutkan dengan fermentasi menggunakan Aspergillus niger dengan variasi suhu fermentasi 26°C, 30°C, 34°C, dan 37°C. Sampel kemudian diekstraksi sonikasi pada frekuensi 42 kHz dengan pelarut etanol 70%. Dari keempat variasi suhu fermentasi, yield terbaik didapatkan pada suhu fermentasi 37°C dengan yield sebesar 14,85%. Hasil ekstraksi digunakan pada uji antidiabetes dengan membandingkan sampel yang diberi enzim α-glukosidase dengan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak kasar 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 500 ppm, dan 5000 ppm dan dihitung absorbansinya menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Rata-rata nilai inhibisi terbaik ditunjukkan pada ekstrak dengan suhu fermentasi 37°C. Analisis komponen kimia dilakukan menggunakan GC-MS dan didapatkan komponen terbanyak yaitu asam karboksilat dan asam dekanoat. Jumlah kedua komponen tersebut lebih banyak pada ekstrak terfermentasi dibandingkan dengan ekstrak tidak terfermentasi.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels above normal (hyperglycemia). Natural ingredients containing hypoglycemic substances can be an alternative treatment for DM, one of which is bitter leaf (Andrographis paniculata). Sambiloto leaves contain andrographolide and flavonoid compounds that have anti-diabetic activity. The research method began with simplicia preparation followed by fermentation using Aspergillus niger with variations in fermentation temperature of 26 ° C, 30 ° C, 34 ° C, and 37 ° C. The sample was then extracted with sonication at a frequency of 42 kHz with 70% ethanol solvent. Of the four fermentation temperature variations, the best yield is obtained at 37 ° C fermentation temperature with yields of 14.85%. Extraction results were used in antidiabetic tests by comparing samples given α-glucosidase enzymes with variations in crude extract concentrations of 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 500 ppm, and 5000 ppm and the absorbance was calculated using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Crude extract with fermentation in 37 ° C showed the biggest mean inhibition effect. Chemical component analysis was carried out using GC-MS and obtained the most components, namely carboxylic acid and dexoic acid. The amount of the two components is more in the fermented extract compared to the unfermented extract.

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"ABSTRAKPengantar: Saat ini, malaria masih menjadi penyakit endemik dan hampir 3.2 milyar orang berisiko terkena malaria, kasus terbanyak terjadi di Asia Tenggara dan Afrika. Indonesia juga merupakan salah satu negara yang memiliki prevalensi tinggi. Terlebih lagi, berkembangnya resistensi terhadap obat anti malaria di Asia Tenggara, khususnya resistensi kloroquin di Indonesia. Sambiloto merupakan obat herbal yang telah digunakan sebagai obat anti malaria dan anti inflamasi. Spirulina juga memiliki fungsi sebagai anti inflamasi. Namun, belum ada penelitian mengenai kombinasi kedua obat ini sebagai obat anti malaria. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efek kombinasi dari sambiloto dan spirulina pada perubahan histopatologi di usus halus mencit terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Metode: Data diambil dari percobaan pada mencit jantan Swiss Webster yang sudah terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei Anka. Ada empat kelompok perlakuan, kelompok AP yang sudah diobati dengan ekstrak sambiloto, kelompok AP ES yang diberikan ekstrak sambiloto dan ekstrak spirulina, kelompok AP PS yang diobati dengan ekstrak sambiloto dan powder spirulina, serta kelompok DHP sebagai kontrol positif. Hasil: Hasil analisis menggunakan tes one-way ANOVA dan Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan signifikan dalam jumlah fokus inflamasi, sel goblet, dysplasia dan angiogenesis. Namun, dengan pengamatan mikroskopik dan perhitungan rata-rata tiap kelompok, kelompok yang diberikan spirulina memiliki hasil jumlah fokus inflamasi, sel goblet, dysplasia dan angiogenesis yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kelompok perlakuan lainnya. Diskusi: Pada riset ini, sifat anti inflamasi pada sambiloto dan spirulina dikarenakan komponen aktif dari sambiloto yaitu andrographolide dan phycocyanin dari spirulina. Jumlah sel goblet meningkat bersamaan dengan meningkatnya inflamasi, karena fungsi nya sebagai pelindung pada lapisan mucosa. Dysplasia juga berkaitan dengan proses inflamasi terutama dalam perkembangan neoplasma. Beberapa mediator inflamasi juga memiliki sifat angiogenic, yang mendukung terjadinya proses angiogenesis saat mediator- mediator ini direkrut pada proses inflamasi.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction Recently, malaria is still endemic in some area and approximately 3.2 billion people were at risk, most cases happen in South East Asia and African. Indonesia also has high prevalence of malaria. Moreover, high level of antimalarial drug resistance occurs in South East Asia, specifically choloroquine in Indonesia. Sambiloto, one of herbal drugs, has been used as anti malarial drug and also anti inflammatory. Spirulina also has anti inflammatory properties. However, there is no study that prove sambiloto and spirulina combination could be use as anti malarial drug. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of sambiloto and spirulina combination to histopathological changes of small intestine from mice that already infected by Plasmodium berghei Method Data is obtained from clinical experiment of Male Swiss Webster mice that already infected with Plasmodium berghei Anka. There are 4 groups of treatment, AP group which has been treated with sambiloto extract, AP ES group treated using sambiloto extract with spirulina extract, AP PS that were treated using sambiloto extract and spirulina powder, and DHP group which is treated with DHP as the positive control group. Results Data analysis using one way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis shows that there is no significant differences in inflammatory focus, goblet cells, dysplasia and angiogenesis among 4 group of treatment. However, from microscopic field view and mean comparison, addition of spirulina, both extract and powder form, into sambiloto extract decreased inflammatory focus, goblet cells, dysplasia and angiogenesis on the small intestine. Discussion In this research, anti inflammatory properties of sambiloto is due to its bioactive component such as andrographolide and phycocyanin that inhibit pro inflammatory mediators. Goblet cells count increase as inflammation occurs, as it has function as protective part in mucous layer. Dysplasia is also related to inflammation process, especially in neoplasm development. Inflammatory cytokines also have angiogenic properties, as increasing of inflammation process will recruit inflammatory mediators and promote angiogenesis to happen. "

"Background: Use of Andrographis paniculata and Syzigium polyanthum have been sed widely, on the contrary the benefit and safety have not been scientifically proven. This study aimed to overviwe and analyze benefit and safety the extract of Andrographis paniculata and Syzigium polyanthum mixture to decrease blood glucose concentration. Methods: It was an experiment study among intervension and control group by a block random sampling with pre-post tesy design. Data were collected by questionnres and also data among interbension group, therapy of conventional antidiabetic of metformin in combination to the herbal extract of Andrographis paniculata and Syzigium polyanthum mixture (1:1) with among control group, of methformin. A total samples of 30 diabetes Melitus respondents were selected among males or females, aged 40-60 years with blood glucose concetration of 140-220 mg/dl, has no history of hypertension or has mild hypertension. the samples were deviced in 2 group composed of 15 person among intervsion and 15 person amon control groups, repectively. the interversion gruop was given metformin 500 mg once a day in the morning taken 15 minutesafter breakfest in combination to the extract of Andrographis paniculata and Syzigium polyanthum mixture (1:1) of 700 mg. The contrl group was given metformin 500 mg once a day in the morning taken 15 minutes after breakfast in combination to placebo. The duration of therapy was 4 weeks. Data were taken by anamnesa, physical diagnose, laboratory examination of fasting blood glucose and Oral Glucosa tolerance test (OGTT) in every week. Meanwhile for examination side effect on liver and run function test in every 2 (two) week. The data were analyzed descriptively and test. Results: Results showed that the intervention grop given metformin in combination to the extract of Andrographis paniculata and Syzigium polyanthum mixture (1:1) of 700 mg could significantly decrease fasting blood glucose but could not significantly decreaseOGTT in comprasion to control group given metformin with placebo. There were no side effects on liver and kidney function test in the theraphy of herbal extract of Andrographis paniculata and Syzigium polyanthum mixture in duration of 4 week. It concluded that the herbal of Andrographis paniculata and Syzigium polyanthum mixture is safe. "

"ABSTRACTMalaria prevalence in Indonesia is high, with half of the provinces considered as endemic area. Up until now, Indonesian people used to use Sambiloto and Spirulina as a cure for several inflammatory diseases. This research was done to see the effect of Sambiloto and Spirulina combination from histopathologic aspect in medial colon of P. berghei infected mice. The data from clincal experiment uses Male Swiss Webster mice that has been infected with Plasmodium berghei Anka where they are divided into 4 different groups as follows The first group with Sambiloto the second group with Sambiloto and extract Spirulina the third group with Sambiloto and powder Spirulina the fourth group control with DHP. The data analysed using Shapiro Wilk reveal normal distribution in all groups. Continued with ANOVA test, followed by Tukey Post Hoc test on the significant data, and Kruskal Wallis test for insignificant data. The result show Spirulina group present a significant result in reducing the inflammatory focus and angiogenesis which most likely came from anti inflammatory attribute from the phycocyanin. While the correlation between Sambiloto Spirulina with the goblet cell and dysplasia rate on the infected mice are insignificant, as it requires prolonged inflammation process in order to achieve the optimal result.

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ABSTRAKMalaria masih menjadi momok kesehatan di Indonesia karena tingginya prevalensi dan luasnya daerah endemik. Penggunaan obat tradisional dari tumbuh-tumbuhan sangat dekat dengan keseharian masyarakat Indonesia sejak dulu, seperti Sambiloto dan Spirulina yang diduga memiliki banyak khasiat seperti anti-inflamasi dari substans flavonoid dan juga angiostatik dari phycocyanin. Riset ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek dari kombinasi Sambiloto dan Spirulina pada aspek histopatologi kolon media tikus yang diinfeksikan dengan P. berghei Anka. Data percobaan ini berasal dari mencit Swiss Webster jantan yang sudah diinfeksikan dengan P. berghei anka. Mencit dibagi menjadi 4 kategori; kelompok pertama diberikan Sambiloto, kelompok kedua diberikan Sambiloto dengan ekstrak Spirulina, kelompok ketiga diberikan Sambiloto dan bubuk Spirulina, dan kelompok keempat sebagai kontrol yang telah diberi terapi DHP. Data kemudian diproses dengan uji Saphiro-Wilk dengan hasil distribusi normal. Olah data dilanjutkan dengan uij ANOVA, kemudian uji Tukey Post Hoc untuk hasil yang signifikan dan uji Kruskal Wallis untuk hasil tidak signifikan. Hasil riset membuktikan penambahan Spirulina memberikan perubahan signifikan pada kolon medial mencit, terutama pada fokus inflammasi dan juga angiogenesis. Namun, efek pada jumlah sel Goblet dan displasia tidak memberikan hasil signifikan karena dibutuhkan proses inflamasi yang berkepanjangan untuk mencapai hasil yang optimal. "

"Latar belakang: Malaria merupakan masalah kesehatan dunia, termasuk juga Indonesia, dengan jumlah kasus dan angka kematian yang cukup tinggi. Saat ini, terjadi tren peningkatan resistensi terhadap obat antimalaria lini pertama. Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) dan spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) merupakan dua tanaman herbal yang banyak terdapat di Indonesia dan diketahui memiliki aktivitas antimalaria. Penelitian Kusmardi dkk menunjukkan pemberian kombinasi ekstrak sambiloto dan spirulina dapat menurunkan fokus inflamasi pada kolon media mencit terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian kombinasi ekstrak sambiloto dan spirulina terhadap ekspresi protein COX-2 pada kolon media mencit terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Metode: 30 ekor mencit Swiss Webster jantan terinfeksi P. berghei dibagi ke dalam lima kelompok uji yang terdiri atas kelompok kontrol positif (DHP), kontrol negatif (CMC), ekstrak sambiloto (AP), kombinasi ekstrak sambiloto dengan ekstrak spirulina (AP+ES), dan dengan powder spirulina (AP+PS). Sebanyak lima lapang pandang untuk masing-masing sampel biologi tersimpan diambil menggunakan mikroskop cahaya (400x) dan dianalisis menggunakan ImageJ® untuk mendapatkan persentase indeks H-Score COX-2. Hasil: Ditemukan hasil signifikan antara kelompok DHP dengan AP, AP+ES, dan AP+PS (p<0,05). Angka rata-rata ekspresi COX-2 pada kelompok DHP adalah 226,67, sedangkan pada kelompok AP, AP+ES, dan AP+PS berturut-turut adalah 201,89; 203,22; dan 204,9. Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok CMC dengan DHP (p=0,7) dan kelompok CMC dengan AP (p=0,875). Kesimpulan: Pemberian ekstrak sambiloto dan spirulina, baik dalam bentuk tunggal maupun kombinasi dapat menurunkan ekspresi COX-2 pada jaringan kolon media mencit yang diinfeksi dengan Plasmodium berghei ANKA.

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Background: Malaria is a world health problem, including Indonesia, with a fairly high number of cases and mortality. Currently, there is an increasing trend of resistance to first-line antimalarial drugs. Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) and spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) are two herbal plants that are widely available in Indonesia and are known to have antimalatial activity. Kusmardi et al’s study showed that giving a combination of sambiloto and spirulina extracts could reduce the inflammation focus in the colon media of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA.

Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of giving a combination of sambiloto and spirulina extract on the expression of COX-2 protein in the colon media of mice infected witth Plasmodium berghei ANKA.

Methods: Thirty male Swiss Webster mice infected with P. berghei were divided into five groups consisting of positive control (DHP), negative control (CMC), sambiloto extract (AP), combination of sambiloto extract and spirulina extract (AP+ES), and with spirulina powder (AP+PS). A total of five colon’s histological images were taken by microscope (400x) and analyzed using ImageJ® to obtain the percentage of the H Score COX-2 index value.

Results: Significant results were found between the DHP group with AP, AP+ES, and AP+PS (p<0.05). The mean number of COX-2 expression in the DHP group is 226.67, while in the AP, AP+ES, and AP+PS groups are 201.89, 203.22, and 204.9, respectively. There is no significant difference between the CMC group with DHP (p=0.7) and the CMC group with AP (p=0.875).

Conclusion: The administration of sambiloto extract and spirulina, either in single or in combination form, can reduce the level of COX-2 expression in the medial colon of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA."

"Latar belakang: Malaria masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia, khususnya Indonesia bagian timur. Malaria secara tidak langsung mengakibatkan inflamasi dan defek metabolisme yang menimbulkan kerusakan usus berupa hiperplasia sel goblet hingga peningkatan ekspresi protein Muc-1. Penggunaan kombinasi ekstrak sambiloto dan spirulina sebagai antiinflamasi dan antioksidan berpotensi mencegah kerusakan pada kolon media mencit terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Tujuan: Penelitian eksperimental ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan adanya pengaruh antara kombinasi sambiloto dan spirulina terhadap aktivitas Muc-1 pada kolon media mencit terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei Anka.Metode: Penelitian ini memanfaatkan materi biologi tersimpan kolon media Mencit Swiss Webster jantan. Kelompok percobaan meliputi kelompok kontrol positif (Dehidroartemisin piperakuin 195 mg/kgBB), kontrol negatif (carboxymethil cellulose 0,5%), AP (sambiloto 200 mg/kgBB), AP+ES (sambiloto 200 mg/kgBB ekstrak spirulina 26 mg/kgBB), AP+PS (sambiloto 200 mg/kgBB; serbuk spirulina 130 mg/kgBB). Mencit diterminasi setelah hari ke-28 pemberian terapi dan jaringan kolon diberikan diwarnai dengan metode imunohistokimia anti-Muc-1. Spesimen dianalisis menggunakan mikroskop cahaya perbesaran 400x sebanyak lima lapang pandang. Data dianalisis menggunakan piranti lunak ImageJ® untuk melihat persentase ekspresi Muc-1 kemudian dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan SPSS 20.0.Hasil: Berdsarkan uji hipotesis One Way ANOVA, menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan (p<0,05). Berdasarkan uji posthoc Duncan, kelompok AP+PS (120,98 ± 3,37) memiliki perbedaan signifikan (p<0,05) dengan kelompok kontrol negatif, AP, dan AP+ES. Sementara itu, kelompok AP+PS menunjukkan efek yang tidak berbeda dengan kelompok DHP (128,04 ± 4,94) (p=0,137).Simpulan: Pemberian ekstrak sambiloto 200 mg/kgBB dan serbuk spirulina 130 mg/KgBB menurunkan ekspresi Muc-1 pada jaringan kolon media mencit terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei ANKA.

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Introduction: Malaria is still becomes health problem in the world, especially in Eastern Indonesia. Malaria induces inflammation and metabolism defect indirectly, which can cause colonic damage, such as goblet cells hyperplasia and enhancement Muc-1 protein expression. Sambiloto extract and spirulina combination as antiinflammation and antioxidative agent potentially prevent medial colonic damage Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice.

Aim: This experimental study proposed to show the effect between smbiloto extract and spirulina on Muc-1 protein activity in medial colon Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice

Method: This study was done preserve male Swiss Webster mice colonic tissue. There are five different treatment group including positive control (dehydroartemisin piperakuine 195 mg/kgBW), negative control (carboxymethil cellulose 0,5%), AP (sambiloto 200 mg/kgBW), AP+ES (sambiloto 200 mg/kgBW; spirulina extract 26 mg/kgBW), AP+PS (sambiloto 200 mg/kgBW; spirulina powder 130 mg/kgBW). Mice terminated after 28 days of treatment and colonic tissue was stained with immunohistochemistry anti-Muc-1. Specimens were observed using ligh microscope (400x) in five different field and sample protein Muc-1 expression was analyzed with ImageJ® software. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS 20.0.

Result: One way ANOVA test show significant result (p<0,05). According to Duncan posthoc test, only AP+PS (120,98 ± 3,37) group, which is significantly difference (p<0,05) between negative control, AP, and AP+ES group. Meanwhile, There are not significantly difference between AP+PS and DHP group (128,04 ± 4,94) (p=0,137).

Conclusion: Combination sambiloto extract 200 mg/kgBW and spirulina powder 130 mg/kgBB can reduce protein Muc-1 expression in medial colon Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice."

"Latar belakang: Malaria merupakan penyakit parasitik yang masih banyak ditemukan di Indonesia Timur. Inflamasi akibat infeksi malaria memicu stress oksidatif sehingga terjadi apoptosis sel yang berlebihan yang berhubungan dengan ekspresi protein Caspase-3 sebagai protein eksekutor apoptosis. Pemberian sambiloto dan spirulina yang memiliki efek antiinflamasi dan antioksidan dapat berpotensi mencegah kerusakan sel epitel kolon media mencit yang diinduksi Plasmodium berghei.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat adanya pengaruh pemberian kombinasi sambiloto dan spirulina terhadap ekspresi Caspase-3 pada sel epitel kolon media mencit yang diinduksi Plasmodium berghei.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian ekperimental yang menggunakan materi biologi tersimpan kolon media mencit Swiss Webster jantan. Kelompok uji berupa AP (Sambiloto 200 mg/KgBB), AP+PS (sambiloto 200 mg/KgBB dan bubuk spirulina 130 mg/KgBB), AP+ES (sambiloto 200 mg/KgBB dan ekstrak spirulina 26 mg/KgBB), kontrol negatif (carboxymethil cellulose 0,5%) dan kontrol positif (Dihidroartemisinin Piperakuin 195 mg/KgBB). Setelah diberikan terapi selama 28 hari, mencit diterminasi lalu dilakukan pewarnaan imunohistokimia anti-Caspase-3 pada jaringan kolon. Spesimen dilihat menggunakan mikroskop cahaya dengan perbesaran 400x sebanyak lima lapang pandang. Analisis data menggunakan piranti ImageJ® dengan melihat persentase ekspresi Caspase 3 lalu dianalisis menggunakan SPSS 20.0Hasil: Uji hipotesis One Way ANOVA diperoleh hasil signifikan (p<0,05). Berdasarkan uji Post-hoc Bonferroni diperoleh kelompok AP+PS (148,54 +/- 17,23) berbeda signifikan (p<0,05) dengan kelompok AP dan kontrol negatif. Selain itu, kelompok AP+PS menunjukkan efek yang tidak berbeda dengan kontrol positif (162,66 +/- 7,01; p=0,952).Simpulan: Pemberian ekstrak sambiloto dan serbuk spirulina menunrunkan ekspresi Caspase-3 pada sel epitel kolon media mencit terinduksi Plasmodium berghei.

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Background: Malaria is a parasitic disease that is still widely found in Indonesia, Inflammation caused by malaria infection can trigger oxidative stress which can lead to excessive cell apoptosis associated with protein Caspase-3 expression as an apoptosis executor protein. The administration of sambiloto and spirulina which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects can potentially prevent Plasmodium berghei-induced damage to the colonic epithelial cells of mice.

Aim: This study aims to determine the effect of giving a combination of sambiloto and spirulina on the expression of Caspase-3 in mice colonic epithelial cells induced by Plasmodium berghei.

Methods: This study is an experimental study using biological material stored in colon media of male Swiss Webster mice. The test groups were AP (Sambiloto 200 mg/KgBB), AP + PS (sambiloto 200 mg/KgBB and spirulina powder 130 mg/KgBB), AP + ES (sambiloto 200 mg / KgBB and spirulina extract 26 mg/KgBB), negative control. (carboxymethil cellulose 0.5%) and positive control (Dihydroartemisinin Piperakuin 195 mg/KgBW). After 28 days of therapy, the mice were terminated and then stained with anti-Caspase-3 immunohistochemicals on the colonic tissue. Specimens were viewed using a light microscope with a magnification of 400x for five fields of view. Data analysis using the ImageJ® tool by looking at the percentage of Caspase 3 expression then analyzed using SPSS 20.0.

Results: The One Way ANOVA hypothesis test obtained significant results (p <0.05). Based on the Bonferroni Post-hoc test, it was found that the AP + PS group (148.54 +/- 17.23) was significantly different (p <0.05) from the AP group and negative control. In addition, the AP + PS group showed no different effects from the positive control (162.66 +/- 7.01; p = 0.952)

Conclusion: Provision of sambiloto extract and spirulina powder reduced the expression of Caspase-3 in colonic epithelial cells of Plasmodium berghei induced mice.

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"Pendahuluan: Malaria, terutama jenis falciparum, seringkali menyebabkan komplikasi ke berbagai organ sehingga berujung pada kematian. Salah satu gejala klinis adalah perbesaran limpa. Tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek ekstrak etanol sambiloto (EES) terhadap perbesaran limpa pada mencit yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei.Metode: Mencit jantan galur Balb/c dengan berat 28-30, 7-8 minggu. Mencit dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok secara acak, tiap kelompok dibagi menjadi 5 ekor mencit. Kelompok K: kontrol. Kelompok I: kontrol negatif. Kelompok perlakuan (II dan III) mendapat EES dengan dosis 2 mg/kgBB dan klorokuin 10 mg/kgBB per hari secara oral selama 7 hari. Kemudian diukur efek EES terhadap berat limpa mencit.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada kelompok kontrol negatif, terlihat perbesaran limpa yang berbeda bermakna dibanding kelompok kontrol (K), yaitu 198.68 mg ±23.24 vs 640.98 mg ±268.57 (p<0.05). Pada pemberian EES 2 mg/kgBB terlihat penurunan besar limpa, tetapi tidak berbeda bermakna dengan kontrol negatif, yaitu 465.96 mg ±112.10 vs 640.98 mg ±268.57 (p>0.05). Pemberian klorokuin menurunkan berat limpa secara bermakna dibandingkan kontrol negatif 305.26 mg ±36.18 vs 640.98 mg ±268.57 (p≤0.05).Kesimpulan: Pemberian EES 2 mg/kgBB menurunkan berat limpa mencit dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif, tetapi secara statistik tidak berbeda bermakna. Pemberian klorokuin menurunkan berat limpa mencit secara bermakna.

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Preface: Malaria, especially malaria falciparum, often causes complication to several organs that leads to mortality. One of the clinical sign is spleen enlargement or splenomegaly. The aim of this research is to find the effect of extract ethanol sambiloto (ekstrak etanol sambiloto/EES) on the spleen enlargement of mice that infected with Plasmodium berghei.

Methods: Male mice Balb/c strain weight 28-30, 7-8 weeks old. Mice are randomly divided into 4 groups, each groups contains 5 mice. Group K: control. Group I: control negative. Group II and III, which each got treatment with EES 2mg/kgW and chloroquine 10 mg/kgW per oral for 7 days . After that, we measure the effect of EES on mice’s spleen size.

Result: The result of this research shows that control negative group is significantly different from the control group 198.68 mg ±23.24 vs 640.98 mg ±268.57 (p<0.05). The group which treated with EES 2 mg/kgW shows decreased spleen size, but show insignificant difference from control negative 465.96 mg ±112.10 vs 640.98 mg ±268.57 (p>0.05). The group which treated with chloroquine shows decreased spleen size that significantly different from control negative 305.26 mg ±36.18 vs 640.98 mg ±268.57 (p≤0.05).

Conclusion: EES 2 mg/kgW treatment can decrease spleen size compare to control negative, but statistically insignificant. Chloroquine treatment can decrease spleen size significantly, clinically and statistically. "