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"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Pterygium merupakan kelainan mata yang terutama di derita oleh penduduk yang tinggal di negara tropis dan subtropis, penyebabnya pajanan sinar matahari (UV), debu dan udara panas. Hasil pemeriksaan kesehatan rutin tahun 2014 banyak ditemukan pterygium (85%).Tujuan: Untuk mengevaluasi dampak pajanan sinar matahari, debu dan udara panas terhadap kelainan pterigium pada pekerja di luar ruangan Metode: potong lintang, pengambilan sampel secara random.Jumlah sampel 32 orang dari masing-masing kantor cabang. Menggunakan data primer dari kuesioner dan data sekunder dari pemeriksaan mata.Hasil: Prevalensi pterygiumpekerja diluar ruangan sebesar 50%, rasioprevalens 4, Old ratio 7.Adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara lokasi pekerjaan (p=0.012), kebiasaan merokok (p=0,020, riwayat pajanan sinar matahari, debu, udara panas (p=0,020) dan jenis kendaraan operasional (p=0.0029)dengan kelainan pterygium. Kesimpulan: Pterygium pada pekerja di luar ruangan disebabkan pajanan sinar matahari, debu dan udara panas dengan dipengaruhi lokasi pekerjaan, kebiasaan merokok, jenis kendaraan operasional.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Pterygium is an eye disorder that primarily suffered by people who are live in a tropical and subtropical countries, due to the ultraviolet (sunlight), dust, and heat exposure. The routine medical check up held on 2014 of PT.SCM found that 85% of their workers were suffered by pterygium.Objective: To evaluate the effects of sunlight, dust, and heat exposure to pterygium among outdoor workers. Method: A cross-sectional study with random sampling that participated by 32 workers of each branch. This study use questionaires to collect a primary data and also do the eye examination to get the secondary data.Outcome:The result of this study show that the prevalence of pterygium among outdoor workers is 50% with the score of prevalence ratio is 4, and the score of old ratio is 7. This study also found that there is a significant correlation between the location of work (p=0.012), smoking habits (p=0.020), history of sunlight, dust, and heat exposure (p =0,020), and the type of operational vehicle (p=0.0029) with pterygium disorders.Conclusion:The exposure of sunlight, dust, and heat may cause Pterygium among outdoor workers, which is affected by the location of work, smoking habits, and type operational vehicle., Background: Pterygium is an eye disorder that primarily suffered by people who are live in a tropical and subtropical countries, due to the ultraviolet (sunlight), dust, and heat exposure. The routine medical check up held on 2014 of PT.SCM found that 85% of their workers were suffered by pterygium.Objective: To evaluate the effects of sunlight, dust, and heat exposure to pterygium among outdoor workers. Method: A cross-sectional study with random sampling that participated by 32 workers of each branch. This study use questionaires to collect a primary data and also do the eye examination to get the secondary data.Outcome:The result of this study show that the prevalence of pterygium among outdoor workers is 50% with the score of prevalence ratio is 4, and the score of old ratio is 7. This study also found that there is a significant correlation between the location of work (p=0.012), smoking habits (p=0.020), history of sunlight, dust, and heat exposure (p =0,020), and the type of operational vehicle (p=0.0029) with pterygium disorders.Conclusion:The exposure of sunlight, dust, and heat may cause Pterygium among outdoor workers, which is affected by the location of work, smoking habits, and type operational vehicle.]"

"Latar belakang: Pterygium adalah penyakit pada mata yang sering dijumpai di daerah khatulistiwa terutama oleh pajanan ultraviolet, penyebab pterygium antara lain macam-macam zat iritan, faktor genetik, alergi, kekeringan pada mata, faktor angiogenik, dan infeksi papilomavirus. Pada perusahaan X banyak ditemukan kasus pterygium 5.3% pada observasi awal oleh Dinas Kesehatan.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode potong lintang. Sampel diambil secara purposive berdasarkan ruangan dengan pajanan debu tertinggi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara langsung pada pekerja dan pemeriksaan pada mata.Hasil: Prevalensi pterygium akibat pajanan zat iritan debu kertas 68.2% dari 85 pekerja di rewinder enam dan sekitarnya. Riwayat merokok merupakan faktor yang bermakna (p-0.01).Kesimpulan: Debu kertas belum dapat dibuktikan signifikansinya secara statistik dengan kejadian pterygium, sementara perbandingan dengan studi-studi yang relevan menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi pterygium dengan pajanan debu kertas lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pajanan UV.

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Background: Pterygium is an abnormal process in which the conjunctiva (a membrane that covers the white of the eye) grows into the cornea and most commonly found at the equator, due to prolong exposure to ultraviolet and infrared radiation from sunlight. Other environmental irritants identified were genetic factor, allergy, dry eyes, angiogenic factor, and papilloma virus infection. In the factory "X" Karawang, 5.3% pterygium cases were found as reported by the government reevaluation visit.

Method: The study was a cross-sectional. Sample collected using purposive method and had been exposed to high paper dust. Conducting interview, filling out questionnaires and eye examination, collected data.

Results: The Prevalence of identified pterygium was 68.2% from 85 workers at rewinder 6. Meanwhile smoking habit was the significant factor (r 0.O1).

Conclusion: Paper dust has not yet proven to be significant related to pterygium while descriptive comparison among several studies reported that the prevalence of pterygium was much higher related to paper dust (68.2%) compared to UV."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Pterigium merupakan suatu pertumbuhan fibrovaskular konjungtiva yang bersifat degeneratif dan invasif. Penyebab pterigium tidak diketahui dengan pasti, namun pajanan sinar matahari diduga merupakan penyebab utama terjadinya pterigium. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan pajanan sinar matahari dengan kejadian pterigium pada pekerja. Metode: Penelusuran melalui Pubmed dan Google scholar. Judul dan abstrak yang didapatkan kemudian disaring berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Telaah kritis dilakukan dengan menggunakan kriteria oleh Center for Evidence Based Medicine, University of Oxford yang mencakup validitas, pentingnya penelitian dan kemampu terapan hasil penelitian. Hasil: Hasil penelusuran mendapatkan dua artikel yang cukup valid. Pada kedua penelitian tiap kelompok sudah disamakan menurut usia dan jenis kelamin. Semua subyek penelitian pada kelompok kasus dan kontrol diambil dari klinik yang sama dan mendapatkan cara pemeriksaan yang sama. Penilaian kepentingan studi digambarkan dengan nilai odds ratio (OR), pada penelitian Khoo dkk. OR = 4,2 (interval kepercayaan 95% 1,7-10,1). Penelitian Al-Bdour dan Al-latayfeh didapatkan nilai OR yaitu 5,47 (interval kepercayaan 95% 3,3-9,1), p < 0,005. Kedua penelitian mempunyai number needed to harm (NNH) yang hampir sama yaitu 3. Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan bukti yang ada pajanan sinar matahari dapat meningkatkan terjadinya ptergium pada pekerja, tapi hanya mendapatkan dua penelitian yang cukup valid dan relevan, sehingga bukti yang ada masih belum cukup kuat.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Pterygium is a degenerative and invasive fibrovascular conjunctival growth. The exact cause of pterygium is unknown. However, sun exposure is likely to be the major cause. Aim: To determine the relationship between sun exposure and incidence of pterygium among workers. Methods: Articles search was conducted using Pubmed and Google scholar. Titles and abstracts were obtained and then screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Critical appraisal was conducted using criteria by Center for Evidence Based Medicine, University of Oxford which include validity, importance and applicability. Results: Search result point to studies are quite valid. In both studies all subjects were group-matched for age and sex. Both subjects in the case group and the control group were taken from the same clinic and the examination were carried out in a similar manner in both groups. The odds ratio in the Khoo et al. study was 4.2 (95% confidence interval 1.7 to 10.1). While in the Al-Bdour dan Al-latayfeh study the odds ratio was 5.47 (95% confidence interval 3.3 to 9.1), p <0.005. Both studies showed that number needed to harm (NNH) were almost similar which were 3. Conclusions: The evidence found that exposure to sunlight may increase the occurrence of pterygium among workers, but only found two studies are quite valid and relevant, so the evidence is still not strong enough. "

"Kajian ini menganalisis kegagalan sunshine policy sebagai upaya confidence-building measures keamanan antara Korea Selatan dan Korea Utara pada masa pemerintahan Kim Dae Jung dan Roh Moo Hyun. Dengan menggunakan confidence-building measures sebagai kerangka analisis, tulisan ini akan menjelaskan variable-variabel dalam confidence-building measures yang menyebabkan sunshine policy gagal menghasilkan dalam menerapkan upaya confidence-building measures. Argumen utama tulisan ini adalah terdapat 3 faktor yang menyebabkan sunshine policy gagal sebagai upaya confidence-building measures dalam hubungan inter-Korea di Semenanjung Korea. Pertama, inkonsistensi Korea Selatan dalam menerapkan sunshine policy sebagai upaya confidence-building measures dalam bidang keamanan terhadap Korea Utara. Kedua, pengaruh Amerika terhadap hubungan inter-Korea melalui pernyataan dan kebijakan terhadap Korea Utara. Ketiga, Korea Utara yang tidak memiliki political will untuk merespon baik terhadap penerapan sunshine policy Korea Selatan sebagai upaya confidence-building measures. Penelitian ini akan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Causal Process Tracing (CPT) untuk melihat mekanisme kausal yang menyebabkan sunshine policy gagal sebagai upaya confidence-building measures.

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This study analyses the failure of the sunshine policy as an effort of confidence-building measures in the security sector between South Korea and North Korea during the reigns of Kim Dae Jung and Roh Moo Hyun. Using confidence- building measures as an analytical framework, this paper will explain the variables in confidence-building measures that cause sunshine policy to fail to produce confidence-building measures. The main argument of this paper is that there are 3 factors that cause the sunshine policy to fail as an effort to build confidence in inter-Korean relations on the Korean Peninsula. First, South Korea's inconsistency in applying the sunshine policy as an effort to confidence- building measures in the security sector towards North Korea. Second, America's influence on inter-Korean relations through statements and policies towards North Korea. Third, North Korea does not have the political will to respond well to the implementation of South Korea's sunshine policy as an effort to build confidence. This research will be conducted using the Causal Process Tracing (CPT) method to see the causal mechanism that causes the sunshine policy to fail as an effort to build confidence."

"Kegiatan maintenance dan operational produksi crude oil pasca pemboran merupakan salah satu aktivitas yang berpotensi terjadinya kecelakaan kerja di industri minyak dan gas bumi lepas pantai. kecelakaan yang terjadi bisa menyebabkan cidera ringan, serius dan bahkan sampai menyebabkan kematian, kerusakan peralatan dan lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kualitas pembuatan analisa keselamtan kerja pada pekerja di departemen Produksi dan Perawatan di anjungan lepas pantai PT X. Desain penelitian Deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif dilakukan dengan cara wawancara dan observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hubungan antara pelaksanaan analisa keselamatan kerja dilapangan dengan kecelakaan kerja yang terjadi dilapangan selama periode 2013-2014. Dari hasil penelitian ini disarankan bagi perusahaan untuk melakukan pelatihan dan pelatihan penyegaran yang berhubungan dengan pelaksanaan analisa keselamatan kerja, melakukan evaluasi secara berkala oleh para pimpinan dilapangan, meningkatkan kesadaran pekerja dalam melakukan analisa keselamatan kerja dengan baik dan konsisten. Dan membuat formulir analisa keselamatan kerja yang lebih sederhana agar setiap pimpinan tim kerja lebih mudah dalam membuat analisa keselamatan kerja lebih berkualitas.

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Maintenance and operational activities of crude oil production after drilling is one of the activities that have potential accidents in the oil and gas industry offshore. Accidents that occur can cause minor injury, serious and even cause death, damage to equipment and the environment. The purpose of this study is to discover the quality of job safety analysis in production and maintenance departments at offshore PT X. The research method used descriptive and observational through in-depth interviews and observation of secondary data.

The results showed a relationship between the implementation of the job safety analysis in the field with the accidents that occur during the period 2013-2014. The result of this study suggest for the company to conduct and refresh training related to the implementation of job safety analysis, conduct regular review and evaluation by the leaders in the field, increasing the awareness of workers in performing job safety analysis properly and consistently, and create a job safety analysis form simpler in order to help the team leaders easier to make a higher quality of job safety analysis."

"Tren absen pekerja sangat mempengaruhi produktivitas disutau perusahaan, absen dalam bekerja dianggap wajar oleh perusahaan. Data Office of National Statistic (ONS) menyatakan tingkat ketidakhadiran karena sakit meningkat menjadi 2,6% pada tahun 2022, angka tersebut merupakan yang tertinggi sejak tahun 2004. Berdasarkan data pegawai pekerja di PT XYZ kejadian ketidakhadiran pekerja terus meningkat dalam kurun waktu 2 tahun terakhir, data ketidakhadiran tersebut merupakan data terkait dengan pekerja yang mengalami ketidakhadiran karena sakit. Tercatat pada tahun 2022 terdapat 43% dan tahun 2023 sampai bulan September sebanyak 47% pekerja yang mengalami ketidakhadiran karena sakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian ketidakhadiran pada pekerja di PT XYZ Tahun 2023. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kuantitatif dan pendekatan desain cross sectional melalui data sekunder dan data primer, dengan pengambilan sampel total sampling sebanyak sampel 51 responden dan dianalisis dengan uji chi-square. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Juni – Desember 2023. Hasil penelitian deksriptif yaitu proporsi tertinggi pada pekerja yang mengalami ketidakhadrian (54,9%), umur pekerja < 40 tahun (88,2%.), masa kerja lama (51,0%), merokok (60,8%.), status gizi gemuk (45,1%), pekerja status kesehatan unfit (54,9%), pekerja kelelahan sedang (45,1%), dan pekerja stres sedang (39,2%) dan pekerja dengan beban kerja ringan (45,1%). Terdapat hubungan antara status merokok (p=0,045), status kesehatan (p=0,001), status gizi (p=0,045), kelelahan kerja (p=0,002), dan stres kerja (p=0,023). Tidak terdapat hubungan antara umur, masa kerja dan beban kerja.

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The trend of worker absenteeism greatly influences productivity in a company, absence from work is considered normal by the company. Data from the Office of National Statistics (ONS) states that the rate of absence due to illness will increase to 2.6% in 2022, this figure is the highest since 2004. Based on employee data at PT XYZ, the incidence of worker absence has continued to increase over the last 2 years. , the absence data is data related to workers who experience absence due to illness. It was recorded that in 2022 there would be 43% and in 2023 until September as many as 47% of workers would experience absence due to illness. This research aims to analyze the relationship between risk factors related to the incidence of absenteeism among workers at PT analyzed with the chi-square test. The research was conducted in June – December 2023. The descriptive research results were the highest proportion of workers experiencing absenteeism (54.9%), worker age < 40 years (88.2%), long working period (51.0%), smoking (60.8%), obese nutritional status (45.1%), unfit health status workers (54.9%), moderate fatigue workers (45.1%), and moderate stress workers (39.2%) and workers with light workloads (45.1%). There was a relationship between smoking status (p=0.045), health status (p=0.001), nutritional status (p=0.045), work fatigue (p=0.002), and work stress (p=0.023). There is no relationship between age, years of service and workload."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kasus rujukan rawat jalan peserta BPJS Kesehatan Kantor Cabang Utama Jakarta Selatan pada Puskesmas di Jakarta Selatan tahun 2015. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross sectional dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Hasil dari penelitian didapatkan jumlah kasus rujukan pada Puskesmas sebesar 21.6%, melebihi standar yang ditetapkan oleh BPJS Kesehatan yaitu sebesar 15%. Karakteristik peserta yang paling banyak dirujuk yaitu peserta dengan umur ≥ 46 tahun, berjenis kelamin laki-laki, diagnosis medis diluar 144, dan berjenis kepesertaan bukan pekerja. Variabel umur, jenis kelamin, diagnosis medis, dan jenis kepesertaan memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan kasus rujukan.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze referral case of outpatient BPJS Kesehatan

Main Branch Office participants in Primary Health Care, South Jakarta, 2015. This study used a cross-sectional study design with quantitative approach. The results of this study showed the number of referral cases in Primary Health Care is 21.6%, exceeding the standard of BPJS Kesehatan is 15%. The characteristic of participants of the most widely referenced are those with age ≥ 46 years, male gender, medical diagnosis outside of 144, and the type of membership is not worker. Age, gender, medical diagnosis, and the type of membership has a significant relationship with the referral cases.;"

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kesesuaian postur kerja, peralatan kerja, dan workstation yang menyebabkan pada keluhan gejala MSDs pada pekerja pengguna komputer head office PT X. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross sectional. Data yang dikumpulkan dari penelitian ini berasal dari data primer hasil observasi berupa postur kerja, peralatan kerja, keluhan yang dirasakan pekerja, dan workstation. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat ketidaksesuaian pada beberapa postur kerja dari pekerja saat bekerja, peralatan kerja yang digunakan, serta workstation. Hasil penilaian keluhan gejala MSDs menggunakan metode ROSA menunjukan hasil yang bervariasi, yaitu skor akhir ROSA 1-4 (tindakan perbaikan tidak diperlukan sesegera mungkin) dan 5-10 (tindakan perbaiakn diperlukan sesegera mungkin). Hasil obseravasi keluhan gejala MSDs menunjukan 92 (87%) responden merasakan keluhan pada minimal satu area tubuhnya. Area tubuh yang paling banyak dikeluhkan adalah leher bagian atas (67%), pinggang (62%), dan leher bagian bawah (53%). Disarankan untuk melakukan penyesuaian peralatan kerja dengan pekerja, melakukan peregangan di sela-sela pekerjaan, dan sosialisasi pentingnya ergonomi pada pekerja.

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This study aims to analyze approprietness of work posture, work equipment, and workstation that cause the symptoms of MSDs complaints of computer users Head Office PT X. Design study is cross sectional. All of the data collected in these study are derived from primary data of observation results in the form of workm posture, work equipment, and workstation. The results study showed there were discrepancies in some of work posture while work, work equipment used, and workstation. The results of the symptoms MSDs complaints use ROSA methods showed variying results, that are the ROSA final score 1-4 (further assessment not immediately required) and 5-10 (further assessment required as soon as possible). The observation resluts of the symptoms MSDs complaints showed 92 (87%) of respondents feel there are complaints at one area of the body. Many areas of the body most complaints are upper neck (67%), lumbar (62%), and lower neck (53%). It is recommended to make adjustments of work equipment by workers, doing stretching on the side lines job, and socialization importance of ergonomics to workers."

"PT Jamsostek (Persero) Kantor Cabang Depok melakukan kerjasama dengan wadah perkumpulan Tenaga Kerja Di Luar Hubungan Kerja (TKLHK) dalam penyelenggaraan jaminan sosial tenaga kerja di luar hubungan kerja. Kemitraan antara PT Jamsostek (Persero) dan wadah TKLHK bertujuan untuk memudahkan administrasi kepengurusan serta meningkatkan jumlah peserta jaminan sosial TKLHK. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pola kemitraan yang terbentuk antara wadah TKLHK dengan PT Jamsostek (Persero) Kacab Depok. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa wawancara mendalam dengan beberapa narasumber. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pola kemitraan yang terbentuk antara wadah TKLHK dengan PT Jamsostek (Persero) Kacab Depok adalah model service contract. Pengawasan dan pembinaan terhadap kemitraan tersebut dilakukan oleh Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Sosial Kota Depok beserta Asosiasi Pimpinan Wadah (ASPIWA).

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PT Jamsostek (Persero) Depok Branch Office collaborated with the Association of Workers out of Employment Relation organizing workers out of employment relation social security. Partnership between PT Jamsostek (Persero) Depok Branch Office and the Association of Workers out of Employment Relation aims to ease the administration and improve the management of the social security number of participant workers out of employment relation. The purpose of this research is to determine how the partnership formed between the Association of Workers out of Employment Relation and PT Jamsostek (Persero) Depok Branch Office. This research uses a qualitative approach and data collection techniques by in-depth interviews with several informants. The results of this research indicate that the pattern partnership that formed between the Association of Workers out of Employment Relation with PT Jamsostek (Persero) Depok Branch Office is a service contract model. Oversight and guidance to the partnership were done by the Department of Labor Depok and Asosiasi Pimpinan Wadah (ASPIWA)."

"Penelitian bertujuan memperoleh gambaran dan hubungan faktor-faktor risiko individu dan pekerjaan terhadap keluhan muskuloskeletal disorder pada pekerja kantor PT. X Jakarta. Metode yang digunakan cross-sectional dengan menggunakan data sekunder hasil medical check up data dan perangkat lunak RSIGuard untuk 607 pekerja. Dari 607 pekerja terdapat 292 orang (48, 1%) mengalami keluhan musculoskeletal discomfort.Hasil uji bivariate menunjukkan hubungan signifikan (p<0,005) antara faktor individu (tinggi badan, berat badan, olahraga, jenis kelamin dan temuan masalah musculoskeletal pada MCU), dan faktor risiko pekerjaan (self-assessment risk, overall risk level, average daily mouse use, break time taken dan average strain from mouse use) dengan discomfort.Hasil uji multivariate menunjukkan jenis kelamin, temuan masalah musculoskeletal MCU, self-assessment dan overall assessment merupakan faktor-faktor yang memiliki hubungan kuat dan dapat mempengaruhi keluhan musculoskeletal discomfort. Saran-saran ditujukan untuk mencegah discomfort dan work related musculoskeletal disorder melalui prinsip-prinsip ergonomik.

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The objective of this study are to describe profile and relationship between individual and occupational risks factors with musculoskeletal discomfort in office workers of PT. X Jakarta. This is cross-sectional using secondary data of medical check up (MCU) and RSIGuard software for 607 workers. There are 272 of 607 workers (48.1%) complained musculoskeletal discomfort based on self-asessment result.

Based on bivariate test results a significant (p <0.005) for individual factors (height, weight, exercise, sex and medical finding during MCU), and occupational risk factors from computer usages (self assessment risk, overall risk level, average daily mouse use, break time taken and average strain of mouse use).

The final model of multivariate test results a significant correlation of gender, findings of musculoskeletal problems, self-assessment and overall assessment with musculoskeletal discomfort complaints. Suggestions addressed to reduce occupational factors to prevent discomfort and work-related musculoskeletal disorder through ergonomic principals."