Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Terdapat beberapa metode untuk mengekstraksi hidroksiapatit dari tulang sapi. Dalam penelitian ini, tulang sapi diekstraksi dengan menggunakan metode alkalin hidrotermal menggunakan larutan NaOH pada suhu 100°C . Karakterisasi hidroksiapatit dengan spektrofotometer Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) menunjukkan puncak serapan dari vibrasi regang OH pada daerah 3570-3360 cm-1, serapan yang khas dari karbonat (CO32-) pada 1416 cm-1 dan 874 cm-1, kemudian serapan fosfat (PO43-) pada 1037 cm-1, 604 cm-1 dan 568 cm-1 Karakterisasi pola difraksi dengan XRD menunjukkan puncak difraksi karakteristik dari hidroksiapatit pada posisi 2θ 25.95°, 31.9°, 33.14° , 34.2° 40.05°, 46.83°, 49.59° dan 50.73°. Persentase rata-rata ekstrak hidroksiapatit yang diperoleh dengan metode alkalin hidrotermal adalah sebesar 68,809 ± 0,461. Membran komposit hidroksiapatit tulang sapi-khitosan-poli (vinil alkohol) disintesis dengan metode film casting dan penguapan pelarut.Karakterisasi secara visual/tampilan fisik menunjukkan membran yang homogen dengan tingkat kelenturan yang bervariasi. Karakterisasi FTIR dan XRD pada sampel membran menunjukkan telah terbentuk komposit yang terdiri dari puncak serapan unsur penyusun yang diperkuat dengan tidak terbentuknya puncak serapan baru pada data FTIR maupun SEM. Analisis sifat mekanik membran menghasilkan membran dengan kekuatan tarik 4-11 MPa untuk kontrol dan 3-8,5 MPa untuk sampel dengan variasi komposisi, perpanjangan putus 90-340%, dan modulus Young sebesar 1- 9,5 MPa. Nilai modulus semakin bertambah dengan kenaikan dosis radiasi. Uji bioaktivitas in vitro dalam larutan SBF menghasilkan data pH larutan naik (8,4-8,6) pada minggu ke-1 dari semula 7,4.Uji absorbsi air diperoleh sampai 600%, kehilangan berat membran terjadi pada minggu ke-1 dan ke-2 perendaman dengan kisaran 0,75-1,6% pada konsentrasi PVA 3% dan 5%. Pada perendaman minggu ke-3 dan seterusnya sampai minggu ke -12 terjadi penambahan berat membran maksimal 26%. Uji bioktivitas in vitro menunjukkan membran komposit hidroksiapatit-khitosan-poli (vinil alkohol) bersifat bioaktif karena terbentuk lapisan spherical/globular apatit pada permukaan membran dengan bertambahnya waktu perendaman dalam SBF.

---

There are several methods for extracting hydroxyapatite from bovine bones. In this study, bovine bone was extracted using alkaline hydrothermal method using NaOH solution at a temperature of 100oC. Characterization of hydroxyapatite with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) shows the absorption peak of OH stretch vibration in the region 3570-3360 cm-1, absorption characteristic of carbonate (CO32-) in 1416 cm-1 and 874 cm-1, then the uptake of phosphate (PO43-) at 1037 cm-1, 604 cm -1 and 568 cm-1. Characterization by XRD diffraction pattern shows the characteristic diffraction peaks of hydroxyapatite in position 2θ 25.95°, 31.9°, 33.14°, 34.2° 40.05°, 46.83°, 49.59° and 50.73°. The average percentage of hydroxyapatite extract obtained by alkaline hydrothermal method amounted to 68.809 ± 0.461. Composite bovine bone hydroxyapatite-chitosan-poly (vinyl alcohol) membrane was synthesized by films casting and evaporation of solvent method. Visual/physical appearance of membrane showed a homogeneous membrane with various degree of flexibility.FTIR and XRD characterization of the samples showed that composite membrane comprising absorption peaks constituent elements reinforced with the formation of a new absorption peak in the data FTIR and SEM. Analysis of the mechanical properties of the membrane produces a membrane with a tensile strength of 4-11 MPa for the control and 3 to 8.5 MPa for samples with variations in composition, 90-340% elongation at break, and Young's modulus of 1 to 9.5 MPa. Modulus value increases with increasing of radiation doses. Bioactivity test in vitro in the SBF solution to produce data pH rises (8.4 to 8.6) at week 1 of the original 7.4.From water absorption result, it showes that membran has water absorption capacity up to 600%. Percentage weight loss of the membrane with PVA concentration of 3% and 5% occurs at 1 to 2 weeks immersion is 0.75 to 1.6%. At 3rd to 12 weeks of immertion time, there is an increasing weight of membrane up to 26%. In vitro bioactivity results show that hydroxyapatite-chitosan-poly(vinyl alcohol) composite membrane are bioactive as indicated by the formation of spherical / globular apatite on the surface of the membrane along with increasing immersion time in SBF."

"[ABSTRAKInjectable bone substitute (IBS) merupakan metode penanganan kerusakan tulang yang efektif, karena dapat mempermudah proses operasi dan memberi kenyamanan bagi pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan material pengisi tulang mampu injeksi berbasis kalsium fospat dengan perbandingan Ca/P (1.67) dan kitosan. Sintesis dilakukan dengan cara mencampurkan semen kalsium fosfat dan kitosan sebesar 0%, 4%, 8%, 11% dalam larutan Na2HPO4 (1mol/L) yang kemudian dicetak dan dipanaskan pada suhu 370C selama 2 jam. Sampel hasil percobaan kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan XRD, SEM, FTIR, serta pengujian kemampuan injeksi dan setting time. Dari hasil karakterisasi tersebut didapatkan bahwa proses injeksi yang baik dapat dilakukan dengan perbandingan larutan dan serbuk (0.68 ml/gram). Setting time dan kekuatan tekan meningkat dengan penambahan kitosan, sedangkan modulus kompresi-nya berkurang dari 140-106 MPa. Terbentuknya senyawa HA yang diindikasikan dari uji XRD serta hasil uji FTIR menunjukkan tidak ada ikatan secara kimia antara semen kalsium fospat (HA,DCPD) dan kitosan, melainkan berupa ikatan hidrogen. Adapun hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa produk IBS yang telah disintesis berpotensi untuk dijadikan material pengisi tulang. ABSTRACTInjectable bone substitute (IBS) is an effective methode to treat bone damage, because it can provide a minimun surgical and make the patient feel comfort. The aim of this study is to make injectable calcium phosphate-based bone substitute material with a ratio of Ca/P (1.67) and chitosan. Synthesis was performed by mixing calcium phosphate cement and chitosan at 0, 4, 8, 11 wt.% in Na2HPO4 (1 mol/L) as a solvent. Sampels were then characterized by using XRD, SEM, FTIR, injectability and seting time. The results showed that the injection process can be performed with liquid and powder rasio of 0.68 ml/g. Setting time and compression strength increases with the addition of chitosan, while its Young's modulus decreases. Formation of HA indicated by XRD and FTIR showed that there is no chemical bond between calcium phosphate cement (HA, DCPD) and chitosan, but in the form of hydrogen bonds. Based on the aforementioned data, the results showed that IBS produced in this work has the potential to be used as a bone substitute material., Injectable bone substitute (IBS) is an effective methode to treat bone damage, because it can provide a minimun surgical and make the patient feel comfort. The aim of this study is to make injectable calcium phosphate-based bone substitute material with a ratio of Ca/P (1.67) and chitosan. Synthesis was performed by mixing calcium phosphate cement and chitosan at 0, 4, 8, 11 wt.% in Na2HPO4 (1 mol/L) as a solvent. Sampels were then characterized by using XRD, SEM, FTIR, injectability and seting time. The results showed that the injection process can be performed with liquid and powder rasio of 0.68 ml/g. Setting time and compression strength increases with the addition of chitosan, while its Young's modulus decreases. Formation of HA indicated by XRD and FTIR showed that there is no chemical bond between calcium phosphate cement (HA, DCPD) and chitosan, but in the form of hydrogen bonds. Based on the aforementioned data, the results showed that IBS produced in this work has the potential to be used as a bone substitute material.]"

"Hidrogel merupakan polimer superabsorben yang dapat menyerap dan menahan sejumlah besar medium cair. Hidrogel kitosan-graft-poli(N-vinil pirrolidon) atau kitosan-graft-PNVP disintesis melalui proses polimerisasi radikal bebas. Polimer ini diikatsilangkan pada rantai cabang, rantai PNVP, dengan agen pengikat silang yang berbeda, yaitu N,N’-Metilen Bisakrilamida (MBA) dan Etilen Glikol Dimetakrilat (EGDMA). Kemampuan swelling hidrogel kitosan-graft-PNVP terikat silang dilakukan dengan merendamnya dalam media cair. Pengaruh jenis dan konsentrasi agen pengikat silang serta waktu reaksi terhadap daya absorbsi air telah diamati. Hidrogel yang terikat silang dengan EGDMA memperlihatkan rasio swelling lebih besar dibandingkan dengan hidrogel yang terikat silang dengan MBA. Kemampuan menyerap hidrogel yang terikat silang dengan EGDMA dapat mencapai 50% dari berat sebelum menyerap air. Produk ini dikarakterisasi menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

---

Hydrogels are superabsorbent polymer that it can be able to absorb and retain large amounts of aqueous fluids. Hydrogel chitosan-graft-poly(N-vinyl pirrolidone) or chitosan-graft-PNVP has been synthesized by free radical polymerization. It is synthesized by crosslinking in the branch chains, PNVP chains, with different crosslinking agents, i.e. N,N’-Methylene Bisacrylamide (MBA) dan Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate (EGDMA). The swelling behavior of the crosslingked chitosan-graft-PNVP was measured by immerse it in the water. The effect of different and concentration of crosslinked agents and also reaction time on water absorbency have been investigated. Crosslinked hydrogel by using crosslinker EGDMA had showed that swelling ratio is higher than crosslinked hydrogel by using crosslinker MBA. The swelling behavior of crosslinked hydrogel by using crosslinker EGDMA can absorb water until 50% from its weight before absorbed. Resulted hydrogels were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)."

"[ABSTRAKMeningkatnya insiden patah tulang di Indonesia dari tahun ke tahun memerlukan pemecahan dari masalah terbatasnya sumber tulang pengganti sementara dengan kriteria sesuai. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini berfokus pada optimasi sifat-sifat material untuk aplikasi scaffold. Komposit PVA/kitosan-hidroksiapatit (HA) telah berhasil dibuat dengan metode kimiawi basah yang dilanjutkan proses freeze-thawing dan freeze-drying. Variabel yang digunakan adalah kadar hidroksiapatit sebesar 0, 25, 40 dan 50% (b/v). Karakterisasi yang dilakukan adalah spektroskopi Fourier transform infra red (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), uji tekan, dan swelling behavior. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan penambahan hidroksiapatit menghasilkan morfologi berpori dengan ukuran rata-rata 42,39 µm untuk variabel 50% HA, dan meningkatkan modulus tekan dari 14 MPa untuk sampel tanpa HA menjadi 143, 191, dan 187 MPa untuk sampel dengan penambahan HA sebesar 25, 40 dan 50% (b/v). Selain itu penambahan hidroksiapatit juga mengurangi derajat pembengkakan dari 296% untuk sampel tanpa HA menjadi 85, 78, dan 59% untuk sampel dengan penambahan HA sebesar 25, 40 dan 50% (b/v), masing-masing. Hasil ini menunjukkan PVA/kitosan-HA memiliki sifat-sifat potensial untuk digunakan sebagai scaffold dalam rekayasa jaringan tulang.ABSTRACTThe increasing number of bone fracture incident in Indonesia from year to year needs the problem solving of the limited bone substitute which meet all the criteria. Therefore, this study is focusing in optimization of material?s properties used as scaffold. Composite of PVA/chitosan-hydroxyapatite (HA) was successfully made by wet chemically method which followed by freeze thawing and freeze drying. The variable used in this study is the percentage of hydroxyapatite with 0, 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v). The samples were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), compressive test, and swelling behavior. The results showed that addition of hydroxyapatite has yielded porous structure with average pore size of 42,39 µm (50% HA) and increased in compressive modulus from 14 MPa for 0% HA to 143, 191, and 187 MPa for samples with addition of HA with amount of 25, 40, 50% (wt/v). Besides, addition of HA also reduced the swelling ratio from 296% for sample without HA to 85, 78, and 59% for sample with addition of HA with the following amount: 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v), respectively. This results show that PVA/chitosan-HA in the current study is potential to be used as scaffold in bone tissue engineering.;The increasing number of bone fracture incident in Indonesia from year to year needs the problem solving of the limited bone substitute which meet all the criteria. Therefore, this study is focusing in optimization of material?s properties used as scaffold. Composite of PVA/chitosan-hydroxyapatite (HA) was successfully made by wet chemically method which followed by freeze thawing and freeze drying. The variable used in this study is the percentage of hydroxyapatite with 0, 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v). The samples were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), compressive test, and swelling behavior. The results showed that addition of hydroxyapatite has yielded porous structure with average pore size of 42,39 µm (50% HA) and increased in compressive modulus from 14 MPa for 0% HA to 143, 191, and 187 MPa for samples with addition of HA with amount of 25, 40, 50% (wt/v). Besides, addition of HA also reduced the swelling ratio from 296% for sample without HA to 85, 78, and 59% for sample with addition of HA with the following amount: 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v), respectively. This results show that PVA/chitosan-HA in the current study is potential to be used as scaffold in bone tissue engineering., The increasing number of bone fracture incident in Indonesia from year to year needs the problem solving of the limited bone substitute which meet all the criteria. Therefore, this study is focusing in optimization of material’s properties used as scaffold. Composite of PVA/chitosan-hydroxyapatite (HA) was successfully made by wet chemically method which followed by freeze thawing and freeze drying. The variable used in this study is the percentage of hydroxyapatite with 0, 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v). The samples were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), compressive test, and swelling behavior. The results showed that addition of hydroxyapatite has yielded porous structure with average pore size of 42,39 µm (50% HA) and increased in compressive modulus from 14 MPa for 0% HA to 143, 191, and 187 MPa for samples with addition of HA with amount of 25, 40, 50% (wt/v). Besides, addition of HA also reduced the swelling ratio from 296% for sample without HA to 85, 78, and 59% for sample with addition of HA with the following amount: 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v), respectively. This results show that PVA/chitosan-HA in the current study is potential to be used as scaffold in bone tissue engineering.]"

"Chitosan adalah polisakarida alami yang memiliki sifat biokompatibel dan tidak beracun. Kombinasi antara kitosan dan hidroksiapatit akan membentuk nanokomposit yang menyediakan pori-pori untuk migrasi sel sehingga memungkinkan pertumbuhan jaringan dan dapat diaplikasikan sebagai bahan implan tulang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah sintesis dan karakterisasi komposit hidroksiapatit-kitosan melalui in situ yang digunakan oleh iradiasi gelombang mikro dengan variasi waktu. Komposit dibentuk oleh hidroksiapatit dan larutan kitosan 2% melalui in situ kemudian diiradiasi dengan tenaga 270 watt selama 20-60 menit dengan interval 10 menit. Hasil XRD menunjukkan puncak hidroksiapatit dan kitosan. Ukuran kristalit tertinggi ditemukan pada komposit 50 menit dengan nilai 20,87 nm. Spektroskopi FTIR mengidentifikasi kelompok fungsional hidroksiapatit dan kitosan (NH2). Peningkatan waktu iradiasi menyebabkan pengurangan kitosan berdasarkan keberadaan CH dan NH2. Massa tertinggi hadir pada waktu 20 menit yang berarti reduksi massa juga terjadi dengan meningkatnya waktu iradiasi. Hasil SEM dan EDX menunjukkan bahwa hidroksiapatit telah memenuhi matriks kitosan. Kehadiran cluster NH membuktikan bahwa metode iradiasi gelombang mikro dapat digunakan untuk mensintesis nanokomposit hidroksiapatit dan kitosan. Peningkatan waktu iradiasi menyebabkan berkurangnya keberadaan kitosan dan massanya.

---

Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide which has biocompatible and non-toxic properties. The combination of chitosan and hydroxyapatite will form nanocomposites which provide pores for cell migration to enable tissue growth and can be applied as bone implant material. The purpose of this study is the synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composites through in situ used by microwave irradiation with time variations. Composites are formed by hydroxyapatite and 2% chitosan solution through in situ then irradiated with 270 watts of power for 20-60 minutes at intervals of 10 minutes.

XRD results showed the peak of hydroxyapatite and chitosan. The highest crystallite size was found in the 50 minute composite with a value of 20.87 nm. FTIR spectroscopy identified the hydroxyapatite and chitosan (NH2) functional groups. Increased irradiation time causes reduction of chitosan based on the presence of CH and NH2. The highest mass is present at 20 minutes which means mass reduction also occurs with increasing irradiation time.

SEM and EDX results indicate that the hydroxyapatite meets the chitosan matrix. The presence of NH clusters proves that the microwave irradiation method can be used to synthesize hydroxyapatite and chitosan nanocomposites. Increased irradiation time causes reduced presence of chitosan and its mass."

"Hidroksiapatit (HA) merupakan biomaterial yang dapat diekstrak dari limbah alami. Material hidroksiapatit dapat diaplikasikan dalam medis karena memiliki sifat biokompatibel, bioaktivitas, dan osteokonduksi yang bagus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis hidroksiapatit dari tulang femur sapi dengan menggunakan suhu kalsinasi yang berbeda yaitu pada suhu 850^oC dan 900^oC. Hidroksiapatit yang diperoleh akan dikarakterisasi menggunakan Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), dan Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR). Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi suhu kalsinasi maka akan semakin banyak senyawa organik yang terdekomposisi. Selain itu, peningkatan suhu kalsinasi menyebabkan ukuran kristal dan kristalinitas meningkat. Ukuran kristal HA sintesis meningkat dari 41,11 nm menjadi 57,50 nm dan derajat kristalinitas meningkat dari 87,34% menjadi 88,18%. HA sintesis dan HA komersial memiliki struktur kristal heksagonal yang menunjukkan bahwa rasio Ca/P tidak sesuai dengan stoikiometri. Rasio Ca/P yang diperoleh pada suhu kalsinasi 850^oC adalah 1,689 yang mana lebih mendekati rasio CaP stoikiometri 1,67 dibandingkan dengan menggunakan suhu kalsinasi 900^oC. Sedangkan HA komersial memiliki rasio Ca/P yang lebih rendah dibandingkan HA sintesis dengan nilai rasio 1,523.

---

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a biomaterial that can be extracted from natural waste. Hydroxyapatite can be applied medically because it has good biocompatibility, bioactivity, and osteoconduction. This study aims to synthesize hydroxyapatite from bovine bone using different calcination temperature, at 850^oC and 900^oC. Hydroxyapatite obtained will be characterized using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR). The results show that the higher temperature, the more organic compounds will be decomposed. In addition, an increase in calcination temperature causes crystallite size and crystallinity increased. Crystallite size of synthesis HA increased from 41.11 nm to 57.50 nm and the degree of crystallinity increased from 87.34% to 88.18%. Synthesis HA and commercial HA have a hexagonal crystal structure which means Ca/P ratio incompatible with stoichiometry. The Ca/P ratio obtained at temperature 850^oC is 1.689 which is closer to the stoichiometric Ca/P ratio 1.67 compared using temperature 900^oC. Whereas commercial HA has a lower Ca/P ratio than synthesis HA with ratio value 1.523."

"Stabilisasi tanah diperlukan untuk mendapatkan tanah yang memiliki sifat mekanik yang baik. Polimer suspensi poli[stirena-ko-(etil akrilat)] dapat digunakan sebagai stabilisator tanah. Pada skripsi ini dipelajari pengaruh konsentrasi poli(vinil alkohol) (PVA), stirena, etil akrilat, dan benzoil peroksida (BPO) terhadap sifat polimer suspensi poli[stirena-ko-(etil akrilat)]. Semua reaksi dilaksanakan melalui teknik Batch. Konsentrasi PVA optimum didapatkan pada konsentrasi 10% dari total berat monomer. Suspensi yang terbentuk terdiri dari dua jenis kopolimer, yaitu kopolimer kaya stirena dan kopolimer kaya etil akrilat yang teridentifikasi dari nilai Tg yang dihasilkan. Peningkatan konsentrasi BPO menyebabkan kenaikan kandungan padat dan ukuran partikel sehingga meningkatkan viskositas suspensi.

---

Soil stabilization needed to achieve soil with good mechanical characteristic. Polymer suspension of poly[styrene-ko-(ethyl acrylate)] can be used as soil stabilizer. In this study, effect of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), styrene, ethyl acrylate, and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) to the characteristic of polymer suspension poly[styrene-ko-(ethyl acrylate)] observed by varying their concentration. All reactions done under Batch Technique. Optimum concentration of PVA is 10% weight of total monomer weigth. There are two kinds of copolymer synthesized: styrene-rich copolymer and ethyl-acrylate-rich copolymer identified from Tg value . Increase in BPO concentration could increase solid content and particle size that will increase viscosity."

"Hidrogel kitosan-cangkok-poli(N-vinil pirrolidon) telah disintesis melalui teknik polimerisasi radikal bebas. Dalam penelitian ini, monomer N-vinil pirrolidon (NVP) dicangkokkan pada kitosan menggunakan inisiator ammonium persulfat (APS) dan agen pengikat silang N,N’-metilen bisakrilamida (MBA) dalam sistem larutan. Untuk membuktikan bahwa monomer itu telah tercangkok, dilakukan karakterisasi dengan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) untuk mengetahui bentuk morfologi hidrogel. Pengaruh komposisi monomer NVP, agen pengikat silang, dan waktu polimerisasi terhadap kemampuan swelling telah diamati. Swelling optimum diperoleh sebesar 54,6% pada waktu polimerisasi 3 jam dengan komposisi monomer NVP 0,8 mL dan konsentrasi pengikat silang 2%.

---

Hydrogels of chitosan-graft-poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) had been synthesized via free radical polymerization technique. In this research, monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) was grafted onto chitosan by using APS as initiator and N,N '-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinking agent in the solution system. In order to prove that the monomers were grafted, FTIR spectroscopy, DSC analysis were used, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to determine the morphology of hydrogels. The influence monomer compositions, concentration of crosslinking agent, and polymerization time on the ability of swelling was observed. The optimum swelling was obtained at 54,6% in the polymerization time of 3 hours with 0.8 mL NVP monomer composition and concentration of crosslinking of 2%."

"Metode semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network (semi-IPN) dapat digunakan untuk mensintesis hidrogel. Pada metode ini, jaringan kitosan terikat silang formaldehida akan berinteraksi dengan poli(N-vinil pirolidon) linear. Secara umum, rasio sweling dan derajat ikat silang hidrogel semi-IPN dipengaruhi oleh komposisi kitosan-PVP, konsentrasi formaldehida, dan waktu reaksi. Rasio swelling dan derajat ikat silang dari hidrogel kitosan-poli(N-vinil pirolidon) semi-IPN didapatkan sebesar 553,70% dan 58,82% pada rasio kitosan-poli(N-vinil pirolidon) 70:30 (%b/b), konsentrasi formaldehida 2% (%b/b), dan waktu reaksi 3 jam. Hidrogel kitosan-poli(N-vinil pirolidon) semi-IPN menunjukkan penurunan rasio swelling dan peningkatan derajat ikat silang dibandingkan hidrogel kitosan nonkovalen.

---

Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network (semi-IPN) method was used to synthesize hydrogel. In this method, chitosan was crosslinked with formaldehyde and blended with Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) to form crosslinked chitosan network that interracts with linear polymer of Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone). Generally, swelling ratio and degree of crosslinking of semi-IPN hydrogel were influenced by Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) amount, concentration of formaldehyde, and reaction time. Swelling ratio and degree of crosslinking of semi-IPN hydrogel was obtained at 553,70% and 58,82% in the ratio of chitosan- Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) 70:30 (%w/w), formaldehyde concentration of 2%, and 3 hours of reaction time. Semi-IPN hydrogel of chitosan-Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) has lower swelling ratio and higher degree of crosslinking compared to hydrogel of chitosan."

"Metode IPN (Interpenetrating Polymer Network) baik semi maupun full IPNdapat digunakan untuk mensintesis hidrogel superabsorben (HSA) kitosan dan poli(N-vinil-kaprolaktam) (PNVCL) atau HSA kitosan-PNVCL. Pada metode full IPN jaringan polimer disintesis secara bertahap (sequential). Tahap pertama adalah sintesis jaringan polimer kitosan terikat silang asetaldehida dan homogenisasi dengan monomer N-vinil-kaprolaktam (NVCL) Tahap kedua adalah sintesis jaringan polimer PNVCL terikat silang N Nmetilenbisakrilamida (MBA) melalui polimerisasi radikal bebas monomer NVCL dengan inisiator amonium persulfat (APS) Hasil sintesis HSA kitosan-PNVCL full-IPN memiliki kekuatan struktur ikat silang dan kemampuan swelling yang baik Kekuatan struktur ikat silang meningkat dengan bertambahnya waktu reaksi, konsentrasi agen pengikat silang, inisiator, dan dipengaruhi rasio kitosan-PNVCL Kemampuan swelling HSA kitosan-PNVCL dengan kekuatan struktur ikat silang yang baik didapat pada rasio kitosan/PNVCL 70:30 (b/b %). HSA kitosan-PNVCL full-IPN memberikan persen derajat ikat silang yang tinggi (78,2%) dan kemampuan swelling yang baik (390,2%) Karakterisasi.

---

The IPN (Interpenetrating Polymer Network) method, both semi and full IPN, can be used to synthesize chitosan and poly (N-vinyl-caprolactam) (PNVCL) superabsorbent hydrogels or HSA chitosan-PNVCL. In the full method of IPN polymer networks are synthesized sequentially. The first stage is the synthesis of crosslinked acetaldehyde chitosan polymer tissue and homogenization with N-vinyl-caprolactam (NVCL) monomer The second stage is synthesis of PNVCL polymer network bound by N Nmetilenbisakrilamida (MBA) through NVCL monomer free polymerization with ammonium persulfate (APS) initiator Synthesis of HSA chitosan-PNVCL full-IPN has crosslinked structure strength and good swelling ability The strength of crosslinking structure increases with increasing reaction time, concentration of crosslinking agent, initiator, and influenced by chitosan-PNVCL ratio Swelling ability of HSA chitosan-PNVCL with good cross-link structure strength is obtained at the chitosan / PNVCL ratio of 70:30 (b / b%). Full-IPN HSA chitosan-PNVCL gives a high percentage of crosslinking (78.2%) and good swelling ability (390.2%) Characterization Characterization."