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"Indonesia memiliki pertambangan emas rakyat yang tersebar di seluruh nusantara, salah satunya berlokasi di Kabupaten Lebak, Banten. Pertambangan emas rakyat dilakukan dengan menggunakan merkuri melalui proses amalgamasi. Masih didapati pembuangan limbah merkuri dari pertambangan emas rakyat ke media lingkungan seperti tanah dan badan sungai, padahal limbah merkuri termasuk ke dalam limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun (B3) yang tidak boleh dibuang langsung ke media lingkungan karena dapat menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi besar konsentrasi merkuri pada lingkungan di Kecamatan Cibeber dan Kecamatan Bayah, Kabupaten Lebak, Banten dan pengaruh pada kesehatan masyarakat yang kontak dengan merkuri. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitik dengan menggunakan metode analisis risiko kesehatan dan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Keberadaan merkuri di lokasi penelitian pada air, ikan, sayuran, dan tanah telah melebihi baku mutu, yaitu berturut-turut memiliki rata-rata sebesar 0,04695 mg/l, 0,5175 mg/kg, 0,173 mg/kg dan 0,165 mg/kg. Analisis perhitungan risiko kesehatan menunjukkan masyarakat sekitar pertambangan emas rakyat berpotensi menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan karena nilai RQ > 1 (RQ = 18,5756).

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Indonesia has artisanal gold mining spreading throughout the archipelago, one of which is located in Lebak District of Banten Province. The artisanal gold mining usually use mercury in the amalgamation process. The latest fact showed that mercury used in artisanal gold minings has been directly discharged to the surrounding environment, polluting soil and rivers, whereas mercury is considered as one of the hazardous and toxic waste (B3) that cannot be directly discharged to the environment as it can cause several health problems. The purpose of this research is to identify mercury concentrations in the environment of Cibeber and Bayah Sub Districts, Lebak District, Banten Province and its effect to the health of community who is in contact with the disposed mercury.

This is an analytic descriptive research that uses a health risk assessment method and quantitative approach. This research reveals that mercury concentrations in samples of water, fish, vegetables, and soil taken from the surrounding environment in the research location have exceeded the quality standard which respectively average 0.04695 mg/l, 0.5175 mg/kg, 0.173 mg/kg, and 0.165 mg/kg,. The health risk assessment shows that community lives surrounding the gold mining has potency to suffer related health problems as the RQ rate is higher than 1 (RQ = 18.5756)."

"Indonesia sudah meratifikasi Konvensi Minamata pada tanggal 13 September 2017, dan Konvensi ini mulai berlaku sejak 16 Agustus 2017. Pertambangan Emas Skala Kecil (PESK) cukup massif dan memprihatinkan, khususnya di sepanjang Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Batang Hari yang merupakan DAS tebesar kedua di Indonesia. Merkuri dalam kegiatan penambangan emas digunakan sebagai pengikat dan dapat menjadi polutan di lingkungan karena bersifat toxic. Masalah yang muncul pada kegiatan PESK ini adalah limbah merkuri yang di buang langsung ke lingkungan bersifat toxic dan dapat meningkatkan risiko kesehatan masyarakat sekitar PESK. Riset ini bertujuan untuk memprakirakan risiko kesehatan non karsinogenik pada masyarakaat yang disebabkan oleh pajanan merkuri.di Kecamatan Muara Bulian Kabupaten Batanghari Provinsi Jambi Riset ini bersifat deskriptif analitik dengan menggunakan metode analisis risiko kesehatan lingkungan dan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Sampel yang diambil merupakan sampel lingkungan, meliputi: sampel air sungai, tanah, ikan dan sayuran. Hasil laboratorium diperoleh kadar rata-rata merkuri pada air sungai Batang Hari, air bersih, sayuran, ikan, dan tanah masing-masing sebesar 0,00831 ppm; 0,00005 ppm; 0,00089 ppm; 0,00013 ppm; dan 0,00600 ppm. Pengukuran antropometri dilakukan pada 77 responden melalui kuesioner. Hasil perhitungan risiko kesehatan diperoleh nilai Risk Quotients lebih dari satu (RQ > 1) pada air minum (RQ = 3,1151) dan pada ikan (RQ = 3,4245). Dengan demikian konsumsi air sungai dan ikan, berpotensi menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan pada masyarakat disekitar pertambangan emas skala kecil. Nilai RQ sayuran lebih kecil dari 1 (RQ = 0,015), dengan demikian sayuran masih aman untuk dikonsumsi.

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Indonesia has ratified the Minamata Convention on 13 September 2017, and the Convention came into force on 16 August 2017. Artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is quite massive and concerning, particularly along the Batang Hari River Basin (DAS) which is the second largest basin in Indonesia. Mercury in gold mining activities is used as a binder and can be a pollutant in the environment because it is toxic. Problems arise from ASGM activity is mercury waste directly disposed to the environment is toxic and can increase public health risk.

This study aims to aims to predict non carcinogenic health risks in the community caused by mercury exposure in Kecamatan Muara Bulian Batanghari Regency of Jambi Province. This research is analytical descriptive method using environmental health risk analysis and using quantitative approach. Samples taken are environmental samples, including: river water samples, soil, fish and vegetables.

Laboratory results obtained average levels of mercury in river water Batang Hari, clean water, vegetables, fish, and soil respectively of 0.00831 ppm; 0,00005 ppm; 0.00089 ppm; 0.00013 ppm; and 0,00600 ppm. Anthropometric measurements were performed on 77 respondents through questionnaires.

Health risk calculation results obtained Risk Quotients value more than one (RQ> 1) in drinking water (RQ = 3.1151) and on fish (RQ = 3.4245). Thus the consumption of river water and fish, has the potential to cause health problems in communities around small-scale gold mining. The value of vegetable RQ is less than 1 (RQ = 0.015), thus vegetables are still safe for consumption."

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Emas (gold) adalah komoditas berharga yang digunakan di banyak industri. Di Indonesia berdasarkan terdapat 15 Produsen Emas. Salah satu produsen terbesar yaitu PT Antam, Tbk. (“ANTAM”) dengan unit bisnis UBPP LM. Proses produksi Logam Mulia emas masih manual, salah satunya didalam bisnis proses manufacturing di UBPP LM mulai weighing sampai dengan engraving terdapat beberapa aktifitas non value added, belum adanya standarisasi cycle time dan digitalisasi yang menyebabkan loss time serta operator memerankan peranan penting didalam proses produksi sehingga apabila terjadi kesalahan dapat menyebabkan ketidaksesuaian produk yang dihasilkan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melakukan analisa rekayasa ulang Proses dengan usulan improvement dan target terdapat standarisasi cycle time dan diharapkan terdapat peningkatan produksi dalam proses Produksi Logam Mulia Emas. Mengidentifikasi waste yang ada didalam tahapan proses dengan pendekatan Value Stream Mapping (VSM). serta Optimasi tata letak (relayout) demi memenuhi kapasitas produksi Logam Mulia Emas ANTAM.

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Gold is a valuable commodity used in many industries. In Indonesia, there are 15 gold producers based on records. One of the largest producers is PT Antam, Tbk. ('ANTAM') with its business unit UBPP LM. The production process of precious gold metal is still manual, and one of the businesses process that involves the manufacturing process at UBPP LM, from weighing to engraving, has several non-value added activities due to the lack of cycle time standardization and digitalization, which causes loss of time. Operators play an important role in the production process, and errors on their part can result in product non-conformity. The purpose of this research is to perform a process reengineering analysis with proposed improvements and target of achieving cycle time standardization and an increase in production in the production process of precious gold metal. This involves identifying waste in the process stages using a Value Stream Mapping (VSM) approach and optimizing the layout to meet the production capacity of Antam.

 

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"Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman dan tuntutan pemenuhan kebutuhan hidup, manusia terkadang melupakan pentingnya kelestarian fungsi lingkungan. Kegiatan masyarakat dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan hidup ini banyak yang mengabaikan arti penting lingkungan dalam menunjang kehidupan mereka. Kegiatan masyarakat yang sangat merugikan lingkungan yang sedang marak berkembang di Kalimantan Barat adaiah pertambangan emas. Pertambangan emas yang dilakukan ini secara ilegal karena tidak memiliki ijin dari pejabat yang berwenang. Aktivitas pertambangan ini dikenal dengan sebulan Pertambangan Tanpa Ijin (PETI) bahan galian emas. PETI berkembang dari pertambangan rakyat yang dilakukan secara tradisional yang semakin lama semakin berkembang menjadi pertambangan emas yang menggunakan peralatan semi mekanis dan pelakuknya juga tidak hanya masyarakat setempat tetapi juga para pendatang terutama berperan sebagai pemodal. Kegiatan PETI ini sangat merugikan baik bagi Pemerintah maupun Pemerintah Daerah dan dampak lingkungan yang diakibatkannya sangat mengkhawatirkan kelangsungan hidup generasi yang akan datang. Dampak lingkungan akibat aktivitas PETI ini antara lain: kegiatan PETI dilakukan dengan membongkar lahan puluhan hektar sehingga mengubah keseimbangan ekosistem yang berpengaruh secara signiiikan terhadap terjadinya kerusakan jenis, spesies dan habitat flora dan fauna Proses pemisahan bijih emas dari batuannya menggunakan logam berat merkuri atau air rakya yang limbahnya langsung di buang ke tanah dan aliran sungai di sekitar lokasi PETI , selain itu juga berdampak pada lingkungan sosial bempa konflik sosial yang pelik seperti berkembangnya prostitusi, perjudian dan perkelahian antar kelompok serta kriminalitas lainnya. Berdasarkan dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh PETI, maka PETI harus diatasi minimal menguranginya dan bahkan menghilangkannya. Untuk melaksanakan penertiban terhadap PETI peranan Pemerintah, dalam hal ini lembaga-lembaga lingkungan, sangat diperlukan sehingga perkembangan PETI dapat dicegah dan kelestarian fungsi lingkungan tetap terpelihara. Namun demikian dalam pelaksanaan tugasnya lembaga-lembaga lingkungan yang berada di Kalimantan Barat belum maksimal. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut maka peranan lembaga yang berkaitan dengan pengendalian dampak Iingkungan sebagai akibat dari aktivitas PETI yang ada di Kalimantan Barat perlu dikaji dan ditelaah lebih lanjut peran dan efektivitasnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui:1. Fungsi, tugas dan wewenang kelembagaan lingkungan dalam menangani dampak lingkungan akibat aktivitas PETI emas berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. 2. Mengidentifikasi dan mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi efektivitas kelembagaan yang dilihat dari hasil kerja Tim Penertiban PETI emas dan kendala atau hambatan dalam penertibannya. 3. Keadaan sosial ekonomi dan budaya masyarakat terutama dilihat dan keadaan tingkat pendapatan dan pola perilaku masyarakat di sekitar lokasi PETI. Penelitian bersifat diskriptif dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan kualitatif yang dilaksanakan di Kalimantan Barat. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, observasi serta dan wawancara kepada informan yang berkompeten yang ditetapkan berdasarkan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa belum adanya lembaga pemerintah yang mempunyai fungsi, wewenang dan bertanggungjawab terhadap PETI. Penanganan PETI dilakukan oleh Tim Penertiban PETI yang keanggotaannya terdiri atas unsur pejabat pemerintah yang terkait. Tim Penertiban PETI kurang efektif dalam melaksanakan tugas dan fungsinya. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari kegiatan penyuluhan, pembinaan, pengawasan dan penertiban PETI yang dilakukan selama tahun 1996 - 2000, tidak kontinyu dan tidak merata di semua lokasi PETI. Selain itu tidak dapat menghilangkan PETI dan mencegah kerusakan Iingkungan akibat PETI, justru perkembangan PETI dan kerusakan lingkungan cenderung terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Jumlah PETI selama tahun 1996-2000 rata-rata setiap tahun yaitu 1.781 kelompok, dengan tingkat perkembangannya meningkat 3,1 % per tahun. Jumlah tenaga kerja yang terserap rata-rata setiap tahun 16.391 orang setiap tahun dengan tingkat penyerapan tenaga kerja PETI meningkat 27,6 % per tahun. Volume kerusakan tanah dan pasir yang tergali setiap tahun rata-rata 3.359.687 m3 dengan tingkat kerusakannya meningkat 10,8 % per tahun. Luas areal lokasi penambangan yang rusak setiap tahun rata-rata 1.378,4 Ha dengan tingkat kerusakannya meningkat 8,3 % per tahun, dan penggunaan Air Raksa (Hg) dalam kegiatan PETI yang tersebar dan mencemari lingkungan berjumlah 4,1 ton per tahun dengan tingkat penggunaannya meningkat 6,2 % per tahun. Keadan sosial ekonomi masyarakat, terutama mengenai pendapatan masyarakat di sekitar lokasi PETI, yaitu rata-rata pendapatan pekerja atau buruh PETI Rp. 25.000,- sampai Rp.35.000,- per hari kerja. Pendapatan masyarakat bukan pekerja PETI di sekitar lokasi PETI rata-rata Rp. 25.000,- sampai Rp. 50.000,- per hari kerja. Pcndapatan bersih mandor PETI rata-rata Rp. 35.000, sampai Rp 50.000,- per hari kerja. Kurang efektifnya Tim Penetiban PETI dalam menangani PETI dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor antara lain 2 Iokasi PETI, operasi penertiban, perijinan, penegakan hukum, pendanaan, dan kegiatan Kontak Karya atau Kuasa Pertambangan. Dari hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa: Efektivitas kelembagaan lingkungan dalam penanganan PETI di Kalimaman Barat masih rendah. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari semakin meningkatnya perkembangan PETI dan semakin meningkatnya kerusakan lingkungan yang diakibatkan oleh PETI. Belum efektifnya lembaga-lembaga tersebut dalam melaksanakan penerliban PETI disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor yaitu: lokasi, operasi penertiban, perijinan, penegakan hukum, pendanaan dan faktor kegiatan KK dan KP. Meningkatnya perkembangan PETI berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat di sekitar lokasi PETI. Selain itu, dampak sosial budaya yang ditimbulkan PETI adalah meningkatnya kriminalitas, gangguan keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat seperti perjudian, minuman keras dan prostitusi di sekitar lokasi PETI.

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Accompanying industrial development and rising demands for the peoples needs have evenrually caused neglect in environmental protection. In pursuing their daily needs, the community easily forget the importance of theliving environment in supporting their living existence. Illegal gold mining activities undertaken by the local people in the traditional and primitive way (PETI) are at present spreading in large areas of West Kalimantan, due to lack of effective control by local authorities. It has been noted that such activities that are now using semi mechanical tools are not merely undertaken by the local populations, but also undertaken by people coming &om outside the region, especially by those who are also attracted to provide financial backups to these activities.

The illegal gold mining uncontrolled activities are evidently very harmful both to the national and regional interests as well, and might leave for the next generation living in the region a completely ruined areas. Extensive areas of land which once were rich in various kinds of plants and wild life. A devastated in search of some gold and natural habitat of various flora and fatma are wasted, left unfit for any use. What is particularly distratrous is the use of mercury to extract the gold, which alter having been used is disposed into the surrounding lands or in to the nearby rivers, resulting in pollution, affecting the flora and fauna. These gold mining activities are also the root of several social disturbances like prostitutions, gambling, fights between community groups, and any other kinds of criminality.

lt is obvious, that the undersirable effects of the gold mining must be minimized as much as possible. The responsible authorities should by all means undertake possible actions to overcome the problems. Government environmental protection agencies should be particularly called upon to take direct control to preserve the environment. However, it was noted that in the execution of their tasks, local environment agencies were perceived as not being effective enough. Within this framework of thinking the roles of existing local agencies related to the environmental impact control of illegal gold mining should be reviewed and evaluated in terms of their roles and effectiveness. A more effective method of control must be deviced for West Kalimantan to obtain actual results, particularly in connection with the continuing and still increasing activities ofthe people in their search for gold.

The objective of the study is:

1. To review the function, task and power of existing local environmental protection authorities to elliminate the adverse results of illegal gold.

2. To review and identify factors that inhibit effective perfomance of the gold environmental agencies to reduce adverse effect of illegal gold mining upon the environment under the existing regulations.

3. To study social and economic condition of the population in the affected areas in terms in term of their income.

The study is of descriptive nature and adopts a qualitative approach while being undertaken in West Kalimantan. Reliable sources of information include observation, partipatory observation and interview with competent respondents by way of purposive sampling.

The results reveals that so far competent and accountable agencies for the control of illegal gold mining activities were not effectively in function. Control is being carried out by PETI special task force officials in the affected areas.The rather poor control results are revealed by less sufficient extension services, guidelines, supervisions and mining control during 1996 until 2000, due to the absence of regular and on-the-spot control in all PETI areas. Illegal gold mining activities continued to grow in number every year.

During 1996-2000, there were 1,781 groups of people actively involved in illegal gold mining operations, showing an increase of 3,1 % each year.A total of 16,391 men were absorbed each year at average, with an annual ancrease of 27,6%.Annual average volume of earth exvacated amounted to 3,359,683 m3,thus damaged areas increased 10,8 % each year. About 1,378.4 hectares of mining location were damaged each year, increasing by 8,3% annually. Extensive pollution by mercury used in mining opertaions amounted to 4.1 tons per year, increasing by 6,2% annually.

The socio-economical conditions of the population, particularly those near the mining locations working as field labourers, earn daily wages of Rp.25,000- Rp.35,000, whereas those involved in other activities earn average daily wages of Rp.25,000-Rp.50,000. A mining foreman may earn Rp.35,000-Rp.50,000 per day. Less effective mining control results are mainly due to the spreaded and distant locations, lack of control and of good lincesing systems, weak law enforcement, insufficient financing and the statuss of Contract of Work and Mining Authorization activities.

The following conclusion may be drawn from the result of the study; The control of mining acttivities in West Kalimantan by the authorized agencies remains less effective, as indicated by continuing increase of illegal gold mining activities by the local communities in several areas, and the expanding environmental damage caused by the activities. Failure of the local authorities of enforce effective control is due to the absence of well-planned rules and regulations, licensing systems, insufficient fluids, and widespreads mining locations, which generated criminal activities, gambling, use of alcoholics drinks, prostitutions and disorder, reprensting social pathology as negative social impact of illegal gold mining activities."

"Otak merupakan target utama pajanan merkuri yang dapat mengganggu organ lain karena merkuri organik merupakan neurotoksik yaitu racun terhadap sistem saraf pusat terutama pada bagian korteks dan serebellum sehingga dapat menimbulkan gangguan keseimbangan tubuh. Salah satu sumber pencemaran terbesar merkuriberasal dari pertambangan emas skala kecil PESK yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kadar merkuri dalamrambut terhadap gangguan keseimbangan tubuh pada masyarakat terpajan merkuri. Desain studi yang digunakan adalah cross sectional, pemilihan sampelmenggunakan sistem teknik total sampel dengan data kadar merkuri dalam rambutmenggunakan data sekunder penelitian sebelumnya. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitianini adalah 58 responden. Pengukuran gangguan keseimbangan tubuh menggunakantes Romberg. Hubungan antara kadar merkuri rambut, gangguan keseimbangantubuh dan karakteristik individu umur, pekerjaan, lama tinggal, indeks massa tubuhdan konsumsi ikan diuji menggunakan regresi logistik, chi square dan independen ttest.Hasil menunjukkan kadar merkuri rambut yang melebihi batas normal > 2 ppm sebanyak 31 orang 53,4 dan yang mengalami gangguan keseimbangan tubuh pada masyarakat sebanyak 37 orang 63,8 .Secara statistik terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kadar merkuri rambut dengan gangguan keseimbangan tubuh dengan p value 0,010 sebanyak 25 orang 80,6 responden dengan kadar merkuri > 2 ppm mengalami gangguan keseimbangan tubuh.Responden dengan kadar merkuri > 2 ppm, berisiko mempunyai gangguan keseimbangan tubuh sebesar 6 kali dibandingkan responden dengan kadar merkurirambut le; 2 ppm setelah dikontrol variabel umur. Untuk penelitian berikutnya disarankan untuk melakukan pengukuran udara di sekitar lokasi PESK sebagai referensi pajanan merkuri yang masuk melalui jalur inhalasi.

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Brain is the main target of mercury exposure that can interface other organs because organic mercury is a neurotoxic that is toxic to the central nervous system, especially in the cortex and cerebellum so can cause disturbance of the body 39 s balance. One of the largest sources of mercury contamination come from artisanal and small scale gold mining ASGM conducted by the community.

This study aims to determine the relationship between levels of mercury in hair against body balance disorders in community exposed to mercury.This study used cross sectional design, sample selection used total sampling technique. Data of mercury levels in hair used secondary data from previous research. The number of samples in this study were 58 respondents. Measurement of body balance disorders using Romberg test. The relationship between mercury level in hair, body balance disorders and individual characteristics age, occupation, length of stay, body mass index and fish consumption were tested using chi square,independent T test and logistic regression.

The results showed hair mercury levels exceeded normal limits of 2 ppm as many as 31 people 53.4 and those with disturbance of body balance in community were people 63.8 . Statistically, there was a significant correlation between hair mercury level with body balance disorder p value 0.010 , proved by as many as 25 people 80,6 respondents with mercury level 2 ppm had disturbance of body balance. Respondents with mercury levels 2ppm, risk to have body balance disorders 6 times compared to respondents with mercury levels in hair le 2ppm after controlled by age variable. For further research it is suggested to conduct airborne measurements around the ASGM location as a reference for mercury exposure which is enter through the inhalation pathway."

"The Pongkor fold-silver epithermal deposit is located 80 km at South-west of Jakarta, Indonesia, contains more than 98 tons of gold and 1030 tons of silver, with average grades of 18.7 g/t Au and 188.3 g/t Ag. It consists of four main steeply dipping quartz veins located close to the internal border of a Miocene volcano tectonic depression due to an explosive ignimbritic eruption. Mineralized bodies are thick, usually banded, quartz-carbonate-adularia veins due to tectonic extension. GSQ facies is the sulfide-richest and related to the highest gold and silver grades of the veins. Sulfides are dominated by pyrite, with common acanthite-aguilarite and polybasite-pearceite. Electrum is common also, with gold values ranging from 48-74 wt% Au. Sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and hessite are fairly uncommon, moreover present within the CQ facies. A strong weathering has affected the ore deposit, down to 250 m below the surface. This supergene action is thus responsible for appearance of manganese oxides layers gold enrichment."

"The mineralogy and low grade nature of gold ore from Muarabungo provides a good sample for laboratory experiments. Microscopic studies show that the Muarabungo gold deposit consists of sulfides, oxides, and gold particles. Pyrite and chalcopyrite represent the sulfide minerals and ilmenite, magnetite, zircon, as well as quartz and oxides. Gold processing from Muarabungo ores had been conducted using gravity concentration. The experiments using cleaner concentrates as the feed are able to rise the grade up to 390.02 g/t Au with the recovery of 82.54%."

"Considering the data and information collected during the raw material study, it is decided that gravity concentration should be carried out using tabling. The results are quite good. A recovery of 81.46% with concentrated grade of about 1029 g/ton is achieved. A flow sheet and material balance can be developed to provide sequentially compatible processes for producing gold in a commercial plant. The results of the investigation are expected to be used as typical concentrations for an ore of similar characteristics."

"Kromium (VI) adalah elemen alami yang ditemukan di dalam bebatuan, tanah, tumbuhan, hewan, abu dan gas gunung berapi, serta bersifat karsinogen. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan tingginya konsentrasi kromium pada air minum (rata-rata 0,29 mg/L) penduduk di area Ring-1 pertambangan emas tradisional Gunung Pongkor-Bogor dan nilai tingkat risiko 3,371. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah kontaminasi kromium (VI) pada area Ring-1 telah menyebar keluar Ring-1 dan dan bagaimana tingkat risiko pajanan kromium (VI) dari air minum dan makanan terpilih beserta gangguan ? gangguan kesehatan penduduknya. Desa Curug Bitung, Kecamatan Nanggung, Bogor terpilih sebagai wilayah penelitian yang letaknya di luar Ring-1. Metode Public Health Assessment digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan menggabungkan metode analisis risiko kesehatan lingkungan (evaluasi pemajanan) dan Type-1 Health Study (evaluasi efek kesehatan). Konsentrasi kromium (VI) pada air minum diambil dari 35 sampel rumah tangga, sedangkan untuk makanan diambil dari sampel makanan terpilih berdasarkan hasil food frequency penduduk Curug Bitung. Data antropometri, pola konsumsi, dan pola aktivitas penduduk dikumpulkan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner untuk mengetahui laju asupan (intake) pajanan kromium (VI) penduduk Curug Bitung. Evaluasi efek kesehatan dilakukan dengan melihat proporsi gangguan gastrointestinal dan gangguan kulit yang merupakan efek kritis dari pajanan kromium (VI) secara ingesti. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata konsentrasi kromium (VI) pada air minum sebesar 0,0089 mg/L, masih di bawah baku mutu Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan No.492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010 sebesar 0,05 mg/L dalam kromium total. Konsentrasi kromium (VI) tidak terdeteksi pada makanan terpilih yang berupa nasi (karbohidrat), daun singkong (sayur), ikan (lauk) , dan pisang (buah) (batas deteksi alat / LOD sebesar 0,0322 mg/L). Tingkat risiko pajanan kromium (VI) bernilai kurang dari 1 yang berarti tidak berisiko. Proporsi kejadian diare (mewakili gastrointestinal) dan gangguan kulit masing-masing sebesar 8,9% dan 25%. Kesimpulan yang didapatkan bahwa konsentrasi kromium (VI) belum menyebar keluar Ring-1 area pertambangan emas tradisional Gunung pongkor.

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Chromium (VI) is natural element found in rocks, soil, plants, animals, ash and volcanic gases, and is a carcinogen. Previous study showed a high concentration of chromium in drinking water (0,29 mg/L) of the population in the area of Ring-1 artisanal gold mining site in Gunung Pongkor, Bogor with value risk quotient (RQ) 3,371. Present study aims to determine whether the contamination of chromium (VI) in the area of Ring-1 has spread beyond the Ring-1 and how the risk quotient of chromium (VI) exposure from water and selected food and the health effects on population. Curug Bitung village, Bogor was selected as the study area that is located outside the Ring-1. Public Health Assessment methods used in this study with combining encironmental health risk assessment and Type- 1 Health Study. Concentration of chromium (VI) in drinking water taken from 35 housholds sample, while in food samples taken from selected foods based on food frequency of Curug Bitung population. Anthropometric data, consumption patterns, and the patterns of activity of the populationwas taken by interviewed using questionnaire. Evaluation of health effects conducted by looking at the proportion of gastrointestinal and skin disorder which is a critical effect of oral chromium (VI) exposure. The results showed an average concentration of chromium (VI) in drinking water of 0,0089 mg/L, still below the standards Regulation of the Minister of Health 492/2010 (0,05 mg/L,total Chromium). Concentration of chromium (VI) was not detected in selected foods such as rice, cassava leaves, fish, and banana the level of risk exposure of chromium (VI) is less than 1 that means no risk. The proportion of diarrhea and skin disorders respectively by 8,9 % and 25 %. The conclusion was found that the concentration of chromium (VI) has not spread beyond the Ring-1 traditional gold mining area of Gunung Pongkor."