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"[ABSTRAKPertambangan mineral dan batuan merupakan salah satu sektor strategis dalam perekonomian dunia. Nilai guna yang tinggi serta diharuskannya suatu perusahaan tambang untuk menetap dalan jangka waktu yang lama di dalam wilayah suatu negara menjadikan sektor ini menjadi sangat strategis baik secara ekonomi maupun politik. Sektor pertambangan mineral dan batuan seperti layaknya pertambangan migas, umumnya masih dikuasai oleh MNCs dan perusahaan pertambangan dari negara maju, sementara sumber daya mineral dan batuan mayoritas berada pada negara berkembang yang miskin teknologi. Hal ini menciptakan suatu kondisi dimana negara berkembang sering merasa dirugikan dengan kondisi dimana mereka hanya dapat memproduksi barang tambang mentah dan diharuskan membeli kembali hasil olahan dari barang tambang mentah yang berasal dari negara mereka. Hal ini pula yang membuat banyak negara berkembang mengeluarkan kebijakan yang bercorak resource nationalism guna mengejar kepentingan ekonomi maupun kepentingan politik.Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara penghasil komoditas tambang mineral dan batuan yang cukup besar. Sedikitnya dua puluh komoditas tambang mineral dan batuan diproduksi oleh Indonesia. Namun sebagaimana negara berkembang lain, sektor pertambangan mineral dan Batuan Indonesia masih didominasi oleh MNCs dan perusahaan pertambangan Asing. Hal yang mengejutkan kemudian dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia dimana pada periode tahun 2009 hingga tahun 2014, pemerintah Indonesia mengeluarkan kebijakan yang bercorak resource nationalism. Pergeseran kebijakan ini menjadi suatu hal yang menarik dimana sebelumnya kebijakan di sektor tersebut cenderung bercorak liberalis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penyebab dilakukannya pergeseran kebijakan di sektor pertambangan mineral dan batuan Indonesia menuju penerapan prinsip-prinsip resource nationalism pada periode tersebut.

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ABSTARCTMineral and ores mining is one of the most strategic sectors in world economy. High value of usage and the obligation of the mining companies to stay in other country's sovereign territory for a long period of time makes this sector very strategic economically and politically. Mineral and ores mining just like oil and gas mining, is usually dominated by MNCs and mining companies from the developed countries, while the mineral and ores resources is often located in developing countries that are lacking in technology to exploit it. This creates condition where the developing countries often feels at disadvantages, because they can only produce the raw materials, and in return they have to purchase the processed products which originally made from the raw materials from their own countries. This also causes many developing countries create policies that are associated with resource nationalism to pursue economic ends and also political ends.Indonesia is one of the biggest mineral and ores commodities producing countries. At least twenty kind of mineral and ores commodities are produced by Indonesia. However, just like many other developing countries, mineral and ores mining sector in Indonesia is still dominated by MNCs and foreign mining companies. In the period between 2009 and 2014, Indonesian government created some shocking policies in their mineral and ores mining sector that associated with resource nationalism. This political shift towards more resource nationalist policies is interesting to observe because previously mineral and ores mining policies in Indonesia is considered to be more liberal. This research aims to analyze what causes the shift on indonesian mineral and ores mining sector towards resource nationalism on that period;Mineral and ores mining is one of the most strategic sectors in world economy. High value of usage and the obligation of the mining companies to stay in other country's sovereign territory for a long period of time makes this sector very strategic economically and politically. Mineral and ores mining just like oil and gas mining, is usually dominated by MNCs and mining companies from the developed countries, while the mineral and ores resources is often located in developing countries that are lacking in technology to exploit it. This creates condition where the developing countries often feels at disadvantages, because they can only produce the raw materials, and in return they have to purchase the processed products which originally made from the raw materials from their own countries. This also causes many developing countries create policies that are associated with resource nationalism to pursue economic ends and also political ends.Indonesia is one of the biggest mineral and ores commodities producing countries. At least twenty kind of mineral and ores commodities are produced by Indonesia. However, just like many other developing countries, mineral and ores mining sector in Indonesia is still dominated by MNCs and foreign mining companies. In the period between 2009 and 2014, Indonesian government created some shocking policies in their mineral and ores mining sector that associated with resource nationalism. This political shift towards more resource nationalist policies is interesting to observe because previously mineral and ores mining policies in Indonesia is considered to be more liberal. This research aims to analyze what causes the shift on indonesian mineral and ores mining sector towards resource nationalism on that period, Mineral and ores mining is one of the most strategic sectors in world economy. High value of usage and the obligation of the mining companies to stay in other country's sovereign territory for a long period of time makes this sector very strategic economically and politically. Mineral and ores mining just like oil and gas mining, is usually dominated by MNCs and mining companies from the developed countries, while the mineral and ores resources is often located in developing countries that are lacking in technology to exploit it. This creates condition where the developing countries often feels at disadvantages, because they can only produce the raw materials, and in return they have to purchase the processed products which originally made from the raw materials from their own countries. This also causes many developing countries create policies that are associated with resource nationalism to pursue economic ends and also political ends.Indonesia is one of the biggest mineral and ores commodities producing countries. At least twenty kind of mineral and ores commodities are produced by Indonesia. However, just like many other developing countries, mineral and ores mining sector in Indonesia is still dominated by MNCs and foreign mining companies. In the period between 2009 and 2014, Indonesian government created some shocking policies in their mineral and ores mining sector that associated with resource nationalism. This political shift towards more resource nationalist policies is interesting to observe because previously mineral and ores mining policies in Indonesia is considered to be more liberal. This research aims to analyze what causes the shift on indonesian mineral and ores mining sector towards resource nationalism on that period]"

"Implikasi lahirnya Undang Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah menyebabkan perubahan kewenangan pemerintah dalam menyelenggarakan urusan pemerintahan di bidang pertambangan. Adanya perubahan kewenangan tersebut menimbulkan suatu kemungkinan terjadinya kesalahan dari pejabat pemerintah dalam melakukan kegiatan pengaturan dan pengurusan di sector pertambangan. Oleh karenanya, penulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana kewenangan gubernur dalam hal pencabutan izin usaha pertambangan (IUP) setelah berlakunya Undang Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah dan menganalisis keabsahan dari pencabutan IUP PT Sebuku Batubai Coal (PT Sebuku) oleh Gubernur Kalimantan Selatan. Hasil dari penelitian penulis menunjukkan bahwa kewenangan gubernur dalam hal pencabutan IUP setelah berlakunya Undang Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah telah mengalami perluasan. Gubernur memiliki wewenang untuk mencabut IUP yang wilayah pertambangannya berada di 1 (satu) daerah provinsi termasuk juga terhadap IUP yang telah diterbitkan oleh bupati/walikota Selain itu, pencabutan IUP PT Sebuku telah tidak sah karena mengandung cacat prosedur dan cacat substansi. Untuk mencegah timbulnya kesewenang wenangan pemerintah dalam mencabut IUP dikemudian hari, diperlukan adanya peningkatan pengawasan dari pemerintah pusat terhadap penyelenggaraan pengelolaan usaha pertambangan yang dilaksankan oleh pemerintah provinsi. Disamping itu, diperlukan juga adanya sanksi bagi bupati/walikota apabila melalaikan kewajibannya untuk menyerahkan dokumen IUP dalam rangka melakukan evaluasi dalam Peraturan Menteri ESDM Nomor 43 Tahun 2015. Metode penelitian dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif, dan menggunakan bahan bahan kepustakaan seperti bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier.

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The implications of Law 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government led to changes in government authority in carrying out government affairs in the mining sector. The change in authority has created a possibility of errors from government officials in conducting regulatory and management activities in the mining sector. Therefore, this thesis aims to analyze how the governors authority in terms of revoking a mining permits (MP) after the enactment of Law 23/2014 and analyzing the validity of the revocation of PT Sebuku Batubai Coal (PT Sebuku) MP by South Kalimantan Governor. The results of the authors research indicate that the governors authority in terms of revocation of MP after the enactment of Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government has undergone expansion. The Governor has the authority to revoke the MP whose mining area is in 1 (one) provincial area including the MP that has been issued by the regent or mayor. In addition, revocation of PT Sebukus MP has been invalid because it contains procedural and substance defects. To prevent the arising of arbitrariness of the government in revoking MPs in the future, it is necessary to increase supervision from the central government on the implementation of mining business management carried out by the provincial government. Besides that, there is also a need for sanctions for regents or mayors if they neglect their obligation to submit MP documents in order to evaluate the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation Number 43 of 2015. The research method in writing this thesis is juridicalnormative research, and uses library materials such as primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials."

"Konteks reformasi regulasi secara tepat menjadi penting untuk menunjang agendareformasi birokrasi di Indonesia. Eksistensi regulasi di Indonesia saat ini tidak terlepasdari isu tumpang tindih yang tidak menjamin kepastian hukum terutama di sektorpertambangan, mineral, dan batu bara. Adapun hal ini dapat dibenahi melalui strategireformasi regulasi sebagai upaya dalam mencapai tujuan nasional. Maka dari itu, skripsiini bertujuan untuk menganalisis regulatory reform pada sektor pertambangan, mineraldan batubara di Indonesia menggunakan konsep Modern Mining Code yangdikembangkan oleh Nguyen, Boruff & Tonts (2019). Penelitian ini menggunakanparadigma post-positivist dengan teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan melaluiwawancara mendalam dan studi kepustakaan. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwaregulatory reform pada sektor pertambangan, mineral, dan batubara telah memberikanbeberapa manfaat mengenai kepastian investasi, hukum, dan simplifikasi permasalahanyang ada sebelumnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hanya terdapat 5 indikator yangtidak sesuai dengan regulatory reform perspektif modern mining code yaitu Foreignexchange access, Elimination of political pressure, Arbitration of impacts on localpeoples, Address indigenous issues, dan Stipulate rights of regulatory authority,sedangkan 24 indikator sisanya dari 10 dimensi yang ada pada teori Modern Mining codesudah sesuai dan terakomodir pada upaya regulatory reform sektor mineral dan batubara.

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The proper context of regulatory reform is important to support the bureaucratic reform

agenda in Indonesia. The existence of regulations in Indonesia today is inseparable from

overlapping issues that do not guarantee legal certainty, especially in the mining, mineral,

and coal sectors. This can be addressed through a regulatory reform strategy as an effort

to achieve national goals. Therefore, this thesis aims to analyze regulatory reform in the

mining, mineral, and coal sector in Indonesia using the Modern Mining Code concept

developed by Nguyen, Boruff & Tonts (2019). This study uses a post-positivist paradigm

with data collection techniques carried out through in-depth interviews and literature

study. Research findings indicate that regulatory reform in the mining, mineral, and coal

sectors has provided several benefits regarding investment certainty, law, and

simplification of previous problems. The research results show that there are only 5

indicators that are not by regulatory reform from the perspective of modern mining code,

namely Foreign exchange access, Elimination of political pressure, Arbitration of impacts

on local peoples, Address indigenous issues, and Stipulate rights of regulatory authority,

while the remaining 24 indicators are from The 10 dimensions in the Modern Mining

code theory are appropriate and accommodated in the regulatory reform efforts of the

mineral and coal sector."

"Tesis ini membahas kebijakan clean and clear yang merupakan instrumen dalam menata izin usaha pertambangan mineral dan batubara yang sudah diterbitkan oleh Pemerintah Provinsi, Kabupaten/Kota. Dalam rangka menata izin usaha pertambangan pemerintah melaksanakan kegiatan Rekonsiliasi Nasional Data Izin Usaha Pertambangan yang terdiri dari inventarisasi, verifikasi dan klasifikasi. Output dari inventarisasi adalah tersedianya data KP/SIPD/SIPR yang sudah disesuaikan legalitas usaha pertambangannya menjadi IUP atau IPR. Sedangkan output dari verifikasi adalah klasifikasi IUP yang mendapat status Clean and Clean (dinyatakan tidak bermasalah atau tumpang tindih). Upaya Pemerintah dalam mengevaluasi IUP melalui kebijakan clean and clear harus diapresiasi dan didukung oleh semua pihak. Mengingat implikasi sertifikasi Clean and Clear berpengaruh terhadap kegiatan usaha pertambangan lainnya maka legalitas kebijakan Clean and Clear mutlak diperlukan. Keberadaan dasar hukum bagi tindakan pemerintah berguna untuk mencegah terjadinya penyalahgunaan wewenang. Oleh sebab itu kebijakan Clean and Clear perlu untuk dievaluasi dan diberi format hukum sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan.

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This thesis describes about the clean and clear policy that is an instrument in managing the mining and coal license that has been issued by Provincial Government, District/City. In order to manage the mineral mining lisence the government commits National Reconciliation Data Mining License consists of inventarization, verification and classification.The inventarization's output is the availability of KP/SIPD/SIPR data that legality mining license has been adjusted into IUP or IPR. Meanwhile the verification's output is IUP classification that has been granted clean and clear status (declared has no problem or overlapping). The government's effort to evaluate IUP through clean and clear policy must be appreciated and supported from all of the parties. Considering the implication of clean and clear certification has an influence to the other mining activity, the legality of clean and clear policy is absolutely needed. Therefore clean and clear policies need to be evaluated and given a legal format in accordance with the provisions of the legislation."

"The book presents the results from the uranium mining and hydrogeology conference (UMH VI) held in September 2011, in Freiberg, Germany. The following subjects are emphasised, uranium mining, phosphate mining and uranium recovery. Cleaning up technologies for water and soil. Analysis and sensor for uranium and radon and modelling."

"Pertambangan mineral dan batubara merupakan salah satu kegiatan usaha yang menguras sumber daya alam yang begitu masif dan memiliki dampak kerusakan dan pencemaran lingkungan yang tinggi. Sebagai upaya untuk mendorong akan kegiatan usaha pertambangan mineral dan batubara dapat dikendalikan agar terselenggaranya fungsi pelestarian lingkungan hidup maka dikenalkanlah kebijakan hukum instrumen ekonomi lingkungan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Namun demikian, instrumen ekonomi lingkungan hidup dalam undang-undang tersebut belumlah dianggap ideal bagi kegiatan usaha pertambangan mineral dan batubara yang berkelanjutan, sehingga dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja (UU CK) diaturlah berbagai instrumen ekonomi lingkungan di sektor pertambangan mineral dan batubara, yaitu pengenaan royalti 0% (nol persen) bagi pelaku usaha pertambangan yang mengembangan dan memanfaatkan batubara, seperti untuk Dimethyl Ether (DME) dan Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG). Selain itu, diatur pula mengenai pengenaan pertambangan batubara sebagai barang kena pajak penghasilan (PPN) 10% (sepuluh persen). Penelitian ini melakukan kajian terdapat pelaksanaan kebijakan instrumen ekonomi lingkungan setelah ditetapkan UU CK dengan studi kasus di PT Bukit Asam Tbk. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk menguji efektifitas kebijakan instrumen ekonomi lingkungan. Metode penelitian ini yaitu metode kualitatif dengan analisis data deksriptif-analitis. Hasil penelitian ini pengenaan royalti 0% (nol persen) bagi pelaku usaha pertambangan yang mengembangan dan memanfaatkan batubara dan pengenaan pertambangan batubara sebagai barang kena pajak penghasilan (PPN) 10% (sepuluh persen) belum efektif, serta PT Bukit Asam hanya menerapkan sebagian instrumen ekonomi lingkungan model perencanaan pembangunan dan kegiatan ekonomi, pendanaan lingkungan, dan insentif/disinsentif.

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Mineral and coal mining is one of the business activities that drains natural resources so massively and has a high impact on environmental damage and pollution. In an effort to encourage mining and coal business activities to be controlled so that the function of environmental conservation can be implemented, a policy on environmental economic law instruments was introduced in Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management. However, the environmental economic instruments in the law are not yet considered ideal for sustainable mineral and coal mining business activities, so Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation (UU CK) regulates various environmental economic instruments in the mineral and coal mining, namely the imposition of a 0% (zero percent) royalty for mining business actors who develop and utilize coal, such as for Dimethyl Ether (DME) and Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG). In addition, it also regulates the imposition of coal mining as income taxable goods (VAT) 10% (ten percent). This study examines the implementation of the environmental economic instrument policy after the CK Law was enacted with a case study at PT Bukit Asam Tbk. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the environmental economic policy instrument. This research method is a qualitative method with descriptive-analytical analysis of the data. The results of this study are the imposition of 0% (zero percent) royalties for mining business actors who develop and utilize coal and the imposition of coal mining as income taxable goods (VAT) 10% (ten percent) has not been effective, and PT Bukit Asam only applies some economic instruments. environmental development planning model and economic activity, environment, and incentives/disincentives."

"Wilayah Provinsi Bangka Belitung terkenal sebagai penghasil timah. Kegiatan pertambangan hampir di seluruh wilayahnya, membuat rona muka tanah mengalami perubahan dan meninggalkan ratusan kolong atau lobang bekas tambang yang berisi air. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisa peran Polri dalam mencegah dan menegakkan hukum dalam kegiatan pertambangan timah tanpa izin, menganalisa kegiatan pertambangan timah tanpa izin di lokasi penelitian, mengetahui kualitas tanah dan air di sekitar wilayah pertambangan timah, dan mengetahui peran Polri yang tepat dalam menjaga kualitas tanah dan air di sekitar wilayah pertambangan timah.Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metodologi mix-method. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah studi literatur, observasi, wawancara, Sistem Informasi Geografis dan pengujian di laboratorium. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadi konflik peran Polri dalam pencegahan dan penegakkan hukum pertambangan tanpa izin di wilayah Kecamatan Lubuk Besar Kabupaten Bangka Tengah. Pertambangan tanpa izin di kecamatan Lubuk Besar Kabupaten Bangka Tengah bersifat masif. Kualitas tanah di sekitar wilayah pertambangan timah kurang subur, sedangkan kualitas air termasuk dalam kelas 3. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah diperlukan model pemolisian masyarakat berbasis lingkungan untuk Polri di wilayah kecamatan Lubuk Besar Kabupaten Bangka Tengah. Kegiatan pertambangan tanpa izin tidak akan memperbaiki kesejahteraan masyarakat dan perlu dihentikan. Diperlukan reklamasi untuk memperbaiki kualitas tanah dan air di sekitar wilayah pertambangan.

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The region of Bangka Belitung Province is well known as tin producer. Mining activities covers almost all of its entire territory, making soil surface texture change and leaving hundreds of ex-mining pits or holes containing water. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of Polri (Indonesian State Police) in preventing and enforcing law in illegal tin mining activities, analyzing tin mining activities without license at research sites, to know the quality of soil and water around tin mining area, and to know the appropriate role of Polri in securing soil and water quality around the tin mining area. This research used qualitative approach with mix-method methodology. Data collection method being used is literature study, observation, interview, Geographic Information System, and laboratory testing.

Research's result indicate there is role conflict in Polri when preventing and law enforcing law regarding illegal mining in Lubuk Besar District, Central Bangka Regency City. Illegal (Unlicensed) mining in Lubuk Besar District of Central Bangka is massive. Soil quality surrounding the tin mining area is less fertile, while water quality is in the category of class 3. Conclusion of this study that it is necessary to apply community policing baseda on environment for Polri (Indonesian State Police) in Lubuk Besar District of Central Bangka Regency City. Illegal mining will not upgrading community welfare and shoul be stoped. Reclamation needed to improve soil and water quality around mining area."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai pemenuhan ketentuan-ketentuan yang telah diatur dalam pasal 39 Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode yuridis normatif.Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa IUP Eksplorasi Timah milik PT. Bumi Palong dan IUP Operasi Produksi Batubara milik PT. Mitra Tambang Barito tidak memenuhi ketentuan pasal 39 Undang-Undang Mineral dan Batubara. Kondisi tersebut dapat mengakibatkan izin tersebut menjadi tidak sah atau dibatalkan oleh pengadilan tata usaha negara. Penelitian ini menyarankan agar pemerintah segera membuat peraturan pelaksana dalam penyusunan Izin Usaha Pertambangan.

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The following thesis is discussing about compliance with the terms and conditions regulated in the article 39 Law No. 4 of 2009 regarding Mineral and Coal Mining against Mining Exploration License and Production Operation. The thesis used juridical norms method as research implementation method.

The result of this thesis found that tin mining exploration license owned by PT. Bumi Palong and coal mining production operation owned by PT. Mitra Tambang Tambang Barito is not comply the article 39 law regarding mineral and coal mining. The consequence of that condition is the licenses would be void by administration court. This thesis recommends the Government too soon issuing the Government Regulation as the reference in formulating Mining Business License."