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"Model probit adalah salah satu jenis model pilihan diskrit dengan error yang diasumsikan saling bebas, berdistribusi normal, dan homoskesdastis. Model probit dengan komponen error dari observasi di suatu lokasi bergantung dengan komponen error dari observasi di lokasi lain disebut model probit spasial error. Parameter dari model probit spasial error akan ditaksir dengan metode maksimum likelihood parsial dalam dua cara. Cara pertama dengan memperhitungkan variansi dari error dalam pembentukan fungsi likelihood parsial. Cara kedua dengan membentuk n grup dari sejumlah 2n observasi dari lokasi berbeda, dimana setiap grup terdiri dari dua observasi di lokasi yang berbeda. Selanjutnya, dengan memperhatikan korelasi antar error di dalam grup, akan dibentuk fungsi kepadatan probabilitas dari setiap grup yang akan digunakan untuk membentuk fungsi likelihood parsial dalam penaksiran parameter.

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Probit Model is one of discrete choice model whose error is assumed to be independent, normal distributed, and homoscedastic. Probit model whose error component from observations on a location that depends on error components on the other location is called spatial error probit model. Parameters of spatial error probit model will be estimated by partial maximum likelihood in two ways. The first way is to take into account the variance of the error in the form of the partial likelihood function.

The second is to form n groups from 2n observations at different location, which each group consists of two observations at different location. Furthermore, by taking into account the correlation between errors in a group, the probability density function of each group will be formed, and later will be used to form a partial likelihood function in parameter estimation."

"ABSTRAKIn the present paper we consider a class of multiobjective B-vex programming problems involving differentiable B-vex n-set functions and establish duality results in terms of properly efficient solutions. Further, we relate the problem to a certain saddle point of a Lagrangian and show multiobjective fractional program as a special case of the main problem."

"ABSTRAKMinimum-time and smooth-steering control algorithms are developed from bobsled optimal control. Numerical solutions are obtained both for one-curve optimal control and whole-course piecewise optimal control with application to realistic three-dimensional track surface shapes. Specific results are calculated for the Lillehammer Olympic Track."

"This research is a correlation study between learning approach and achievement in mathematics of third grade science major of "X" Senior High School in Bandung. The samples selection for this research used simple random sampling method and the samples of this research are 60 students. The instrument used to collect the data about learning approach was adapted from questionnaire that was developed by John Biggs (1987). It is called The Revised Two-Factor Learning Process Questionnaire (R-LPQ-2F) that consist of 40 items. With the validation starting from 0.401 until 0.795 and the reliability is 0.638. Whereas the instrument used to measure achievement in mathematic is from final score of mathematic major. The collected data was mannered by Spearman's correlation using SPSS 15. From the final result we can see that the correlation between surface approach and mathematic final score is 0.062 and the correlation between deep approach and mathematic final score is 0.155. The conclusions are there is no significant correlation between surface approach and mathematic final score, and also there is no significant correlation between dep approach and mathematic final score"

"Suatu runtun waktu yang memiliki variabel respon biner disebut runtun waktu biner. Runtun waktu biner dapat dimodelkan menggunakan model umum Autoregressive dengan pendekatan regresi non-linier. Kedem Fokianos 2000 mengenalkan model runtun waktu biner melalui pendekatan Autoregressive dan regresi logistik. Metode yang digunakan untuk penaksiran parameter yaitu metode Partial Likelihood. Metode Partial Likelihood ini dilakukan dengan menentukan fungsi Partial Likelihood yang dibentuk dari probability density function pdf marginal distribusi Bernoulli. Namun, dalam proses penaksiran parameter menggunakan metode Partial Likelihood ditemukan kesulitan untuk mendapatkan solusi secara langsung dikarenakan persamaan yang tidak linier closed form. Oleh karena itu, untuk mengatasi hal tersebut dilakukan iterasi menggunakan metode Fisher Scoring. Aplikasi data pada penaksiran parameter untuk model runtun waktu biner dalam tugas akhir ini menggunakan data kompetisi balap perahu antara Universitas Cambridge dan Universitas Oxford yang dicatat pada tahun 1946 sampai 2011 dengan jumlah data berbeda yaitu 22, 44, dan 66 data. Berdasarkan aplikasi data yang dilakukan, diperoleh hasil bahwa penaksiran parameter untuk model runtun waktu biner menggunakan Partial Likelihood dengan jumlah data yang berbeda menghasilkan penaksir parameter yang relatif sama atau tidak memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan.

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A time series that has binary respon variable is called a binary time series. Binary time series can be modeled using the Autoregressive general model and nonlinear regression approach. Kedem Fokianos 2000 introduced a binary time series model through the Autoregressive and logistic regression approach. The parameters of binary time series are estimated using the Partial Likelihood method. The Partial Likelihood method is performed by determining the Partial Likelihood function derived from the marginal probability density function pdf of Bernoulli distribution. However, in the process of parameter estimation using this method, the form of final function to obtain parameters is not in the closed form equation. To face this problem, Fisher scoring iterations are perfomed.

The application of parameter estimation of the model uses the data about boat racing competition between the University of Cambridge and Oxford University from 1946 to 2011. Based on the data application, parameter estimation of the binary time series model using partial likelihood with different amounts of data resulting in a relatively same or no significant parameter estimator."

"Tugas akhir ini membahas mengenai penggunaan metode Maksimum Likelihood (ML) dan Bayes dalam penaksiran parameter shape 𝛽 pada distribusi Kumaraswamy. Kedua metode tersebut akan dibandingkan berdasarkan Mean Square Error (MSE) yang diperoleh dari masing-masing taksiran. Pada metode Bayes digunakan dua fungsi Loss yaitu Square Error Loss Function (SELF) dan Precautionary Loss Function (PLF). Selanjutnya, akan dibandingkan Resiko Posterior yang diperoleh dari kedua fungsi loss tersebut. Hasil yang diperoleh dari perbandingan tersebut diterapkan pada data hidrologi sebagai rekomendasi metode terbaik yang dapat menggambarkan data tersebut.

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This paper disscusses about Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayes method in estimating the shape β parameter in Kumaraswamy distribution. Both of the methods will be compared according to Mean Square Error (MSE) obtained from each estimator. At Bayes method, it will be used two Loss functions, those are Square Error Loss Function (SELF) and Precautionary Loss Function (PLF). Then, Posterior Risk obtained from both of loss functions will be compared. The comparison will be applied to hydrological data as a recommendation for the best method in representating the data."