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"[ Keong tutut (Bellamya javanica) telah lama dikenal oleh masyarakat tradisional diIndonesia sebagai alternatif untuk mengobati penyakit kuning yang merupakangejala penyakit hati, terutama karena kandungan asam amino yang diduga terdapatdalam keong tutut, khususnya asam amino glutamat, glisin, dan sistein. Tujuanpenelitian ini adalah untuk melihat pengaruh pemberian daging keong tutut sebagaihepatoprotektor melalui pengamatan histopatologi hati dan pengukuran aktivitasalkali fosfatase (ALP) dalam serum menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis.Sejumlah 36 ekor tikus putih jantan Sprague-Dawley dibagi menjadi 6 kelompokperlakuan, yaitu kontrol normal, kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, dosis 1, dosis 2,dan dosis 3. Kelompok kontrol normal dan kontrol negatif diberikan CMC 0,5%,kontrol positif diberikan silymarin dosis 9,45 mg/200 g bb tikus sedangkan untukkelompok dosis diberikan serbuk daging keong tutut dengan dosis berturut-turut 56mg/200 g bb tikus, 112 mg/200 g bb tikus, dan 224 mg/200 g bb tikus selama 14hari. Pada hari ke-15, semua kelompok kecuali kelompok kontrol normal diinduksihepatotoksik dengan CCl4 untuk mendapatkan kondisi kerusakan hati kemudiansemua tikus dipuasakan makan dengan tetap diberikan minum. Setelah 24 jaminduksi CCl4, dilakukan pengukuran aktivitas ALP serum dan pembedahan untukmengambil organ hati. Hasil yang didapatkan menunjukkan bahwa pemberiandaging keong tutut dosis 112 mg/200 g bb tikus dan 224 mg/200 g bb tikusmempunyai efek hepatoprotektor dalam mencegah kerusakan hati dibandingkandengan kontrol negatif. Selain itu, terdapat perbedaan efek pada pemberian tigavarian dosis serbuk daging keong tutut. Dosis yang memiliki efek potensial sebagaihepatoprotektor adalah dosis 224 mg/200 g bb tikus (p < 0.05)., Fresh water snail (Bellamya javanica) has been known by traditional communitiesin Indonesia as an alternative to treat jaundice which is a liver disease symptoms,especially because its amino acid compounds, in particular, glutamic acid, glysine,and cysteine that can be found in tutut snail. This study aimed to observe the effectof fresh water snail flesh as hepatoprotector through liver histopathology andalkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities measurements in serum using UV-Visspectrophotometer. A total of 36 white male rats of Sprague-Dawley were dividedinto 6 groups: normal control, negative control, positive control, dose 1, dose 2, anddose 3. Normal and negative control groups were received CMC 0,5%, positivecontrol group were received silymarin dose 9,45 mg/200g bw rats and for dosegroups were received fresh water snail flesh powder, consecutively, dose 56mg/200g bw rats, dose 112 mg/200 g bw rats, and dose 224 mg/200 g bw rats for14 days. On day-15, all groups, except normal control group, are hepatotoxicityinduced by CCl4 to obtain liver damage in rats and were not allowed to eat for 24hours. After 24 hours of CCl4 induced, ALP activities in serum was measured andthe rats were being dissected to take the liver. The results showed that fresh watersnail flesh powder at a dose of 112 mg/200 g bw and 224 mg/200 g bw give ahepatoprotective effect when being compared to negative control. In addition, thereare variance effect in 3 doses and the potential effect as a hepatoprotector is givenby dose 224 mg/200 g bw (p < 0.05).]"

"Ruang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian: Monosodium glutamat merupakan penyedap makanan dan dipakai sebagai wahana/ pembawa vitamin A. MSG dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada nukleus hipotalamus, khususnya pada hewan muda. Beratnya kerusakan tergantung pada dosis dan umur, makin muda makin mudah terjadi kerusakan. MSG dapat melalui plasenta, dan hat ini kemungkinan dapat menyebabkan kelainan pada neonatus yang dilahirkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada kelainan histologik neuron hipotalamus neonatus tikus yang induknya diberi monosodium glutamat selama gestasi. 24 tikus putih betina dibagi dalam 4 kelompok, masing-masing 6 ekor, dan dikawinkan. Setelah ada tanda gestasi, masing-masing diberi MSG secara intubasi esofagus. Kelompok I sebagai kontrol, kelompok II diberi MSG 2400 mg/kgBB/hari, kelompok III 4800 mg dan kelompok IV 9600 mg. Semua neonatus yang dilahirkan setelah 5 hari kemudian dimatikan. Dibuat sediaan potong 5 melalui hipotalamus secara sari, masing-masing neonatus 24 sediaan dan di warnai HE; sel neuron hipotalamus sekitar ventrikel 3 dinilai secara kualitatif.Hasil dan kesimpulan: Pada kelompok I 34 ekor neonatus tikus dan kelompok II 31 ekor tidak ditemukan kelainan pada neuron hipotalamus. Kelompok III, 6 ekor tanpa kelainan dan 7 ekor memperlihatkan edema intraseluler. 30 ekor dari kelompok III, dan seluruhnya 34 ekor dari kelompok IV memperlihatkan edema intraseluler dan/atau inti sel neuron piknotik.MSG yang diberikan secara intubasi esofagus dengan dosis 2400 mg/kgBB/hari pada induk tikus selama gestasi tidak menimbulkan kerusakan pada neuron hipotalamus neonatus yang dilahirkan. MSG dengan dosis 4800 mg mengakibatkan kerusakan pada neuron hipotalamus dalam derajat yang berbeda, dan dosis 9600 mg menimbulkan kerusakan neuron hipotalamus pada semua neonatus.

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Scope and Method of Study: Monosodium glutamate MSG) is used as food additive and as a carrier for vitamin A fortification. It might induce lesions on the hypo-thalamic neuron, especially in infant animals, the incidence and severity varied according to the dosage and age. Young animals were more susceptible than old ones. MSG can be carried via placenta, therefore this may cause changes on newborn rats.

This study was carried out to indicate whether there are disturbances on hypothalamic neuron of newborn rats whose mothers were given MSG orally during gestation. 24 white female rats were divided into 4 groups. After gestation, MSG was given orally with intubations esophagus. The control group (group I), groups treated with 2400 mg/kgBW/day (group II), 4800 mg {group III) and 9600 mg (group IV). Five days after all the neonatus were born then killed, part of the hypothalamic were made. Serial sections were made and stained routinely with hematoxylin-eosin. Qualitative evaluation of neuronal damage of the nuclei in the hypothalamic region around the third ventricle were carried out.

Findings and Conclusions: In the control group (34 litters) and group II (31 litters) no histological abnormalities on the hypothalamic neuron were found. In group III, 6 showed no abnormalities and 7 showed intracellular edema. 30 litters of group III and all 34 of group IV showed intracellular edema and pycnotic neuronal nuclei.

MSG given orally in dosage of 2400 mg/kgBW/day to female rats during gestation produce healthy litters which showed no histological damage to neuronal cells in the hypothalamic region. However, with a dosage of 4800 mg/kgBW/day and 9600 mg/kgBW/day damage was seen at variable degrees in neuronal cells in the hypothalamic region."

"Keong tutut (Bellamya javanica) merupakan bahan alam yang secara empiris digunakan oleh masyarakat untuk mencegah kerusakan hati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan secara ilmiah efek hepatoprotektif daging keong tutut dalam menurunkan aktivitas enzim aspartat aminotransferase (AST) dan alanin aminotransferase (ALT) yang merupakan parameter kerusakan hati. Tiga puluh enam (36) ekor tikus dibagi menjadi enam kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kontrol normal (CMC 0,5%), kontrol negatif (CMC 0,5%), kontrol positif (silymarin 9,45 mg/200 g BB), dosis 1 (serbuk daging keong tutut 56 mg/200 g BB), dosis 2 (serbuk daging keong tutut 112 mg/200 g BB), dan dosis 3 (serbuk daging keong tutut 224 mg/200 g BB). Bahan tersebut diberikan secara peroral selama 14 hari. Pada hari ke-15, semua tikus, kecuali kontrol normal diinduksi dengan CCl4 1 ml/kg BB melalui rute yang sama. Dua puluh empat jam setelah induksi, dilakukan pengambilan darah melalui sinus orbital. Aktivitas AST dan ALT plasma diukur menggunakan kit dan ditunjukkan melalui perbedaan serapan. Hasilnya menunjukkan kelompok dosis 112 mg/200 g BB dan dosis 224 mg/200 g BB memiliki aktivitas AST dan ALT yang berbeda bermakna (p ≤ 0,05) dengan kelompok kontrol negatif. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa daging keong tutut berpotensi sebagai hepatoprotekor karena mampu menurunkan aktivitas AST dan ALT.

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Freshwater snail (Bellamya javanica) is natural materials that are empirically used by society to prevent liver damage. This study aimed to prove scientifically hepatoprotective effect of flesh of tutut snail in lowering the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes which are the parameters of liver damage. Thirty-six (36) rats were divided into six treatment groups. Those are normal control (0,5% CMC), negative control (0,5% CMC), positive control (silymarin 9,45 mg/200 g BW), dose 1 (flesh powder of freshwater snail 56 mg/200 g BW), dose 2 (flesh powder of freshwater snail 112 mg/200 g BW), and dose 3 (flesh powder of freshwater snail 224 mg/200 g BW). Those ingredients were given orally for 14 days. On the fifteenth day, all rats, except the normal control were induced by CCl4 1 ml/200 kg BW via the same route. Twenty-four hours after the induction, blood sampling done through orbital sinus. AST and ALT plasma activity were measured using kit and shown through the absorbance differences. The results show AST and ALT activity among dose 112 mg/200 g BW group and dose 224 mg/200 g BWgroup were significantly different (p ≤ 0,05) with the negative control group. It can be concluded that freshwater snail is a potential hepatoprotector due to its ability in lowering AST and ALT activity."

"Atlas of Histology: With Functional and Clinical Correlations is a brand-new atlas that provides students a practical and useful source of fundamental information concerning basic histology. Using a unique one-page layout, the book presents a complete visual impression in an integrated style: light and electron micrographic images of a tissue; a diagrammatic representation of the same tissue; and an example of how this tissue may be modified by a pathological process. The atlas includes introductory text with expanded figure legends and synopsis text along with illustrated tables and an abundance of color illustrations clearly labeled with their complete names--Provided by publisher."

"Latar Belakang: Dalam dekade terakhir, insidensi kanker usus halus telah meningkat lebih dari empat kali lipat. Insidensi ini diperkirakan akan terus meningkat akibat perubahan pola hidup. Terapi definitif dan utama saat ini adalah reseksi radikal segmen yang terserang kanker, dengan risiko yang cukup signifikan selama dan setelah terapi. Kemoterapi dan terapi neoadjuvan yang tersedia tidak menghasilkan efek yang diinginkan. Lunasin, peptida yang terkandung dalam kacang kedelai, dikenal dapat meningkatkan kesehatan sel secara epigenetik dan mengurangi inflamasi. Berangkat dari hal tersebut, ada kemungkinan bahwa ekstrak lunasin dapat menjadi terapi neoadjuvan yang efektif untuk kanker usus halus.Metode: Sebanyak 20 ekor mencit jenis Balb/c dibagi ke dalam empat kelompok. Semua mencit diinduksi dengan azoxymethane dan dextran sodium sulfat. Selama enam minggu setelahnya, mencit akan diberi ekstrak lunasin dalam konsentrasi yang berbeda (0, 20, 30, dan 40 mg/ kgBB). Delapan minggu setelah induksi, mencit akan dikorbankan. Sel usus halus mencit akan diproses dan diwarnai dengan hematoxyllin-eosin, kemudian jumlah hiperplasia, displasia, angiogenesis, fokus inflamasi, dan sel goblet akan diamati di bawah mikroskop.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dalam jumlah displasia (p=0,000) dan angiogenesis (p=0,009) dalam kelompok-kelompok dengan perlakuan yang berbeda. Namun, tidak ditemukan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan dalam jumlah hyperplasia, fokus inflamasi, dan sel goblet di antara kelompok-kelompok dengan pemberian lunasin dengan konsentrasi berbeda.Kesimpulan : Pemberian ekstrak lunasin dapat meningkatkan hasil jumlah dysplasia dan angiogenesis secara non dose-dependent, namun tidak mempengaruhi faktor-faktor yang lain dalam proses karsinogenesis usus halus.

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Background : Within the last decade, incidence of small bowel cancer has increased by more than fourfold. It is predicted that due to shift in diet and lifestyle, the numbers of incidence will steadily rise. The primary and only definite therapy for small intestine cancer is radical segmental resection, which carries side effects and risks during and after surgery. At the moment, available chemotherapy and neoadjuvant therapy do not exert significant result. Lunasin, a novel peptide originated from soybean, is believed to promote cellular health epigenetically and reduce inflammation. Thus, there is possibility that the lunasin extract may come off as a new and effective adjuvant therapy for small intestine malignancies.

Method: A total of 20 Balb/c mice were divided into four groups. The mice were induced with azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate. For the next six weeks, each group was given different concentration of lunasin extract. After eight weeks since the induction, the mice were sacrificed and the small intestinal tissue was harvested and stained using hematoxyllin-eosin. After that, the amount of hyperplasia, dysplasia, angiogenesis, inflammatory foci, and goblet cells will be observed under the microscope.

Results: There is significant difference in the amount of dysplasia (p=0.000) and angiogenesis (p=0.009) among the groups that receive different concentrations of lunasin. However, there is no effect of lunasin administration to the amount of hyperplasia, inflammatory foci, and of goblet cells.

Conclusion: Non dose-dependent administration of lunasin extract improves dysplasia and angiogenesis, but not other factors in small intestine carcinogenesis."

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Latar Belakang: Perdarahan masif merupakan komplikasi paling banyak pada kasus spektrum plasenta akreta. Penyebab perdarahan terutama tergantung dari derajat keparahan spektrum plasenta akreta yang dapat diprediksi dari USG dan secara klinis dibuktikan pada saat operasi. Meskipun banyak faktor yang memengaruhi jumlah perdarahan saat operasi, namun memprediksi jumlah perdarahan melalui jumlah aliran darah yang masuk ke uterus adalah suatu patut diperhatikan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami hubungan volume flow arteri uterina dan iliaka interna terhadap perdarahan, temuan intraoperasi dan histopatologi pada kasus SPA.

Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan volume flow dan diameter arteri uterina dan iliaka  interna dengan perdarahan dan temuan intraoperasi serta histopatologi pada pasien spektrum plasenta akreta.

Metode: Sebuah studi cross-sectional dilakukan pada 31 wanita, yang secara klinis didiagnosis dengan SPA. Pengukuran volume flow dan diameter arteri uterina dan iliaka interna dilakukan dengan USG Doppler sebelum operasi dilakukan. Temuan intraoperasi dan hasil histopatologi dikategorikan sesuai kriteria klinis dan histopatologi FIGO. Jumlah perdarahan intraoperasi diukur dan dicatat. Data kemudian dianalisis menggunakan Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) versi 25.

Hasil: Dari 31 subjek penelitian didapatkan jumlah perdarahan intraoperasi sebanyak 1500 (1000-3000) mL. Sebagian besar tindakan yang dilakukan bersifat elektif (n=18^; 58,1%) dengan seksio sesarea diikuti oleh histerektomi sebanyak 19 kasus (61,3%). Temuan klinis intraoperasi yang paling sering ditemukan adalah kriteria klinis FIGO 1 sebanyak 15 kasus (48,4%). Hasil histopatologi terbanyak adalah kriteria histopatologi FIGO 2 sebanyak 19 kasus (61,3%).

Rerata volume flow Arteri Iliaka Interna (p=0,002) berkorelasi dengan jumlah perdarahan intraoperasi dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,525, sedangkan rerata volume flow Arteri Uterina tidak berkorelasi dengan jumlah perdarahan intraoperasi. Rerata diameter arteri uterina (p=0,034) berkorelasi positif dengan jumlah perdarahan intraoperasi dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,383. Hal ini menunjukkan semakin besar volume flow arteri Iliaka Interna, semakin besar jumlah perdarahan intraoperasi. Ditemukan bahwa rerata diameter arteri iliaka interna memiliki perbedaan secara statistik dengan temuan klinis intraoperatif (p=0,044). Tidak ditemukan hubungan antara rerata volume flow dan diameter arteri uterina dan arteri iliaka interna dengan hasil histopatologi.

Kesimpulan. Pengukuran volume flow arteri iliaka interna dan diameter arteri uterina dapat memberikan gambaran perkiraan jumlah perdarahan saat operasi kasus spektrum plasenta akreta.

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Background: Massive bleeding is the most common complication in cases of the placenta accreta spectrum (PAS). The cause of bleeding largely depends on the severity of the PAS, which can be predicted through ultrasound (USG) and clinically confirmed during surgery. Although many factors influence the amount of bleeding during surgery, predicting the amount of bleeding through the measurement of blood flow into the uterus is noteworthy. Therefore, this study aims to understand the relationship between the volume flow of the uterine and internal iliac arteries and bleeding, intraoperative findings, and histopathology in PAS cases.

Objective: To determine the Relationship between Volume Flow and Diameter of Uterine and Internal Iliac Arteries with Intraoperative Bleeding and Findings, as well as Histopathology in Patients with Placenta Accreta Spectrum.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 31 women clinically diagnosed with PAS. Measurement of volume flow and diameter of the uterine and internal iliac arteries was performed using Doppler ultrasound before surgery. Intraoperative findings and histopathological results were categorized according to clinical and FIGO histopathological criteria. The amount of intraoperative bleeding was measured and recorded. The data were then analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.

Results: From 31 study subjects, the amount of intraoperative bleeding was found to be 1500 (1000-3000) mL. Most procedures were elective (n=18; 58.1%), with cesarean section followed by hysterectomy in 19 cases (61.3%). The most common intraoperative clinical finding was FIGO clinical criteria 1 in 15 cases (48.4%). The majority of histopathological results were FIGO histopathological criteria 2 in 19 cases (61.3%). The mean volume flow of the Internal Iliac Artery (p=0.002) correlated with the amount of intraoperative bleeding with a correlation coefficient of 0.525, while the mean volume flow of the Uterine Artery did not correlate with the amount of intraoperative bleeding. The mean diameter of the uterine artery (p=0.034) positively correlated with the amount of intraoperative bleeding with a correlation coefficient of 0.383. This indicates that the larger the volume flow of the Internal Iliac Artery, the greater the amount of intraoperative bleeding. It was found that the mean diameter of the internal iliac artery differed statistically with intraoperative clinical findings (p=0.044). No relationship was found between the mean volume flow and diameter of the uterine and internal iliac arteries with histopathological results.

Conclusion: Measurement of the volume flow of the internal iliac artery and the diameter of the uterine artery can provide an estimate of the amount of bleeding during surgery in cases of the placenta accreta spectrum."

"Latar belakang: Kanker payudara merupakan kanker terbanyak dengan insiden 40,3 per 100.000 perempuan dan angka mortalitas sebesar 16,6 per 100.000 perempuan di Indonesia. Pada stadium awal I-II, penentuan terapi operatif mastektomi seringkali membutuhkan pemeriksaan potong beku intraoperatif untuk menilai keganasan, namun sering tidak tersedia di banyak rumah sakit. Tripel diagnostik pemeriksaan fisik, ultrasonografi dan fine needle aspiration biopsy merupakan metode diagnostik preoperatif yang juga dinilai akurat dan mudah dilakukan. Studi ini menilai kesesuaian tripel diagnostik dengan histopatologis khususnya pada benjolan yang curiga ganas di RSCM dan RSUPP selama Februari 2016-Agustus 2017. Metode: Subjek dengan benjolan payudara curiga ganas pada stadium awal yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi di RSCM dan RSUPP dilakukan tripel diagnostik preoperatif, kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan potong beku intraoperatif dan histopatologi pasca operasi. Menggunakan desain studi diagnostik statistik, dilakukan analisis kesesuaian tripel diagnostik maupun potong beku dibandingkan dengan histopatologi yaitu sensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai prediksi positif NPP, nilai prediksi negatif NPN dan akurasi. Hasil Didapatkan 33 subjek kanker payudara stadium awal prevalensi 4,3 dengan rerata umur 49,6 tahun dengan kelompok umur terbanyak di atas 40 tahun 78,8. Sekitar 63,6 subjek memiliki ukuran tumor 2-5 cm dan jenis histopatologi terbanyak berupa karsinoma invasif 84,8. Dibandingkan hasil histopatologi: a Potong beku memiliki sensitivitas 96,8, spesifisitas 100, NPP 100, NPN 66,7, dan akurasi 97,0 ; dan b Tripel diagnostik mempunyai sensitivitas 77,4, spesifisitas 100, nilai prediksi positif tinggi 100, nilai prediksi negatif 22,2 dan akurasi 78,8 p = 0,016. Kesimpulan: Tripel diagnostik merupakan metode diagnostik yang cukup akurat pada kanker payudara stadium awal sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai metode diagnostik alternatif di fasilitas pelayanan tipe C dan D di Indonesia di saat potong beku tidak tersedia.

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Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer with incidence rate 40.3 per 100.000 women and mortality rate 16.6 per 100.000 women in Indonesia. In early stage, decision for operative therapy mastectomy requires intraoperative frozen section to assess its malignancy, which is often unavailable in many hospitals. Triple diagnostic physical examination, breast ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration biopsy is an accurate and easily performed preoperative diagnostic method. This study assesses the suitability of triple diagnostic with histopathology results in suspicious malignant breast lumps at Ciptomangunkusumo and Persahabatan hospital during February 2016 August 2017.

Method: Subjects with supicious malignant breast lump that met the inclusion criteria underwent preoperative triple diagnostic, intraoperative frozen section and postoperative histopathology examination. With statistic diagnostic study design, the suitability of triple diagnostic and frozen section were assesed in comparation to histologic examination sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value PPV, negative predictive value NPV and accuracy.

Result: 33 subjects with early stage breast cancer were obtained prevalence 4.3 with average mean of age of 49.6 years, were above 40 years 78.8. Around 63.6 had tumor size between 2 5 cm, and most histopathologic types were those with invasive carcinoma 84.8. When compared to histopathologic result a Frozen section has 96.8 sensitivity, 100 specificity, 100 PPV, 66.7 NPV and 97.0 accuracy and b Triple diagnostic has 77.4 sensitivity, 100 specificity, high PPV 100, 22.2 NPV and 78.8 accuracy. p 0.016.

Conclusion: Triple diagnostic is a relatively accurate diagnostic method in early stage breast cancer, hence, can be used as an alternative diagnostic method at type C and D heatlhcare facilities in Indonesia whenever frozen section is unavailable. "

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Sejak tahun 1980 Divisi Gastroenterologi Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia/Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (IPD FKUI/RSCM) membuat kriteria derajat gastritis kronik berdasarkan gambaran esofagogastroduodenoskopi (EGD) adanya hiperemis dan erosi. Kriteria derajat gastritis kronik ini banyak digunakan di seluruh Indonesia namun kriteria tersebut belum pernah dilakukan uji diagnostik.Tujuan: Mendapatkan akurasi diagnostik derajat gastritis kronik berdasarkan pemeriksaan EGD dibandingkan dengan pemeriksaan histopatologi.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan uji diagnostik derajat gastritis kronik berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan EGD pada pasien yang memiliki indikasi, dibandingkan dengan gambaran histopatologi sebagai pemeriksaan baku emas yang dilakukan di Pusat Endoskopi Saluran Cerna (PESC) Divisi Gastroenterologi Departemen IPD FKUI/RSCM dari Oktober 2014 hingga Februari 2015. Uji diagnostik yang dilakukan ada 2 yaitu uji diagnostik gastritis sedang - ringan dan berat - sedang. Masing-masing uji diagnostik di atas, ditampilkan parameter-parameter uji diagnostik berupa sensitivitas (Se), spesifisitas (Sp), nilai duga positif (NDP), nilai duga negatif (NDN), serta rasio kemungkinan (RK) positif dan negatif. Seluruh parameter di atas menyertakan interval kepercayaan 95% (IK 95%).Hasil Penelitian: Dari 230 subjek didapatkan karateristik penelitian perempuan lebih banyak dari laki - laki dengan perbandingan 3:2, terdapat merata pada semua kelompok usia, DM 23%, hipertensi 36,5% dan infeksi H.pylori 2,6%. Hasil uji diagnostik gastritis ringan - sedang: Se 0.95 (IK 95% 0.87-0.98), Sp 0.96 (IK 95% 0.86-0.99), NDP 0.97 (IK 95% 0.89-0.99), NDN 0.94 (IK 95% 0.84-0.98), RK Positif 23.39 (IK 95% 6.09- 89.74) dan RK Negatif 0.05 (CI 95% 0.02-0.14). Hasil uji diagnostik gastritis sedang - berat: Sensitivitas 0.93 (IK 95% 0.82-0.98), Spesifisitas 0.94 (IK 95% 0.86-0.98), Nilai Duga Positif 0.91 (IK 95% 0.79-0.96), Nilai Duga Negatif 0.96 (IK 95% 0.88-0.99), Rasio Kemungkinan Positif 16.54 (IK 95% 6.32-43.28) dan Rasio Kemungkinan Negatif 0.05 (CI 95% 0.02-0.21).Kesimpulan: Pemeriksaan EGD memiliki akurasi yang baik untuk menegakkan diagnosis derajat gastritis kronik.

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ABSTRACT

Background: Since 1980, Division of Gastroenterology Department of Internal Medicine FKUI/RSCM had made a criteria for chronic gastritis grading based on hyperemic and erosion that are found in gastric?s mucosa based on esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) examination. This criteria is used nationwide all over Indonesia but until now there is no diagnostic study for chronic gastritis grading based on EGD examination compare to histopathology examination as the gold standard.

Purpose: To get diagnostic accuracy of chronic gastritis grading based on EGD compared to histopathology.

Methods: This research is a diagnostic study about chronic gastritis grading by EGD from patients that had indication for, compared to histophatology as a gold standard in gastrointestinal endoscopy room Division of Gastroenterology Department of Internal Medicine FKUI/RSCM from October 2014 to February 2015. There will be 2 diagnostic study, mild to moderate gastritis and severe to moderate gastritis diagnostic study. For every diagnostic study, the parameters that will be showed are Sensitivity (Se), Specificity (Sp), Possitive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV), Possitive Likelihood Ratio and Negative Likelihood Ratio (NLR). The 95% confidence interval will be included.

Results: Of 230 subjects, there were more women than men with ratio 3:2, age didn?t affect the grading of chronic gastritis, type 2 diabetes was found in 23% patients, hypertension was found in 36,5% patients and H.pylori infection in only 2.6% patients. The results for mild to moderate gastritis : Sensitivity 0.95 (CI 95% 0.87-0.98), Specificity 0.96 (CI 95% 0.86-0.99), Possitive Predictive Value 0.97 (CI 95% 0.89- 0.99), Negative Predictive Value 0.94 (CI 95% 0.84-0.98), Possitive Likelihood Ratio 23.39 (CI 95% 6.09-89.74), and Negative Likelihood Ratio 0.05 (CI 95% 0.02-0.14). The results for moderate to severe gastritis : Sensitivity 0.93 (CI 95% 0.82-0.98), Specificity 0.94 (CI 95% 0.86-0.98), Possitive Predictive Value 0.91 (CI 95% 0.79-0.96), Negative Predictive Value 0.96 (CI 95% 0.88-0.99), Possitive Likelihood Ratio 16.54 (CI 95% 6.32-43.28), and Negative Likelihood Ratio 0.05 (CI 95% 0.02-0.21).

Conclusion: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy feature has good accuracy to diagnose the grading of chronic gastritis."

"Latar belakang: Diabetes merupakan kelompok gangguan metabolisme yang disebabkan oleh gangguan sekresi insulin dan resistensi insulin. Pada tahun 2019, Indonesia masuk pada peringkat ketujuh penderita diabetes terbanyak di dunia dengan 75% penduduk tidak menyadari bahwa dirinya menderita diabetes. Padahal, tingginya kadar glukosa dalam darah dapat menyebabkan komplikasi makrovaskular dan mikrovaskular, salah satunya diabetik nefropati. Ekstrak daun Tectona grandis memiliki kandungan flavonoid yang berfungsi sebagai antioksidan dan antihiperglikemik. Belum terdapat penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai efek antihiperglikemik daun Tectonia grandis terhadap gambaran histopatologi organ ginjal. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental menggunakan 30 organ ginjal tikus Wistar yang terbagi dalam 6 kelompok dan diobservasi selama 6 minggu, yaitu kelompok kontrol yang tidak diinduksi diabetes dan diberi terapi,  kelompok kontrol positif yang diinduksi diabetes dan diberi metformin 40 mg/kgBB,   kontrol negatif yang hanya diinduksi diabetes, tapi tidak diberi perlakuan, dan kelompok perlakuan 1, 2, atau 3 yaitu  merupakan kelompok tikus diabetes yang diberi ekstrak daun jati 200 mg/kgBB, 400 mg/kgBB, atau 800 mg/kgBB. Organ ginjal tikus yang sudah disimpan dalam larutan formalin dijadikan preparat untuk diamati pada mikroskop dengan perbesaran 100 kali dan 200 kali. Data hasil pengamatan diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 kelompok berdasarkan tingkat kerusakan organ. Hasil: Hasil uji Kruskal Wallis menyatakan bahwa pemberian ekstrak etanol daun jati pada tikus putih yang diinduksi diabetes tidak signifikan terhadap gambaran histopatologi organ ginjal (p>0.05). Kesimpulan: Pemberian ekstrak etanol daun jati tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap gambaran histopatologi organ ginjal yang ditandai dengan adanya nekrosis, dilatasi tubulus, dan infiltrasi sel mononuklear dengan persentase yang bervariasi.

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Introduction: Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders caused by disturbances in insulin secretion and insulin resistance. In 2019, Indonesia was ranked as the seventh most diabetic in the world with 75% of the population not realizing that they have diabetes. In fact, glucose levels in the blood can cause macrovascular and microvascular complications, such as diabetic nephropathy. Tectona grandis leaves contain of flavonoids that have a role as antioxidants and antihyperglycemic agents. However, there has been no further research on the antihyperglycemic effect of Tectona grandis leaves on the histopathological features of the kidneys. 

Method: This study is an experimental study with 30 samples of Wistar rats which were divided into six groups treated for 6 weeks by the previous researcher. The control group were not induced diabetes and given any treatment. The positive control group was induced diabetes and were given metformin 40 mg/kgBW. The negative control group was induced diabetes, but not given any treatment. Treatment group 1, 2, and 3 were induced diabetes and given teak leaf extract 200 mg/kgBW, 400 mg/kgBW, and 800 mg/kgBW. The rat’s kidneys that have been dissolved in formalin solution will be observed under a microscope with a magnification of 100 times and 200 times. Observational data were classified into 4 groups based on the level of organ damage. 

Results: The results of the Kruskal Wallis test stated that the administration of ethanol extract of teak leaves to white rats induced diabetes had no significant effect on the histopathology of the kidneys (p>0.05). 

Conclusion: The administration of teak leaf ethanol extract did not have a significant effect on the histopathological picture of the kidney which was characterized by the presence of necrosis, tubular dilatation, and mononuclear cell infiltration with varying percentages."

"berkembang semakin masif setiap tahunnya dengan risiko komplikasi, di antaranya berupa kardiomiopati. Pengobatan tradisional berupa daun delima (Punica granatum) dapat menjadi alternatif bagi pengobatan konvensional diabetes mellitus. Tujuan: Mengetahui potensi ekstrak daun delima sebagai agen antihiperglikemik dan kardioprotektif.Metode: Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 20 tikus Sprague dawley diabetes yang sebelumnya telah diinduksi menggunakan aloksan, dan 4 tikus normal. Tikus tersebut dikelompokkan dalam 6 kelompok, yaitu kelompok normal, kontrol positif, kontrol negatif, dan 3 kelompok perlakuan yang masing-masing diberikan ekstrak dosis 200mg/kg berat badan (BB), 400 mg/kgBB, dan 600 mg/kgBB. Pengukuran gula darah puasa (GDP) dilakukan sebelum perlakuan dan setiap 4 hari selama perlakuan berlangsung, selama 16 hari. Setelah perlakuan, dilakukan uji histopatologi teknik pewarnaan hematoksilin-eosin terhadap jantung tikus. Hasil: Kelompok perlakuan dengan pemberian dosis ekstrak 400 mg/kgBB dan 600 mg/kgBB menunjukkan penurunan GDP tikus yang signifikan jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif. Dosis 600 mg/kgBB merupakan dosis yang dinilai paling efektif. Ujihistopatologi menunjukkan kardiomiopati pada kelompok kontrol negatif dan kelompok perlakuan dengan dosis 200 mg/kgBB dan 400 mg/kgBB, sementara kelompok normal, kontrol positif, dan perlakuan dengan dosis 600 mg/kgBB tidak menunjukkan kelainanspesifik. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak daun delima menunjukkan efek antihiperglikemik dan kardioprotektif melalui uji In Vivo. Dosis efektif esktrak daun delima adalah 600 mg/kgBB.Background: Diabetes mellitus is a global health problem that is developing massively every year with risks of complications, one of which is cardiomyopathy. Traditional remedies such as pomegranate (Punica granatum) leaf can be an alternative to conventional treatment of diabetes mellitus. Objective: To study the potential of pomegranate leaf extract as antihyperglycemic and cardioprotective agent.Methods: This research was done to 20 alloxan-induced diabetic rats and 4 normal rats. Those rats are grouped into 6 groups, which includes normal group, positive control group, negative control group, and 3 groups treated with the exctract by the dose of 200mg/kg body weight (BW), 400 mg/kgBW, and 600 mg/kgBW. Measurements of fasting blood sugar (FBS) were done before the treatment, and every 4 days during the 16 days the research was conducted. After the treatments were given, histopathology test ofhematoxylin-eosin staining was done to the hearts of the rats.Results: The groups treated with the 400 mg/kgBW and 600 mg/kgBW dose extract showed significant decreases in FBS compared to the negative control group. The 600 mg/kgBW dose is considered as the most effective dose. Histopathology evaluation showed cardiomyopathy in the negative control group and the groups treated with 200 mg/kgBW and 400 mg/kgBW extract, while the normal group, positive control group, and the group treated with 600 mg/kgBW extract showed no specific disorder. Conclusion: The pomegranate leaf extract showed antihyperglycemic and cardioprotective effect through In Vivo experiment. The effective dose of pomegranate leaf extract is 600 mg/kgBW."