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"[Telah dilakukan penelitian deteksi gen alkana monooksigenase (alkB) pada bakteri laut di Perairan Pulau Pari Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memperoleh isolat bakteri yang membawa gen alkB dari perairan Pulau Pari Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. Penelitian dilakukan selama 5 bulan sejak bulan Februari 2015 sampai bulan Mei 2015 dengan metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) pada 81 isolat yang telah diremajakan. Isolat bakteri diremajakan menggunakan medium marine agar (MA) dengan metode kuadran streak. Hasil deteksi mendapatkan satu isolat yang membawa gen alkB yaitu isolat nomor 71. Hasil amplifikasi isolat 71 menghasilkan pita DNA dengan ukuran 550 pb. Pita DNA dengan panjang 550 pb merupakan gen alkB. Hasil dari sekuensing menunjukkan bahwa Isolat 71 adalah dari spesies Bordetella sp.;Detection gene alkane monooxygenases (alkB) from marine bacteria in Pari Island Kepulauan Seribu, Jakartahas been researched. The research aims to obtain bacterial isolates that carry the gene alkBin Pari Island Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. The study was conducted during the five months from February 2015 to May 2015 with a method of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from 81 isolates that have been rejuvenated. Bacterial isolates rejuvenated using marine medium agar (MA) with the quadrant streak method. Obtain detection results of the isolates that carry the gene which isolates number 71. alkB amplification results of 71 isolates produce ribbon DNA with size 550 bp. DNA tape with a length of 550 bp is alkB gene.The results of sequencing showed that the isolate 71 is Bordetella sp.;Detection gene alkane monooxygenases (alkB) from marine bacteria in Pari Island Kepulauan Seribu, Jakartahas been researched. The research aims to obtain bacterial isolates that carry the gene alkBin Pari Island Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. The study was conducted during the five months from February 2015 to May 2015 with a method of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from 81 isolates that have been rejuvenated. Bacterial isolates rejuvenated using marine medium agar (MA) with the quadrant streak method. Obtain detection results of the isolates that carry the gene which isolates number 71. alkB amplification results of 71 isolates produce ribbon DNA with size 550 bp. DNA tape with a length of 550 bp is alkB gene.The results of sequencing showed that the isolate 71 is Bordetella sp., Detection gene alkane monooxygenases (alkB) from marine bacteria in Pari Island Kepulauan Seribu, Jakartahas been researched. The research aims to obtain bacterial isolates that carry the gene alkBin Pari Island Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. The study was conducted during the five months from February 2015 to May 2015 with a method of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from 81 isolates that have been rejuvenated. Bacterial isolates rejuvenated using marine medium agar (MA) with the quadrant streak method. Obtain detection results of the isolates that carry the gene which isolates number 71. alkB amplification results of 71 isolates produce ribbon DNA with size 550 bp. DNA tape with a length of 550 bp is alkB gene.The results of sequencing showed that the isolate 71 is Bordetella sp.]"

"[ABSTRAKAlkana merupakan komponen senyawa hidrokarbon terbesar sebanyak 60% penyusun utama minyak bumi. Isolat bakteri potensial pendegradasi alkana telah diisolasi dari daerah perairan tercemar tumpahan minyak di Pulau Pari. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memeroleh isolat dengan kemampuan tinggi mendegradasi alkana. Pengukuran pertumbuhan isolat bakteri dilakukan pada ƛ 600 nm dan analisis degradasi alkana dengan metode GC/MS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 15 isolat yang diuji pertumbuhannya dengan menggunakan paraffin oil terdapat 2 isolat mewakili dua tipe kurva pertumbuhan yaitu isolat 97 kelompok I dengan pertumbuhan K(+) rendah (OD < 0,1 pada hari ke-12) dan isolat 19 kelompok II dengan pertumbuhan K(+) tinggi (OD ≥ 0,5 pada hari ke-12). Analisis degradasi alkana menunjukkan penurunan luas area pada isolat 97 dengan kemampuan degradasi docosane (C22H46) paling tinggi sebesar 96,04% dan isolat 19 dengan kemampuan degradasi hexadecane (C16H34) paling tinggi sebesar 61,37%. Identifikasi molekuler menggunakan 16S rRNA menunjukkan isolat 97 sebagai Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica dan isolat 19 sebagai Vibrio alginolyticus.ABSTRACTAlkane is the largest hydrocarbon component of petroleum (60%). Potential alkane degrading bacteria have been isolated from oil contaminated waters at Pari Island. The study aims to obtain isolate with high capability of alkane degradation. The measurement of bacterial growth was performed at ƛ 600 nm and analysis of the alkane degradation with GC/MS method. Isolate 97 and 19 were selected out of 15 isolates with the highest growth represent the two groups of curve growth. Isolate 97 belong to group I with the low growth of K (+) OD <0.1 on day 12 and isolate 19 belong to group II with the high growth of K (+) ≥ 0.5 OD at day 12. The alkane degradation analysis showed isolate 97 had the highest decrease of docosane (C22H46) up to 96.04% and isolates 19 had the highest decrease of hexadecane (C16H34) up to 61.37%. The results of molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicate that isolate 97 and 19 were Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica and Vibrio alginolyticus respectively.;Alkane is the largest hydrocarbon component of petroleum (60%). Potential alkane degrading bacteria have been isolated from oil contaminated waters at Pari Island. The study aims to obtain isolate with high capability of alkane degradation. The measurement of bacterial growth was performed at ƛ 600 nm and analysis of the alkane degradation with GC/MS method. Isolate 97 and 19 were selected out of 15 isolates with the highest growth represent the two groups of curve growth. Isolate 97 belong to group I with the low growth of K (+) OD <0.1 on day 12 and isolate 19 belong to group II with the high growth of K (+) ≥ 0.5 OD at day 12. The alkane degradation analysis showed isolate 97 had the highest decrease of docosane (C22H46) up to 96.04% and isolates 19 had the highest decrease of hexadecane (C16H34) up to 61.37%. The results of molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicate that isolate 97 and 19 were Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica and Vibrio alginolyticus respectively., Alkane is the largest hydrocarbon component of petroleum (60%). Potential alkane degrading bacteria have been isolated from oil contaminated waters at Pari Island. The study aims to obtain isolate with high capability of alkane degradation. The measurement of bacterial growth was performed at ƛ 600 nm and analysis of the alkane degradation with GC/MS method. Isolate 97 and 19 were selected out of 15 isolates with the highest growth represent the two groups of curve growth. Isolate 97 belong to group I with the low growth of K (+) OD <0.1 on day 12 and isolate 19 belong to group II with the high growth of K (+) ≥ 0.5 OD at day 12. The alkane degradation analysis showed isolate 97 had the highest decrease of docosane (C22H46) up to 96.04% and isolates 19 had the highest decrease of hexadecane (C16H34) up to 61.37%. The results of molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicate that isolate 97 and 19 were Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica and Vibrio alginolyticus respectively.]"

"L-glutaminase (L-glutamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.2) telah menarik perhatian para peneliti karena manfaatnya dalam industri farmasi dan makanan. Bakteri laut merupakan sumber penghasil L-glutaminase yang paling diminati, terutama untuk memperoleh L-glutaminase yang tahan garam. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan penapisan dan karakterisasi L-glutaminase ekstraselular yang dihasilkan oleh bakteri laut dari perairan Sangihe-Talaud, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia. Penapisan L-glutaminase secara kualitatif menggunakan media cair (Padma, et.al., 2009) dan metode pengukuran aktivitas L-glutaminase dilakukan secara spektrofotometri berdasarkan metode Imada, et.al (1973). Identifikasi isolat murni dengan aktivitas L-glutaminase paling tinggi dilakukan menggunakan sekuensing gen 16S rRNA. Terdapat 7 isolat menunjukkan hasil positif L-glutaminase, satu diantaranya dengan aktivitas 147,99 U/L atau setara dengan aktivitas spesifik 62,32 Unit/mg dipilih untuk diidentifikasi lebih lanjut. Hasil sekuensing gen 16S rRNA isolat bakteri menunjukkan kemiripan 96% dengan Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CG-T8. Parameter fisika yang mempengaruhi produksi L-glutaminase menunjukkan produksi optimum pada suhu 30 0C, kecepatan rotasi 100 rpm, pH media 6, dan konsentrasi starter inokulum 5%. Karakterisasi aktivitas L-glutaminase ekstraselular dari Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CG-T8 (isolat II.1) menunjukkan kondisi optimum aktivitas enzim pada suhu 37-45 0C, dan pH 7. Aktivitas enzim stabil pada penambahan larutan NaCl hingga 8% dan aktivitasnya mulai berkurang pada penambahan larutan NaCl 16% dan 20% dengan aktivitas relatif berturut-turut mencapai 79,00% dan 74,22%. Pengaruh penambahan ion-ion logam seperti Mn2+, Mg2+, dan Co2+ menunjukkan kenaikan aktivitas, sedangkan pada penambahan ion logam Zn2+, Fe3+, dan Ca2+ aktivitas enzim menurun. Bobot molekul L-glutaminase berkisar 42 kDa dan 145 kDa.

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L-glutaminase (L-glutamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.2) has attracted much attention with respect to proposed applications in both pharmaceuticals and food industries. Salt-tolerant L-glutaminase produced by marine bacteria become the most desirable in food industry. The current work details the screening of L-glutaminase producing marine bacteria from Sangihe-Talaud Sea, in North of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Screening of L-glutaminase was done using a broth medium (Padma et.al., 2009) and measurement of L-glutaminase activity carried out by spectrophotometry (Imada, et.al., 1973). Identification of selected isolate was performed by analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. There are seven isolates showed positive results of L-glutaminase, one of them with the activity 147.99 U/L, equivalent to the specific activity of 62.32 units / mg was selected for further study.

Bacterial identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing has revealed the isolate 96% similarity as Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CG-T8. Optimization of physical parameters that affect the production of L-glutaminase production showed an optimum at 30 0C, 100 rpm, pH of medium 6, and with 5% of starter inoculum. Characterization of extracellular L-glutaminase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CG-T8 (II.1 isolates) showed the enzyme activity was optimum at temperature 37-45 0C, and pH 7. The enzyme activity was stable in the addition of NaCl solution up to 8% and began to decrease on addition of NaCl solution 16% and 20% with relative activity consecutively 79.00% and 74.22%. The effect of metal ions such as Mn2+, Mg2+, and Co2+ showed increased enzyme activity, whereas the addition of others metal ions (Zn2+, Fe3+, and Ca2+) decreased the activity. The molecular weights of L-glutaminase was found around 42 kDa and 145 kDa."

"The diversity, ecological role and biotechnological applications of marine fungi have been addressed in numerous scientific publications in the last few years. This book addresses this need. The latest information on topics including molecular taxonomy and phylogeny, ecology of fungi in different marine habitats such as deep sea, corals, dead- sea, fungi in extreme marine environments and their biotechnological applications is reviewed. "

"Penelitian ekperimental untuk menguji aktifitas antifeedant ekstrak metanol Archaster typicus terhadap ikan karang telah dilakukan di Perairan Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Sampel diekstrak dengan metode maserasi dengan menggunakan pelarut metanol. Uji antifeedant dilakukan dengan mengaitkan pakan buatan yang mengandung ekstrak metanol Archaster typicus pada konsentrasi fisiologis (0,0245 g/ml), jeli, makanan ikan, dan pewarna makanan menggunakan peniti pada tali propilen. Pakan tersebut kemudian diuji di terumbu buatan pada kedalaman 3 m dan diamati jumlah pakan yang dimakan dan tidak oleh ikan karang. Analisis chi kuadrat pada tingkat kepercayaan 0,01 menunjukkan bahwa terdapat korelasi antara dimakan dan tidak dimakannya pakan perlakuan terhadap penambahan ekstrak metanol Archaster typicus. Penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak metanol Archaster typicus positif memiliki aktivitas antifeedant terhadap ikan karang dan hal tersebut diduga disebabkan oleh adanya kandungan saponin pada ekstrak metanol Archaster typicus.

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To investigate antifeedant activity of methanol extract of Archaster typicus against reef fishes a field experiment was conducted at Pramuka Island Watery, Seribu Island, DKI Jakarta. Archaster typicus samples were extracted using maceration method while taking methanol as the solvent. The antifeedant assay was conducted by attaching the artificial food that contains methanol extract of Archaster typicus at natural concentration (0.0245 g/ml), jelly, fish food, and food dye, using safety pins to propylene ropes. After that, the artificial food was observed at artificial reef in 3 m depth. The amount of artificial food eaten and left by reef fishes was also observed. Chi square analysis for α (p) = 0.01 revealed that there is correlation between eaten and not eaten of treat food to addition of methanol extract of Archaster typicus. That means methanol extract of Archaster typicus has antifeedant activity againts reef fishes. That was beyond saponin content in the extract."

"[Sepanjang 1.200 km garis pantai Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung terdapat potensi ekonomi yang meliputi perikanan dan wisata bahari. Namun di sisi lain, kemiskinan justru terjadi di wilayah perdesaan yang didominasi oleh desa pesisir. Padahal disitulah letak sumberdaya kelautan dan perikanan berada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi sektor prioritas dari aktivitas ekonomi yang terkait dengan sektor kelautan dan memproyeksikan estimasi investasi bagi pengelolaan sektor kelautan di Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Analisis Input Output digunakan untuk menentukan aktivitas ekonomi yang terkait di dalamnya. Dengan pendekatan ICOR (Incremental Capital Output Ratio) diproyeksikan estimasi kebutuhan investasi selama kurun waktu 2015-2017. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sektor prioritas dikembangkan adalah wisata bahari; perikanan budidaya; industri pengolahan dan pengawetan ikan dan hasil biota air lainnya; jasa kelautan; dan bangunan kelautan . Nilai ICOR Kelautan Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung adalah 2.93, lebih efisien dibandingkan sektor kelautan secara nasional.;Bangka Belitung Province has 1,200 km coastline with big potential economic including fisheries and marine tourism. Otherwise, poverty has occurred in rural areas with dominated by coastal villages. While therein lies the marine and fisheries resources. This study aims to identify the priority sectors of economic activity associated with the marine sector and project investment estimate for the management of the marine sector in Bangka Belitung Province. Input Output Analysis is used to determine the priority of economic activity. With the approach of ICOR (Incremental Capital Output Ratio) projected of investment for 2015-2017 period. The results showed the priority sectors to be developed are marine tourism; aquaculture; fish processing; marine services; and marine building. ICOR for Marine development of Bangka Belitung Province is 2.93. It is more efficient than the national marine sector, Bangka Belitung Province has 1,200 km coastline with big potential economic including fisheries and marine tourism. Otherwise, poverty has occurred in rural areas with dominated by coastal villages. While therein lies the marine and fisheries resources. This study aims to identify the priority sectors of economic activity associated with the marine sector and project investment estimate for the management of the marine sector in Bangka Belitung Province. Input Output Analysis is used to determine the priority of economic activity. With the approach of ICOR (Incremental Capital Output Ratio) projected of investment for 2015-2017 period. The results showed the priority sectors to be developed are marine tourism; aquaculture; fish processing; marine services; and marine building. ICOR for Marine development of Bangka Belitung Province is 2.93. It is more efficient than the national marine sector]"

"Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antifeedant fraksi air ekstrak Capillaster sentosus telah dilakukan pada tanggal 16 sampai 22 April 2016 di perairan Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Sampel Capillaster sentosus diekstrak dengan metanol dan menghasilkan persentase ekstrak kasar sebesar 3,0%. Ekstrak selanjutnya difraksinasi dengan pelarut akuades, n-heksan dan etil asetat untuk mendapatkan fraksi air seberat 25,7 gram dengan konsentrasi fisiologis 25,4 mg/mL. Uji antifeedant dilakukan dengan menggunakan pakan perlakuan yang mengandung fraksi air ekstrak Capillaster sentosus, serta pakan tanpa fraksi air ekstrak Capillaster sentosus sebagai kontrol, dalam bentuk kubus jeli 1 cm3 yang dikaitkan pada tali pancing. Pakan tersebut kemudian diujikan pada ikan di terumbu karang dengan kedalaman 3--4 meter dan dihitung jumlah pakan yang dimakan dan tidak. Hasil uji statistik Chi-kuadrat pada taraf signifikasi (α) 0,01 menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh pemberian pakan perlakuan pada ketidaksukaan makan ikan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka fraksi air ekstrak Capillaster sentosus positif memiliki aktivitas antifeedant terhadap ikan karang.

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To investigate the antifeedant activity of water fraction extract of Capillaster sentosus against reef fishes, a field experiment was conducted on April, 16th to 22nd 2016 at Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Capillaster sentosus samples were extracted with methanol to yield crude extract of 3,0%. The extract was further fractionated with aquades, n-hexane and ethyl acetate to obtain 25,7 gram water fraction of which the physiological concentration is 25,4 mg/mL. The antifeedant assay was conducted by using artificial foods that contained the water fraction of Capillaster sentosus’s extract and the control food, of each in 1 cm3 jelly cubes that were tieded to fishing lines. The foods were subjected to coral reefs fishes at depth of 3--4 m and the amount of food eaten and not eaten by reef fishes was recorded. Chi-square analysis (α= 0,01) revealed that there is treatment effect on the feeding preferences of reef fishes. This means that the water fraction of Capillaster sentosus’s extract has an antifeedant activity against reef fishes."

"Penelitian mengenai struktur komunitas diatom di Pulau PenjaliranTimur dan Teluk Jakarta telah dilakukan masing-masing pada bulan Juni2007 dan Maret 2008. Sampel diambil secara horizontal dari 10 stasiun disekeliling perairan Pulau Penjaliran Timur dan 6 muara sungai di TelukJakarta. Hasil identifikasi sampel fitoplankton berupa 57 jenis diatom dariperairan Pulau Penjaliran Timur dan 30 jenis dari Teluk Jakarta. Kepadatandiatom di Pulau Penjaliran Timur berkisar antara 24.232--127.079 plankter/m3yang didominasi oleh Coscinodiscus sp. dan Rhizosolenia alata. Kepadatandiatom di perairan Teluk Jakarta berkisar antara 15.148--854.192 plankter/m3yang didominasi oleh Skeletonema costatum. Indeks kekayaan, kemerataan,dan keanekaragaman jenis diatom di perairan Pulau Penjaliran Timur lebihtinggi dibandingkan Teluk Jakarta. Skeletonema costatum tidak terdapatpada perairan Pulau Penjaliran Timur, namun sangat mendominasi di TelukJakarta. Berdasarkan struktur komunitas, jenis Skeletonema costatumdiduga merupakan jenis spesifik pada perairan tercemar sehingga dapatdigunakan sebagai indikator kerusakan lingkungan perairan."

"[Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribu termasuk ke dalam Kawasan PerlindunganLaut di Indonesia dan dikelompokkan ke dalam beberapa zonasi, salah satunyayakni zona inti. Pada tahun 2010-2012, Balai Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribumenjalankan program Kampanye Pride yang bertujuan untuk mengubah perilakumasyarakat agar tidak menangkap ikan di kawasan zona inti. Penelitian inibertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak program terhadap perilaku nelayan setelahdua tahun program selesai dijalankan. Skripsi ini membahas dampak ProgramKampanye Pride di Kelurahan Pulau Harapan Kabupaten Administrasi KepulauanSeribu DKI Jakarta dengan menggunakan analisis metode kuantitatif terhadap 30responden. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori dimensi-dimensi dampak olehAgustino yang terdiri dari dimensi pengaruh program terhadap kelompok sasaran,keadaan program di masa kini, serta pengaruh tidak langsung program terhadapkelompok sasaran. Simpulan yang didapatkan dari penelitian adalah ProgramKampanye Pride memberikan dampak positif terhadap perilaku masyarakatnelayan di kelurahan Pulau Harapan., Kepulauan Seribu National Park is one of the Marine Protected Area in Indonesiawhich is grouped into several zones, one of which is the core zone. In 2010-2012,Kepulauan Seribu National Park’s Office ran Pride Campaign program that aimsto change fishermen’s behavior so they do not to catch fish in the core zone. Thisstudy aims to determine the impact of the program on fishermen’s behavior aftertwo years this program is finished. This study discusses the impact of the PrideCampaign Program at Kelurahan Pulau Harapan in Kepulauan Seribu, DKIJakarta by using quantitative analysis method to 30 respondents. The theory usedis dimensions of the impact’s theory by Agustino which consists: the impact of aprogram to target groups, present state of the program, and the indirect impact of aprogram to target groups. The conclusions obtained from the research is theKampanye Pride program had a positive impact on fishermen’s behavior inKelurahan Pulau Harapan.]"

"Daerah Perlindungan Laut Berbasis Masyarakat (DPL-BM) adalah salah satu upaya melindungi ekosistem terumbu karang dengan melibatkan masyarakat setempat. Tujuannya bukan hanya menjaga kualitas lingkungan, tetapi secara sosial ekonomi ikut meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat. Faktanya, kualitas terumbu karang semakin menurun sehingga dapat mengganggu fungsi ekologisnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kondisi ekosistem terumbu karang, nilai ekonomi total manfaat terumbu karang, dan menganalisis keberlanjutan pengelolaan DPL-BM. Kondisi terumbu karang diukur menggunakan Line Intercept Transect dan Underwater Visual Cencus, sedangkan analisis dan konsep keberlanjutan menggunakan Rapfish-MDS, Leverage, dan Monte Carlo. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa DPL memiliki persentase tutupan karang dan kelimpahan ikan karang yang sangat baik dibandingkan dengan stasiun lain. Nilai ekonomi total manfaat terumbu karang adalah Rp 284.641.013.691/tahun, dengan kontribusi terbesar dari nilai manfaat langsung yaitu 54,07%, hal tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa masyarakat Pulau Tidung sangat tergantung pada potensi perikanan tangkap dan pariwisata. Nilai indeks keberlanjutan keempat aspek masuk dalam kategori sedang, aspek ekologi (64,86), aspek sosial kelembagaan (68,48), aspek ekonomi (63,30), dan aspek hukum kebijakan (73,92). Kategori sedang memiliki pengertian bahwa DPL ini akan berkelanjutan, namun belum optimal, sehingga rekomendasinya adalah melakukan upaya-upaya dalam rangka memperbaiki atribut yang memiliki pengaruh sangat besar namun belum memberikan dampak positif atau belum dikelola dengan baik.The Community Based Marine Sanctuary Management (CBMSM) is one attempt to protect coral reef ecosystems by involving local communities. The quality of coral reefs is declining so that it can disrupt its ecological function. The purpose of this study is to measure the condition of coral reef ecosystems, the total economic value, and analyze the sustainability of Marine Sanctuary Management. Coral reef condition was measured using Line Intercept Transect and Underwater Visual Census, and the analysis of sustainability uses Rapfish-MDS, Leverage, and Monte Carlo. The results showed that the Marine Sanctuary Management had a very good percentage of coral cover and abundance of reef fish compared to other stations. The total economic value of the benefits of coral reefs is IDR 284.641.013.691/year, with the largest contribution from the direct benefit value of 54,07%. The value of the sustainability index of Marine Sanctuary Management in medium category, ecological aspects (64,86), socio-institutional aspects (68,48), economic aspects (63,30), and law-policy aspects (73,92). The category means that Marine Sanctuary Management will be sustainable, but not yet optimal, so the recommendation is to improve attributes that have a very large influence but have not had a positive impact or have not been managed well."