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"Dengan menggunakan Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional Indonesia tahun 2013 studi ini ingin melihat ketimpangan dari perspektif perkawinan apakah perkawinan berdasarkan tingkat pendidikan ada serta apakah ada dampaknya terhadap ketimpangan pengeluaran di Indonesia Korelasi Kendall rsquos Tau digunakan untuk melihat kekuatan korelasi tingkat pendidikan suami dan istri Indeks Gini dibuat untuk melihat seberapa besar ketimpangan pengeluaran di Indonesia Dengan membandingkan kondisi nyata dan kontrafakta studi ini menemukan bahwa perkawinan berdasarkan tingkat pendidikan terjadi dan memiliki dampak terhadap membesarnya ketimpangan pengeluaran di Indonesia Studi ini juga menemukan bahwa partisipasi angkatan kerja status kerja kepemilikan anak dan lama kawin suatu pasangan secara signifikan membuat pengeluaran antar pasangan bervariasi dan menyebabkan memburuknya ketimpangan pengeluaran di Indonesia."

"Pendidikan suami dalam pola pernikahan diduga memiliki hubungan terhadap partisipasi kerja perempuan, salah satunya adalah assortative mating, yaitu fenomena ketika perempuan menikahi laki-laki dengan pendidikan setara. Untuk mengkaji hubungan ini, digunakan data SUSENAS 2020 yang diolah dengan metode regresi logit biner. Hasilnya, perempuan dalam pola marry-up high, assortative mating mid, marry-down low, marrydown high, dan assortative-mating high memiliki kecenderungan lebih tinggi untuk bekerja dan bekerja di sektor formal daripada perempuan dalam pola assortative-mating low. Akan tetapi, hasilnya sebaliknya untuk perempuan dengan pola marry-up low. 

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The husband’s education is believed to be related to female’s job participation, one of which is assortative mating, a phenomenon when individuals married those with the same level of education. To examine this relationship, the study analyzed the SUSENAS 2020 data using the binary logistic regression method. The results show that females in the marriage pattern of marry-up high, assortative mating mid, marry-down low, marry-down high, and assortative-mating high tend to work and engage in formal sector work compared to female in the assortative-mating low. However, the effect is the opposite for females in the marry-up low."

"The objective of this study is to examine the effects of education expenditure towards income inequality in Indonesia. The measure of income inequality used is Gini coefficient. The study is conducted using panel data of 33 provinces in Indonesia during 2007 to 2016. By using panel random effects model, the result conveys that education expenditure and Gini coefficient is positively related. In other words, an increase in education expenditure does not always lead to income inequality reduction. By looking at the short-run and long-run effects, this study finds that income inequality falls with rising education expenditure in the short-run but increases in the long-run. It implies that income inequality reduction effect through increasing education expenditure in Indonesia is not sustainable in the long-term. In addition, the study also finds that poverty rate and economic growth increases income inequality implying that the benefits of the rising economy only go to the middle to upper-class society rather than the poor.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh pengeluaran pendidikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Ukuran ketimpangan pendapatan yang digunakan adalah koefisien Gini. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel dari 33 provinsi di Indonesia dari tahun 2007 hingga 2016. Dengan menggunakan model panel random effects, terbukti bahwa pengeluaran pendidikan dan koefisien Gini berhubungan positif. Dapat diartikan bahwa peningkatan alokasi pengeluaran pendidikan tidak mengarah pada pengurangan ketimpangan pendapatan. Dengan melihat dari sisi efek jangka pendek dan jangka panjang, studi ini menemukan bahwa ketimpangan pendapatan menurun dengan meningkatnya pengeluaran pendidikan dalam jangka pendek tetapi meningkat dalam jangka panjang. Dengan demikian, efek penurunan ketimpangan pendapatan melalui peningkatan pengeluaran pendidikan di Indonesia tidak berkelanjutan dalam jangka panjang. Terlebih lagi, penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa tingkat kemiskinan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan, yang menyiratkan bahwa manfaat dari kenaikan ekonomi hanya diterima oleh masyarakat kelas menengah ke atas melainkan masyrakat miskin."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat perubahan pola pernikahan asortatif Assortative Mating menurut usia dan pendidikan serta pengaruhnya terhadap perilaku fertilitas pasangan di Indonesia pada tahun 1996 dan 2016, dengan menggunakan data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional. Pernikahan homogami dalam usia meningkat sebesar 7,34 persen dan jarak usia pasangan menurun dari 5,48 menjadi 4,38 tahun selama dua dekade. Hasil Korelasi Kendall rsquo;s Tau menunjukkan bahwa pada periode yang sama telah terjadi pernikahan asortatif positif dalam pendidikan di Indonesia. Sementara itu, hasil Regresi Poisson menunjukkan bahwa pola pernikahan asortatif baik dalam usia maupun pendidikan berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap perilaku fertilitas pasangan. Pasangan hipergami baik dalam usia maupun pendidikan merupakan pasangan dengan kecenderungan rata-rata Anak Lahir Hidup ALH tertinggi di kedua periode. Selanjutnya dengan pendekatan Dekomposisi Oaxaca diperoleh hasil bahwa perubahan pola pernikahan asortatif dalam usia dan pendidikan berkontribusi sekitar 12 persen terhadap penurunan rata-rata ALH antara tahun 1996 dan 2016. Program dan kebijakan yang bertujuan mengendalikan tingkat fertilitas harus mengakomodir strategi yang berfokus pada karakteristik pasangan dalam pernikahan.

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Using the Indonesian National Socio economic Surveys, this study aims to analyze the changes in assortative mating patterns by age and educational attainment and their effects on fertility behavior in Indonesia between 1996 and 2016. Homogamy marriage in age increased about 7,34 percent and the spousal age gap has declined from 5.48 to 4.38 years within the two decades. The result of Kendall's Tau Correlation shows that there has been a positive educational assortative mating in Indonesia in the same period. Meanwhile, the results of Poisson Regression indicate that the assortative mating patterns both in age and education significantly affect the couple's fertility behavior. Hypergamy couples in both age and education were the couples with the highest Children Ever Born CEB in both periods. Furthermore, with the Oaxaca Decomposition, it was found that changes in the assortative mating patterns in age and education contributed about 12 percents to the decrease of average CEB between 1996 and 2016. Programmes and policies aimed at controling fertility should incorporate strategies that focus on the characteristics of couples in marriage. "

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini menyelidiki pengaruh perubahan kebijakan fiskal selamapelaksanaan desentralisasi fiskal terhadap ketimpangan di Indonesia. Denganmenggunakan data panel dari 27 provinsi selama periode 2001-2012, penelitianini menjelaskan dampak dari peraturan baru tentang desentralisasi fiskal terhadapketimpangan pengeluaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan koefisien Gini, Theil L,dan Theil T sebagai ukuran ketimpangan, sedangkan variabel independen meliputiindeks desentralisasi fiskal (FDA dan FDB), PDRB per kapita (pcGRDP) danPDRB per kapita kuadrat (pcGRDP kuadrat). Variabel independen PDRB perkapita dan PDRB per kapita kuadrat berfungsi sebagai variabel kontrol.Hasil regresi panel menunjukkan bahwa selama pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 25 tahun 1999 (2001-2004), desentralisasi fiskal berdampaknegatif pada ketimpangan. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa desentralisasi fiskalmengakibatkan peningkatan ketimpangan pengeluaran. Semakin besardesentralisasi fiskal menyebabkan semakin besarnya ketimpangan pengeluaran.Perubahan undang-undang desentralisasi fiskal tahun 2004 menunjukkan bahwaketimpangan dapat dikurangi. Meskipun pengaruh desentralisasi fiskal padaketimpangan masih negatif setelah tahun 2004, besar dampaknya jauh lebih kecil.

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ABSTRACTThis study attempts to investigate the effect of change in fiscal regulationduring implementation of fiscal decentralization on inequality in Indonesia. Usinga provincial panel data set consisting of 27 provinces during 2001-2012 periods,this study explains the impact of new regulation on fiscal decentralization onexpenditure inequality. This study employs Gini coefficient, Theil L, and Theil Tas a measure of inequality, while independent variables include indices of fiscaldecentralization (FDA and FDB), per capita GRDP (pcGRDP) and per capitaGRDP squared (pcGRDP squared). Independent variables, pc GRDP and pcGRDPsquared serve as control variables.The panel regression results show that during the implementation of the lawNo.25/1999 (i.e., from 2001 to 2004), fiscal decentralization has a negative impacton inequality. In particular, this study finds that fiscal decentralization appears tohave increased expenditure inequality. Higher degree of fiscal decentralizationviiUniversitas Indonesiainduces larger expenditure inequality. However, the implementation of the revisedfiscal decentralization law in 2004 seems to have mitigated inequality. Though theeffect of fiscal decentralization on inequality is still negative after 2004, themagnitude of the effect is much smaller.;This study attempts to investigate the effect of change in fiscal regulationduring implementation of fiscal decentralization on inequality in Indonesia. Usinga provincial panel data set consisting of 27 provinces during 2001-2012 periods,this study explains the impact of new regulation on fiscal decentralization onexpenditure inequality. This study employs Gini coefficient, Theil L, and Theil Tas a measure of inequality, while independent variables include indices of fiscaldecentralization (FDA and FDB), per capita GRDP (pcGRDP) and per capitaGRDP squared (pcGRDP squared). Independent variables, pc GRDP and pcGRDPsquared serve as control variables.The panel regression results show that during the implementation of the lawNo.25/1999 (i.e., from 2001 to 2004), fiscal decentralization has a negative impacton inequality. In particular, this study finds that fiscal decentralization appears tohave increased expenditure inequality. Higher degree of fiscal decentralizationviiUniversitas Indonesiainduces larger expenditure inequality. However, the implementation of the revisedfiscal decentralization law in 2004 seems to have mitigated inequality. Though theeffect of fiscal decentralization on inequality is still negative after 2004, themagnitude of the effect is much smaller.;This study attempts to investigate the effect of change in fiscal regulationduring implementation of fiscal decentralization on inequality in Indonesia. Usinga provincial panel data set consisting of 27 provinces during 2001-2012 periods,this study explains the impact of new regulation on fiscal decentralization onexpenditure inequality. This study employs Gini coefficient, Theil L, and Theil Tas a measure of inequality, while independent variables include indices of fiscaldecentralization (FDA and FDB), per capita GRDP (pcGRDP) and per capitaGRDP squared (pcGRDP squared). Independent variables, pc GRDP and pcGRDPsquared serve as control variables.The panel regression results show that during the implementation of the lawNo.25/1999 (i.e., from 2001 to 2004), fiscal decentralization has a negative impacton inequality. In particular, this study finds that fiscal decentralization appears tohave increased expenditure inequality. Higher degree of fiscal decentralizationviiUniversitas Indonesiainduces larger expenditure inequality. However, the implementation of the revisedfiscal decentralization law in 2004 seems to have mitigated inequality. Though theeffect of fiscal decentralization on inequality is still negative after 2004, themagnitude of the effect is much smaller., This study attempts to investigate the effect of change in fiscal regulationduring implementation of fiscal decentralization on inequality in Indonesia. Usinga provincial panel data set consisting of 27 provinces during 2001-2012 periods,this study explains the impact of new regulation on fiscal decentralization onexpenditure inequality. This study employs Gini coefficient, Theil L, and Theil Tas a measure of inequality, while independent variables include indices of fiscaldecentralization (FDA and FDB), per capita GRDP (pcGRDP) and per capitaGRDP squared (pcGRDP squared). Independent variables, pc GRDP and pcGRDPsquared serve as control variables.The panel regression results show that during the implementation of the lawNo.25/1999 (i.e., from 2001 to 2004), fiscal decentralization has a negative impacton inequality. In particular, this study finds that fiscal decentralization appears tohave increased expenditure inequality. Higher degree of fiscal decentralizationviiUniversitas Indonesiainduces larger expenditure inequality. However, the implementation of the revisedfiscal decentralization law in 2004 seems to have mitigated inequality. Though theeffect of fiscal decentralization on inequality is still negative after 2004, themagnitude of the effect is much smaller.]"

"Berdasarkan Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) dan sensus penduduk sejak 2010, penelitian ini menguji pengaruh keragaman etnis terhadap ketimpangan pengeluaran di Indonesia. Ini dicapai dengan menggunakan estimasi OLS menggunakan ethnic fractionalization index (efi) dan ethnic polarization index (epoi) sebagai proksi keanekaragaman etnis. Tanpa variabel kontrol, ethnic fractionalization index adalah positif dan signifikan dalam mempengaruhi ketimpangan pengeluaran di Indonesia. Tidak seperti ethnic fractionalization index, ethnic polarization index dan ketimpangan pengeluaran memiliki hubungan berbentuk U terbalik. Namun, pengaruh keragaman etnis kurang signifikan ketika variabel kontrol ditambahkan ke estimasi. Selain itu, efek keanekaragaman etnis kehilangan signifikansinya ketika memasukkan dummy wilayah ke dalam estimasi. Kami menemukan bahwa semua dummy wilayah secara signifikan mempengaruhi ketimpangan dan mengurangi efek keragaman etnis. Akhirnya, dimasukkannya interaksi antara proxy keragaman etnis dan dummy wilayah mengungkapkan hasil yang tidak terduga. Meskipun tidak signifikan, baik interaksi ethnic fractionalization index atau ethnic polarization index dengan dummy wilayah menunjukkan hubungan negatif.

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Based on the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) and population census from 2010, this study examines the effect of ethnic diversity on expenditure inequality in Indonesia. This is achieved using the OLS estimation using ethnic fractionalization index (efi) and ethnic polarization index (epoi) as the proxy of ethnic diversity. Without the control variable, the ethnic fractionalization index is positive and significant in affecting expenditure inequality in Indonesia. Unlike the ethnic fractionalization index, the ethnic polarization index and expenditure inequality have an inverted U-shaped relationship. However, the effect of ethnic diversity is less significant when control variables are added to the estimation. Additionally, the effect of ethnic diversity loses its significance when incorporating regional dummies into the estimation. We found that all regional dummies significantly affect inequality and diminish the ethnic diversity effect. Finally, the inclusion of the interaction term between ethnic diversity proxy and regional dummies reveals an unexpected result. Though not significant, both interactions of the ethnic fractionalization index or the ethnic polarization index with regional dummies show a negative relationship."

"Dengan menggunakan metode kuantitatif dari data IFLS5 dan metode tambahan dengan melakukan wawancara lapangan di Desa Pelumutan, studi ini menguji efek pola perkawinan terhadap partisipasi kerja perempuan dan efek tingkat pendidikan terhadap jam kerja di kelompok perempuan yang melakukan perkawinan asortatif dalam aspek pendidikan. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa perempuan yang memiliki suami dengan tingkat pendidikan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dirinya secara signifikan mengurangi probabilitasnya untuk masuk ke pasar kerja sebesar 3,0 persen hingga 3,4 persen, sebaliknya perempuan yang tingkat pendidikannya lebih tinggi dibanding suaminya memiliki probabilitas 3.7 hingga 4.1 persen lebih tinggi dibandingkan perempuan yang melakukan perkawinan asortatif dalam aspek pendidikan, ceteris paribus. Selain itu dalam kelompok responden yang melakukan perkawinan asortatif, peningkatan satu tahun sekolah akan mengurangi jam kerja sebesar 0.86 jam. Hasil wawancara lapangan menunjukkan bahwa jam kerja juga ditentukan berdasarkan sektor ekonomi dari pekerjaan yang dilakukan responden.

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Using quantitative method on IFLS5 data and the additional method by field interview in Pelumutan Village, the study examines how marriage pattern affects female labor participation and how educational attainment affects women rsquo s working hour in an educational assortative mating group. The study shows that women who ldquo marry up rdquo are less likely to participate in labor force by about 3.0 percent to 3.4 percent, while women who ldquo marry down rdquo are more likely to participate by about 3.7 percent to 4.1 percent than those who are married as educational assortative mating, ceteris paribus. Moreover, only in an educational assortative mating group, increasing one year of schooling would decrease women rsquo s working hour by 0.86 hour, ceteris paribus. The field interview shows that the working hour is also differs by the economic sector in respondent rsquo's job."

"Berdasarkan Survey Sosial Ekonomi Nasional SUSENAS, penelitian ini mencoba untuk menganalisa faktor ndash; faktor yang mempengaruhi ketiimpangan terhadap pengeluaran rumah tangga di sektor kesehatan dengan menggunakan metode dekomposisi ketimpangan: dekomposisi terhadap komponen ndash; komponen pengeluaran rumah tangga, dan dekomposisi terhadap sub ndash; grup populasi. Kami menemukan bahwa ketimpangan terhadap komponen ndash; komponen pengeluaran rumah tangga untuk non ndash; makanan lebih besar dibandingkan komponen pengeluaran rumah tangga untuk makanan. Di antara komponen ndash; komponen pengeluaran rumah tangga untuk non ndash; makanan, ketimpangan terhadap pengeluaran di sektor kesehatan sangatlah tinggi dan polanya cenderung stabil. Hal ini menandakan bahwa terdapat banyak rumah tangga yang masih belum mampu untuk mengakses fasilitas ndash; fasilitas kesehatan dan situasi tersebut tidak berubah selang periode penelitian. Lebih lanjut, disparitas ketimpangan di sektor kesehatan tersebut yang terjadi di antara wilayah ndash; wilayah peneltian sangatlah kecil, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa ketimpangan yang besar terhadap pengeluaran di sektor kesehatan terjadi di masing ndash; masing wilayah terutama pada daerah perkotaan. Sementara itu di antara rumah tangga yang tidak memiliki akses terhadap air minum yang berkualitas/layak terdapat banyak rumah tangga miskin yang tidak mampu untuk mengakses pelayanan kesehatan yang berkualitas. Terkait hal ndash; hal tersebut, para pembuat kebijakan kedepannya diharapkan dapat lebih fokus kepada ketimpangan yang terjadi di masing ndash; masing wilayah/provinsi terutama pada daerah perkotaan. Lebih lanjut, Pemerintah juga harus membangun fasilitas ndash; fasilitas kesehatan yang terjangkau untuk seluruh lapisan masyarakat, serta meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas tenaga medis yang bekerja di fasilitas ndash; fasilitas kesehatan tersebut.

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Based on the National Socioeconomic Survey, this study attempts to explore the factors of health expenditure inequality by using two inequality decomposition methods decomposition by expenditure components and decomposition by population sub groups. It is found that non food expenditure inequality is much higher than food expenditure inequality. Among non food expenditure inequalities, health expenditure inequality is very high and quite stable, suggesting that many households could not afford to pay for high quality health care services and this situation has not been improved. Health expenditure disparity between regions is very small, meaning that a very large health expenditure inequality exists within each region, particularly urban areas. Households who have access to qualified water have a much lower health expenditure inequality than those who have no or limited access, suggesting that among those who have no or limited access, there is a large number of very poor households who cannot afford to pay for decent health care services. Policy makers should focus more on health expenditure inequality within urban areas in each region. The government should establish more low cost health care centers, particularly in urban areas in each region and increase medical doctors who could work in these health care centers."

"Penelitian ini meneliti dampak dari pengeluaran pendidikan pemerintah terhadap kesenjangan pengeluaran rumah tangga di Indonesia. Hal tersebut dilatarbelakangi adanya keterbatasan kemampuan keuangan pemerintah. Alokasi yang tepat khususnya pada sektor pendidikan diharapkan dapat mendorong pengurangan kemiskinan dan kesenjangan sosial. Berdasarkan penelitian menggunakan data level provinsi di Indonesia dengan periode 2003 sampai dengan 2011 dan menggunakan fixed effect model, peneliti menemukan bahwa kenaikan anggaran pendidikan samapai dengan 20% mampu untuk mengurangi Koefisien Gini sebesar 1,601. Oleh karena itu kebijakan ini mampu untuk mengurangi kesenjangan pengeluaran antar rumah tangga di Indonesia. Temuan lainnya, dampak desentralisasi pengelolaan dana pendidikan secara statistik tidak signifikan. Hal ini berarti bahwa baik dana pendidikan dikelola oleh pemerintah pusat maupun pemerintah daerah, dampak pengeluaran pendidikan pemerintah terhadap kesenajang pengeluaran ruamh tangga relatif sama.

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This study investigates the impact of government education spending on expenditure inequality in Indonesia. Since the government of Indonesia has limited resources to finance public sector, right budget allocation on public sector, particularly education is expected to encourage reducing poverty and inequalities. By investigating data across provinces in 2003-2011 using fixed effect model, this study finds that increase in the proportion of the education spending up to 20% of the government budget are able to reduce gini coefficient by 1.601. Therefore, this policy are able to reduce expenditure inequality among households in Indonesia. Another finding is that the impact of dezentralization of the education spending on expenditure inequality is statistically insignificant. It means that wether the manager of education funds is central governmnet or local government, the impact of education spending on expenditure inequality among households is relatively the same."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis korelasi bantuan pendidikan dengan basis syarat need dan merit di Universitas Indonesia terhadap pendapatan individu dan ketimpangan pada tingkat program studi. Studi ini menggunakan metode pooled cross section regression dengan data Tracer Study Universitas Indonesia. Hasil menunjukkan penerima bantuan berbasis need memiliki pendapatan yang lebih rendah sedangkan penerima bantuan merit memiliki pendapatan lebih tinggi dibandingkan non-penerima bantuan. Pada penelitian ini juga ditemukan korelasi positif antara proporsi bantuan pendidikan need terhadap ketimpangan prodi. Namun tidak ditemukan korelasi antara proporsi bantuan merit dengan ketimpangan pendapatan pada tingkat program studi. Studi ini memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang dampak dari dua jenis bantuan pendidikan di tingkat perguruan tinggi, khususnya di Universitas Indonesia.

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This research analyzes the correlation of educational aid based on need and merit at the University of Indonesia with individual income and inequality at the study program level. This research uses pooled cross-section regression method with data from the Tracer Study at the University of Indonesia. The results show that need-based aid recipients have lower incomes, while merit-based aid recipients have higher incomes compared to non-recipients. The study also found a positive correlation between the proportion of need-based educational aid and income inequality at the study program level. However, no correlation was found between the proportion of merit-based aid and income inequality at the study program level. The study provides a deeper understanding of the impact of these two types of education assistance at the university level, especially at the University of Indonesia."