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"[ABSTRAKLi4Ti5O12/Si merupakan kandidat material menjanjikan dalam mengoptimalkan karakteristik Si dan Li4Ti5O12 sebagai material anoda pada Baterai Ion Lithium. Pembuatan Li4Ti5O12/Si dengan penambahan silikon sebesar 2 wt.%, 5 wt.%, dan 10 wt.% telah berhasil dilakukan. Partikel Silikon yang ditambahkan mempunyai ukuran 81 nm sebesar 66,7% dan 4100 ? 7500 nm sebesar 2,5 %. Proses sol-gel digunakan untuk membuat xerogel TiO2/Si dari bakalan titanium tetrabutoksida. Serbuk TiO2/Si didapatkan dengan memberikan perlakuan panas xerogel TiO2/Si pada suhu 300oC di dalam tube furnace dengan kondisi aerasi. Pencampuran serbuk TiO2/Si dengan Li2CO3 dilakukan dengan menggunakan High Energy Ball Mill. Perlakuan panas diberikan pada campuran serbuk tersebut pada suhu 650oC di dalam tube furnace dengan kondisi aerasi untuk mendapatkan serbuk Li4Ti5O12/Si. Karakteristik xerogel TiO2/Si, serbuk TiO2/Si, dan serbuk Li4Ti5O12/Si didapat dengan melakukan uji SEM-EDS, XRD, dan BET. Hasil yang didapat bahwa penambahan silikon akan mempengaruhi morfologi pembentukan TiO2 dan Li4Ti5O12 sehingga berpengaruh pada luas permukaan yang dihasilkannya, dimana luas permukaan maksimal pada 10 wt.% untuk xerogel TiO2/Si, 0 wt.% untuk serbuk TiO2/Si, dan 10 wt.% untuk serbuk Li4Ti5O12/Si. Selain itu, kristalinitas TiO2 tidak berubah secara signifikan dan kristalinitas Li4Ti5O12 menurun seiring dengan meningkatnya penambahan silikon. Karakteristik thermal serbuk Li4Ti5O12/Si didapatkan dengan melakukan pengujian STA. Hasil yang didapat bahwa panambahan silikon meningkatkan suhu transformasi material dan mengurangi pengurangan massa yang terjadi.

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ABSTRACT

, Li4Ti5O12/Si is a promising candidate material in optimizing the characteristic of Si and Li4Ti5O12 as anode material in Lithium Ion Batteries. Li4Ti5O12/Si with the addition of silicon at 2 wt.%, 5 wt.%, and 10 wt.% have been successfully manufactured. Silicon particles size was about 81 nm as much as 66.7% and 4,100 – 7,500 nm as much as 2.5%. Sol-gel process was used to create a TiO2/Si xerogel with titanium tetrabutoxside as a precursor. TiO2/Si powder was obtained by providing heat treatment TiO2/Si xerogel at 300oC in a tube furnace with aeration conditions. TiO2/Si powder and Li2CO3 powder were mixed by using the High Energy Ball Mill. The heat treatment was given to the powder mixture at 650oC in a tube furnace with aeration conditions to obtain Li4Ti5O12/Si powder. Characteristics of TiO2/Si xerogel, TiO2/Si powder, and Li4Ti5O12/Si powder were obtained by using SEM-EDS, XRD, and BET characterizations. The addition of silicon affected the morphology formation of TiO2 and Li4Ti5O12 so the effect on the resulting surface area which the maximum surface area at 10 wt.% on TiO2/Si xerogel, 0 wt.% on TiO2/Si powder, and 10 wt.% on Li4Ti5O12/Si powder. In addition, the cristallinity of TiO2 did not change significantly and the cristallinity of Li4Ti5O12 decreased with increasing addition of silicon particles. Thermal characteristics of the Li4Ti5O12/Si powder was obtained by using STA characterizations. The addition of silicon particles increased the transformation temperature of the material and reduce weight loss that occurs.]"

"Pada penelitian ini telah dibuat material komposit Li4Ti5O12/Si karena material ini memiliki karakteristik yang menjanjikan untuk digunakan sebagai material anoda baterai li-ion. Pembuatan komposit Li4Ti5O12/Si dengan penambahan 15%wt Si dan 20%wt Si serta digunakan material Li4Ti5O12 tanpa penambahan Si sebagai pembanding. Xerogel TiO2/Si dibuat dengan metode sol-gel. Serbuk TiO2/Si didapat setelah melakukan kalsinasi pada suhu 300oC dengan kondisi aerasi. Penghalusan dan pencampuran serbuk menggunakan High Energy Ball Mill. Sumber lithium yang digunakan berbentuk Li2CO3. Perlakuan panas diberikan pada campuran serbuk pada suhu 750oC kondisi aerasi untuk menghasilkan serbuk Li4Ti5O12/Si. Karakterisasi komposit Li4Ti5O12/Si didapat dengan melakukan pengujian XRD, BET, dan SEM-EDS. Ukuran kristalit Li4Ti5O12 yang didapatkan untuk penambahan 0%wt Si, 15%wt Si, dan 20%wt adalah 52,6nm; 40,98nm; dan 40,55nm. Luas permukaan yang didapatkan untuk penambahan 0%wt Si, 15%wt Si, dan 20%wt adalah 11,46m2/g; 3,26 m2/g; dan 0,256m2/g. Ukuran partikel untuk penambahan 0%wt Si, 15%wt Si, dan 20%wt adalah 1,62µm; 6,25µm; dan 8,91µm.

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Having promising charateristics to be used as a substance for Li-Ion anode battery, the Li4Ti5O12/Si composite material has been conducted in this experiment. The addition of 15%wt Si and 20%wt Si are included in the making process of Li4Ti5O12/Si composite, and as for the comparison, Li4Ti5O12 material with no addition is also used. Xerogel TiO2/Si is conducted through sol-gel method. TiO2/Si powder is gained after the calcination process within 300oC temperature in aeration condition. The powder's rarefaction and mixing, are using the High Energy Ball Mill with Li2CO3 as the Lithium Source. Heat treatment is given to the powder mixing at 750oC temperature in aeration condition to conduct Li4Ti5O12/Si powder. As for the result, Li4Ti5O12/Si will be conducted through XRD, BET tests and SEM-EDS. The size of Li4Ti5O12 crystalite for the 0%wt Si, 15%wt Si, and 20%wt additions are 52,6nm; 40,98nm; and 40,55nm. The surface areas for 0%wt Si, 15%wt Si, and 20%wt are 11,46m2/g; 3,26 m2/g; and 0,256m2/g. The size of particles for the 0%wt Si, 15%wt Si, and 20%wt additions are 1,62µm; 6,25µm; and 8,91µm."

"Litium titanat Li4Ti5O12 merupakan salah satu material yang sedang dikembangkan sebagai anoda pada baterai litium ion. Kelebihan litium titanat diantaranya memiliki sifat zero-strain yaitu tidak terjadi perubahan volume atau perubahan volume yang sangat rendah (<1%) saat charge dan discharge, tidak menimbulkan SEI, dan dapat digunakan untuk high rate. Namun litium titanat memiliki kelemahan berupakonduktivitas listrik dan kapasitas yang rendah. Oleh karena itu perlu dikombinas ika n dengan bahan lain yang memiliki kapasitas tinggi seperti silikon dan bahan yang memilik i konduktivitas listrik tinggi seperti karbon. Dalam penelitian ini komposit Li4Ti5O12-C/Si Nano dibuat untuk mendapat anoda dengan kapasitas dan konduktivitas listrik yang tinggi. Karbon ditambahkan dengan variasi 1, 3, dan 5 wt% pada saat proses sol-gel, sedangkan Si nano ditambahkan sebesar 10 wt% dari total material aktif pada pembuatan slurry. Karbon yang ditambahkan merupakan karbon aktif yang sebelumnya telah dilakukan proses aktivasidengan menggunakan NaOH.Karbon aktif hasil aktivasi dilakukan karakterisasi BET dan SEM-EDS. Sementara, komposit Li4Ti5O12-C/Si Nano di karakterisasi dengan XRD danSEM-EDS, sertadilakukan pengujian EIS, CV, dan CDuntuk mengetahui performa elektrokimia baterai. Karbon aktif memiliki luas permukaan spesifik sebesar 490,007 m2/g serta ditemukan pori pada struktur mikro karbon aktif. Berdasarkan hasil uji EIS diperoleh bahwa konduktivitas listrik tertinggi terdapat padaLi4Ti5O12-1%C/Si Nano. Kapasitas spesifik tertinggiberdasarkan hasil uji CVterdapat pada Li4Ti5O12-3%C/Si Nanoyaitu sebesar 168 mAh/g.Kapasitas charge-discharge tertinggi pada current rate 0,2 C sampai 20 C berdasarkan hasil uji CD terdapat pada Li4Ti5O12-5%C/Si Nano.

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Lithium titanate is one of the materials being developed as anode in Li-ion battery. Lithium titanate has zero-strain properties that does notvolume change or very low volume change (<1%) at charge and discharge, does not cause SEI, and can be used for high rate. However, lithium titanate has a weakness such aslowelectrical conductivit y and low capacity. Therefore,it needs to be combined with high-capacity materials such as silicon and materials that have high electrical conductivity such as carbon.

In this study,the composite Li4Ti5O12-C/Si Nano was made toobtain an anode with high capacity and electricalconductivity. Carbon is added with a variation of 1, 3, and 5 wt% during the sol-gel process, while Si nano is added by 10wt% of the total activematerialingred ie nt in the slurry making. The carbon added is activated carbon which has previously been activated by using NaOH. Activated carbon as activation result ischaracterized by BET and SEM-EDS. Composite Li4Ti5O12-C/Si nano is characterized by XRD and SEM-EDS. Then, to determine the battery performance, EIS, CV, and CD testwere conducted. Activated carbon has a specific surface area of 490.007 m2/g and found pores in the micro structureof activated carbon.

Based on EIS test results obtained that the highest electrical conductivity is found in Li4Ti5O12-1%C/SiNano. The highest specific capacity based on CV test resultsis found inLi4Ti5O12-3%C/Si Nanowhich is168 mAh/gand the highest charge-discharge capacity at current rate 0,2 C to 20 C based on CD test results is found in Li4Ti5O12-5%C/SiNano."

"[Telah dilakukan peningkatan konduktivitas listrik LiFePO4 dengan metode penambahan material logam nano Cu dan CNTs. Metode ini menjadi pilihan yang menarik karena mudah dan murah dalam proses pembuatannya. Proses sintesis dilakukan dengan mencampur serbuk LiFePO4 (komersil) dengan variasi presentase berat nano tembaga (komersil) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % dan 5 wt. % nano karbon (komersil)kemudian di proses vacuum mixing dan film applicator. Pengujian XRD, SEM dan EDX dilakukan pada serbuk yang diterima untuk mengkonfirmasi fasa, ukuran butir serta ada tidaknya impurities. Hasil XRD dan EDX pada serbuk nano Cu menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi oksidasi dan terbentuk menjadi CuO dan Cu2O, serta ditemukanadanya impurities elemen S sebesar 8.5 wt. %. Komposisi fasa yang dihasilkan dari proses penambahan didapat dari menganalisis pola difraksi XRD menunjukkan bahwa fasa yang terbentuk adalahLiFePO4 namun ditemukan adanya impurities berupa Cu4O3 pada variasi penambahan 80 wt. % LiFePO4, 5 wt. % Cu, 5 wt. % C, dan 10 wt. % PVDF. Konduktivitas listrik diuji material katoda LiFePO4 dengan EIS, dan hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa konduktivitas listrik LiFePO4 meningkat seiiring dengan penambahan nano Cu namun tidak terlalu signifikan (dalam satu orde), hal ini dikarenakan efek oksidasi pada Cu.Pada variasi penambahan nano C dan nano Cu terjadi peningkatan sebesar 3 orde dengan nilai konduktivitas sebesar 8.4 x 10-5 S/cm pada variasi penambahan 80 wt. % LiFePO4, 5 wt. % Cu, 5 wt. % C. Penambahan nano karbon pada LiFePO4 lebih efektif dalam peningkatan konduktivitas dibandingkan dengan penambahan nano Cudikarenakan efek oksidasi pada Cu yang tidak dapat dihindari. Morfologi material katoda dan distribusi nano Cu dan nano karbon dianalisis menggunakan SEM/EDX, menunjukkan material yang dicampur pada variasi penambahan nano Cu cukup homogen, struktur butir spherical, sedangkan pada variasi penambahan nano Cu dannano karbon struktur butir polyhedral dengan ukuran butir berada pada rentang 100- 500 nm. Struktur butir ini mempengaruhi hasil cole plot dimana pada variasi penambahan Cu terbentuk semicircle sedangkan pada penambahan nano C tidak;Improved of Electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 with the method of adding Cu Nano metal material and CNTs has been done. This method is an attractive option because it is easy and inexpensive in the manufacturing process. Synthesis process isdone by mixing the powder LiFePO4 (commercial) with a variation of the percentage by weight of Nano copper (commercial) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % and 5 wt. % CNTs (commercial) and then process in vacuum mixing and film applicator. Testing XRD, SEM and EDX performed on the powder to confirm the phase, grain size and the presence or absence of impurities. Results of XRD and EDX on Nano Cu powder showed that there had been oxidation and formed into CuO and Cu2O, and discovered the existence of impurities elements S of 8.5 wt. %.Phase composition as the result from adding process obtained with analyzing the XRD diffraction pattern showed that the phase formed is LiFePO4 yet found any impurities in the form of Cu4O3 on variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt. %, 5 wt. % Cu, 5 wt. % C, and 10 wt. % PVDF. The electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 cathode material was tested by EIS, and the results showed that the electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 increased with the addition of Nano-Cu but not too significant (still on the same order), this is because the effects of oxidation on Cu. On the addition of Nano C and Nano Cu variation there is an increase of 3 order with conductivity value 8.4 x 10-5 S / cm at variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt.%, 5 wt.% Cu, 5 wt.% C. The addition of CNTs is more effective in LiFePO4 conductivity increase, compared to the additionof Nano-Cu due to the effects of oxidation on Cu are unavoidable. Cathode material morphology and distribution of CNTs and Nano Cu analyzed using SEM / EDX, showed mixed material on the variation of the addition of Nano Cu quite homogenous, spherical grain structure, while the variation of the addition of Nano Cu and CNTs structures polyhedral grains with a grain size in the range 100-500 nm. This affects the grain structure results in a variation of Cole plot where the addition of Cu is formed semicircle, while the addition of Nano C is not.;Improved of Electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 with the method of adding CuNano metal material and CNTs has been done. This method is an attractive optionbecause it is easy and inexpensive in the manufacturing process. Synthesis process isdone by mixing the powder LiFePO4 (commercial) with a variation of the percentageby weight of Nano copper (commercial) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % and 5 wt. % CNTs(commercial) and then process in vacuum mixing and film applicator. Testing XRD,SEM and EDX performed on the powder to confirm the phase, grain size and thepresence or absence of impurities. Results of XRD and EDX on Nano Cu powdershowed that there had been oxidation and formed into CuO and Cu2O, and discoveredthe existence of impurities elements S of 8.5 wt. %.Phase composition as the result from adding process obtained with analyzingthe XRD diffraction pattern showed that the phase formed is LiFePO4 yet found anyimpurities in the form of Cu4O3 on variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt. %, 5 wt. %Cu, 5 wt. % C, and 10 wt. % PVDF. The electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 cathodematerial was tested by EIS, and the results showed that the electrical conductivity ofLiFePO4 increased with the addition of Nano-Cu but not too significant (still on thesame order), this is because the effects of oxidation on Cu. On the addition of Nano Cand Nano Cu variation there is an increase of 3 order with conductivity value 8.4 x 10-5 S / cm at variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt.%, 5 wt.% Cu, 5 wt.% C. The additionof CNTs is more effective in LiFePO4 conductivity increase, compared to the additionof Nano-Cu due to the effects of oxidation on Cu are unavoidable. Cathode materialmorphology and distribution of CNTs and Nano Cu analyzed using SEM / EDX,showed mixed material on the variation of the addition of Nano Cu quite homogenous,spherical grain structure, while the variation of the addition of Nano Cu and CNTsstructures polyhedral grains with a grain size in the range 100-500 nm. This affects thegrain structure results in a variation of Cole plot where the addition of Cu is formedsemicircle, while the addition of Nano C is not., Improved of Electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 with the method of adding CuNano metal material and CNTs has been done. This method is an attractive optionbecause it is easy and inexpensive in the manufacturing process. Synthesis process isdone by mixing the powder LiFePO4 (commercial) with a variation of the percentageby weight of Nano copper (commercial) 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. % and 5 wt. % CNTs(commercial) and then process in vacuum mixing and film applicator. Testing XRD,SEM and EDX performed on the powder to confirm the phase, grain size and thepresence or absence of impurities. Results of XRD and EDX on Nano Cu powdershowed that there had been oxidation and formed into CuO and Cu2O, and discoveredthe existence of impurities elements S of 8.5 wt. %.Phase composition as the result from adding process obtained with analyzingthe XRD diffraction pattern showed that the phase formed is LiFePO4 yet found anyimpurities in the form of Cu4O3 on variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt. %, 5 wt. %Cu, 5 wt. % C, and 10 wt. % PVDF. The electrical conductivity of LiFePO4 cathodematerial was tested by EIS, and the results showed that the electrical conductivity ofLiFePO4 increased with the addition of Nano-Cu but not too significant (still on thesame order), this is because the effects of oxidation on Cu. On the addition of Nano Cand Nano Cu variation there is an increase of 3 order with conductivity value 8.4 x 10-5 S / cm at variations LiFePO4 addition of 80 wt.%, 5 wt.% Cu, 5 wt.% C. The additionof CNTs is more effective in LiFePO4 conductivity increase, compared to the additionof Nano-Cu due to the effects of oxidation on Cu are unavoidable. Cathode materialmorphology and distribution of CNTs and Nano Cu analyzed using SEM / EDX,showed mixed material on the variation of the addition of Nano Cu quite homogenous,spherical grain structure, while the variation of the addition of Nano Cu and CNTsstructures polyhedral grains with a grain size in the range 100-500 nm. This affects thegrain structure results in a variation of Cole plot where the addition of Cu is formedsemicircle, while the addition of Nano C is not.]"

"Jenis baterai yang banyak dipakai saat ini, yaitu baterai ion litium. LTO merupakan material anoda yang menjanjikan karena memiliki siklus yang stabil, kapabilitas tinggi, dan aman dengan elektrolit konvensional. Alasan lain yang menjadikan LTO sebagai material yang menjanjikan untuk digunakan sebagai baterai ion litium yaitu karena memiliki sifat interkalasi dan deinterkalasi ion litium yang baik dan juga mobilitas ion litium yang luar biasa. Untuk meningkatkan kembali performa dari LTO demi memenuhi kebutuhan media penyimpan energi yang tinggi maka pada penelitian kali ini dilakukan doping pada LTO dengan co-doping Mg dan Mn dengan penambahan cerasperse sebagai zat pendispersi pada saat sintesis material aktif. Dispersan cerasperse (Ammonium Polycarbonate) bisa digunakan untuk mendispersikan partikel dan juga menghindari terjadinya agregasi. Dispersan memiliki peran positif terhadap penyebaran material aktif pada elektroda. Ketika penyebaran material aktif merata maka akan meningkatkan performa dari baterai. Metode untuk pencampuran prekursor sintesis awal dilakukan dengan metode solid-state dan dibantu dengan proses sonikasi. Variasi pada penambahan cerasperse yaitu sebesar 0%, 2,5%, 5%, dan 7,5%. Dari hasil pengujian SEM EDS menunjukkan bahwa penambahan cerasperse sebanyak 7,5% bisa mengurangi terjadinya aglomerasi dan meningkatkan persebaran partikel pada serbuk LTO/MgMn. Pada penambahan cerasperse sebanyak 7,5% juga terjadi peningkatan konduktifitas dari baterai berdasarkan pengujian EIS tetapi kapasitas spesifik yang dihasilkan buruk berdasarkan pengujian CV dan CD.

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The lithium ion battery is the sort of battery that is most frequently used nowadays. LTO is a guaranteed anode material because it has a stable cycle, high capability, and is safe with conventional electrolytes. Another reason that makes LTO a promising material for use in lithium ion batteries is that it has good lithium ion intercalation and deintercalation properties as well as the outstanding mobility of lithium ions. To improve the performance of LTO in order to meet the need for high energy storage media, in this study, LTO was doped with Mg and Mn co-doping with the addition of cerasperse as a dispersing agent during the synthesis of active materials. Dispersants like Cerasperse (Ammonium Polycarbonate) can be employed to spread particles out while also preventing agglomeration. Dispersants have a positive role in the dispersion of the active matter on the electrodes. When the active material is evenly distributed, it will improve the performance of the battery. The method for mixing the precursors of the initial synthesis was carried out by the solid-state method and assisted by the sonication process. Variations in the addition of cerasperse are 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. From the results of the SEM EDS test, it was shown that the addition of 7.5% cerasperse could reduce the occurrence of agglomeration and increase the distribution of particles in LTO/MgMn powder. According to EIS tests, the battery's conductivity increased at a cerasperse addition of 7.5 %, however the specific capacity produced was poor based on chargedischarge."

"Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LFP - LiFePO4) adalah salah satu jenis katoda dalam baterai lithium-ion. LFP memiliki struktur olivine yang membuat katoda ini bersifat stabil. Bahan pembentuk LFP tergolong murah dan LFP dapat digunakan untuk jangka panjang berkat cycle rate yang tinggi. Namun, dalam aplikasinya katoda ini memiliki konduktifitas dan kapasitas yang rendah. Dalam penelitian ini, sintesis LFP akan menggunakan metode ball-milling yang dibantu dengan ultrasonic treatment yang akan mengurangi ukuran partikel dan mempercepat penguraian precursor Fe2O3, mengakibatkan peningkatan kapasitas pada siklus tinggi. Penambahan bubuk nikel dengan jumlah 7.5%wt merupakan salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan konduktifitas dan kapasitas LFP yang rendah. Selain itu, penggunaan bubuk nikel juga merupakan opsi yang lebih murah dibandingkan dengan menggunakan bahan aditif lainnya. Penelitian ini akan membandingkan LFP/C, LFP/Ni, dan dua sampel yang sama dengan penambahan metode ultrasonic. Pengamatan SEM dan XRD membuktikan bahwa dengan ultrasonic treatment partikel menjadi lebih halus dan nikel berhasil masuk ke LFP sebagai reinforcing composite.

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Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LFP - LiFePO4) is one type of cathode in a lithium-ion battery. LFP has an olivine structure which makes this a stable cathode. LFP precursors are relatively cheap and LFP can be used for the long term thanks to its high cycle rate due to the olivine structure. However, in its application this cathode has low conductivity and capacity. In this research, LFP synthesis will use a ball-milling method which is assisted by ultrasonic treatment which will reduce particle size and accelerate the dissolution of Fe2O3 precursors, resulting in increased capacity at higher cycles. The addition of 7.5%wt of nickel powder is one way to increase conductivity and low LFP capacity. In addition, the use of nickel powder is also a cheaper alternative compared to using other additives. This study will compare LFP/C, LFP/Ni, and the same two samples with the addition of the ultrasonic method. SEM and XRD observations has proven that ultrasonic treatment has made the particle size become smoother and nickel successfully enters the LFP as a reinforcing composite."

"Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LiFePO4) adalah kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan sumber energi elektrik yang ramah lingkungan. Penambahan Ni komposit dalam baterai berbasis Li-ion dapat meningkatan performa dari baterai LiFePO4. Dalam penelitian ini, LiFePO4 akan disintesis dengan menggunakan Fe2O3, H3PO4, dan LiOH melalui cara solid-state dan dilakukan perlakuan panas yaitu sintering. Setelah itu, prekursor dikompositkan dengan tiga variasi penambahan konten Nikel dalam % berat, yaitu 5, 7 dan 10% melalui metode solid-state dengan ball mill diberi label LFP/5-Ni, LFP/7.5-Ni dan LFP/10-Ni. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan XRD dan SEM untuk mengamati efek penambahan Nikel pada struktur dan morfologi sampel yang dihasilkan.

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Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LiFePO4) is a promising candidate as an environmental friendly electric energy sources. The addition of Nickel composite in Lithium-ion battery based can enhance the performance of LiFePO4 batteries. In this experiment, LiFePO4 was synthesized using Fe2O3, H3PO4, and LiOH by solid-state method and heat treated with sintering process. After that, the precursor were composited with the various Nickel composition, in % wt, 5, 7.5 and 10% with solid-state method by using ball mill and labeled as LFP/5-Ni, LFP/7.5-Ni and LFP/10-Ni respectively. The characterizations were made using XRD and SEM testing. These were performed to observe the effect of Nickel addition on structure and morphology of the resulting samples."

"ABSTRAKOptimasi Anoda LTO-Sn dengan Penambahan Karbon Aktif pada Baterai Litium-ion Penelitian ini membahas mengenai optimasi anoda LTO-Sn dengan penambahan karbon aktif. Persen Sn yang ditambahkan adalah 5, 7.5, dan 12.5 berat. Sementara pada LTO dengan kadar karbon 5, 15 dan 25 berat, ditambahkan Sn 7.5 berat. Analisi sintesis material dilakukan dengan menguji XRD, BET dan SEM. Analisis performa baterai dilakukan dengan uji EIS, CV, dan CD. Didapatkan luas permukaan yang lebih besar dengan penambahan karbon. Pengamatan SEM juga menunjukkan morfologi yang lebih halus, ditunjukkan dengan ukuran partikel yang lebih kecil, walaupun masih terdapat aglomerat beras dan kecil. Hasil EIS menunjukkan penambahan Sn memberikan nilai konduktivitas yang lebih baik, sementara penambahan karbon menurunkan konduktivitas. Hasil CD menunjukkan penambahan Sn menurunkan kapasitas pada 12C sementara penambahan karbon menaikkan kapasitas yang bisa tercapai. Hasil XRD dan CV menunjukkan terdapat senyawa LTO, TiO2 rutile, TiO2 anatase, dan Sn. LTO dengan penambahan Sn 7.5 dan karbon 5 menjadi parameter optimum untuk mencapai kapasitas sebesar 270.2 mAh/g pada saat discharge dan LTO dengan penambahan Sn 12.5 menjadi sampel dengan kapasitas charge terbesar yaitu 191.1 mAh/g

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ABSTRACTOptimization of LTO Sn Anode with Activated Carbon Addition on Lithium ion Batteries This study discusses the LTO Sn anode optimization with the addition of activated carbon. Percent Sn added was 5, 7.5, and 12.5 wt. While the LTO with a carbon content of 5, 15 and 25 added 7.5 wt Sn. Analysis done by testing the material synthesis XRD, BET and SEM. Analysis of the performance of the battery is done by using EIS, CV, and CD. Obtained a larger surface area with the addition of carbon. SEM observations also show finer morphology, shown with a smaller particle size, although there are small and big agglomerates. EIS results showed the addition of Sn provides better conductivity value, while the addition of carbon to lower the conductivity. The CD results showed the addition of Sn lowering capacity at 12C while adding carbon to raise capacity that could be achieved at same C rates. The results of XRD and CV shows there are LTO compound, TiO2 rutile, TiO2 anatase, and Sn. LTO with the addition of Sn 7.5 and 5 carbon given optimum parameters to achieve a capacity of 270.2 mAh g at discharge. LTO with the addition of Sn 12.5 to the sample achieve a charge capacity 191.1 mAh g"

"Litium-Ferrous-Fosfat, LiFePO4 (LFP) adalah kandidat yang menjanjikan sebagai bahan katoda baterai lithium ion. Dalam penelitian ini, LFP akan disintesis dengan menggunakan Fe2O3 melalui cara solid-state dengan bantuan H3PO4 and LiOH•H2O. Setelah itu, nikel akan ditambahkan ke LFP secara komposit. Penambahan konten glukosa sebagai sumber karbon akan dilakukan dengan tiga variasi, 6%, 8% dan 10%. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan XRD dan SEM untuk mengamati efek variasi konten karbon pada struktur dan morfologi sampel yang dihasilkan.

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Lithium-iron-phosphate, LiFePO4 (LFP) is one of promising candidate in development of battery cathode. In this experiment, the LFP will be synthesize using Fe2O3, H3PO4 and LiOH•H2O as precursors through solid-state process. Nickel will be added to the LFP/C to improve the properties of LFP/C. The addition of varies glucose content as a carbon source will be done, 6%, 8% and 10%. Material characterization of the samples will be done by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to observe the effect of glucose content on the material structure and morphology."

"Lithium titanate, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is a promising candidate as lithium ion battery anode material. In this investigation, LTO was synthesized by a solid state method using TiO2 xerogel prepared by the sol-gel method and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3). Three variations of Li2CO3 content addition in mol% or Li2CO3 molar excess were fabricated, i.e., 0, 50 and 100%, labelled as sample LTO-1, LTO-2 and LTO-3, respectively. The characterizations were made using XRD, FESEM, and BET testing. These were performed to observe the effect of lithium excess addition on structure, morphology, and surface area of the resulting samples. Results showed that the crystallite size and surface area of each sample was 50.80 nm, 17.86 m2/gr for LTO-1; 53.14 nm, 22.53 m2/gr for LTO-2; and 38.09 nm, 16.80 m2/gr for LTO-3. Furthermore, lithium excess caused the formation of impure compound Li2TiO3, while a very small amount of rutile TiO2 was found in LTO-1. A near-pure crystalline Li4Ti5O12 compound was successfully synthesized using the present method with stoichiometric composition with 0% excess, indicating very little Li+ loss during the sintering process."