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"Pengembangan proses kendali telah mempermudah system operasi di pabrik. Tuntutan pengendalian proses saat ini adalah response yang dapat mencapai setpoint dengan cepat dan tanpa overshoot yang berlebihhan. Dengan ini, operasi pabrik dalam hal energi dan produk yang dibawah spesifikasi dapat teroptimisasi. Shell Heavy Oil Fractionator (SHOF) merupakan standar dari masalah proses kendali yang dikembangkan oleh Prett dan Garcia (1988). Studi in menggunakan pendekatan model predictive control (MPC) untuk mengendalikan kolom fraksinasi Shell. Tiga controller diujikan terhadap beberap kasus, seperti setpoint tracking dan disturbance rejection. Sebagai tambahan, ketidakpastian dimasukkan ke dalam model proses untuk menguji performa dari controller. Hasil dari studi ini menunjukkan bahwa MPC Controller 3 dapat mencapai setpoint dengan adanya gangguan dan ketidakpastian.

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The development of process control has made the control of plant operation in industries simpler. The current demand for process control is to achieve a control response which can accomplish a desired setpoint at a faster rate and without high overshoots. This, in turn, optimizes the plant operation in terms of energy consumption and the underspecified products. The Shell Heavy Oil Fractionator (SHOF) problem is a benchmark control problem by Prett and Garcia (1988). This study uses an MPC control approach to control the Shell heavy oil fractionator problem. Three controllers are tested to a number of scenarios, such as setpoint tracking and disturbance rejection. In addition, model mismatch is introduced to the process model to test the controllers’ performance in the presence of model mismatch. The results show that the MPC Controller 3 is capable of tracking set point in the presence of disturbance and model mismatch."

"ABSTRAKPeralatan penukar panas tipe shell and tube merupakan peralatan yang berfungsi untuk mentransfer panas di antara dua atau lebih fluida. Di industri pengolahan minyak, peran peralatan ini sangatlah penting. Kegagalan pada alat penukar panas akan berdampak terhadap keandalan, ketersediaan, dan keamanan peralatan secara keseluruhan, yang pada akhirnya dapat menyebabkan kerugian finansial. Oleh karena itu, penyelidikan perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui akar penyebab kegagalan tabung penukar panas, sehingga kegagalan yang serupa tidak terulang kembali di kemudian hari. Penyelidikan dilakukan pada bagian shell dan tube yang meliputi pengamatan lapangan, pengukuran dimensi, pengamatan visual, serta melakukan pengujian tidak merusak menggunakan die penetran.Dari pengamatan pada bagian shell, tidak tampak ada tanda kerusakan pada bagian luar maupun dalam, sedangkan pengamatan pada bagian tube tampak tanda kerusakan sehingga dilakukan pengujian metalografi dengan mikroskop optik dan pemindaian mikroskop elektron, dan analisis komposisi kimia.Hasil analisis menyimpulkan bahwa akar penyebab kegagalan pada tube adalah karena retak korosi retak tegang (stress corrosion cracking), yang disebabkan oleh kombinasi dari lingkungan kerja asam dan tegangan tarik.

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ABSTRACTShell and tube type heat exchanger is the equipment that functioned to transfer heat between two or more fluids. In the oil processing industry, the role of this equipment is very important. Failure of the heat exchanger will have an impact on the overall reliability, availability and safety of the equipment, which in turn can cause financial losses. Therefore, an investigation needs to be carried out to find out the root cause of the failure of the heat exchanger tube, so that similar failures do not recur in the future. Investigations were carried out on the shell and tube sections which included field observations, dimensional measurements, visual observations, as well as non-destructive testing using die penetrants.From observations on the shell, there were no visible signs of damage either on the outside or inside, while observations on the tube showed signs of damage so metallographic testing with optical microscop and scanning electron microscop, and chemical composition analysis were carried out.The results of the analysis concluded that the root cause of failure in the tube is due to stress corrosion cracking, which is caused by a combination of acid working environment and tensile stress."

"Fatty acid metyl ester (FAME) merupakan bahan bakar terbarukan sebagai alternatif ramah lingkungan untuk bahan bakar fosil. Pada prinsipnya produksi FAME bergantung pada reaksi transesterifikasi asam lemak yang terkandung dalam minyak nabati atau limbah yang kaya asam lemak seperti minyak goreng bekas dengan alkohol rantai pendek dengan bantuan katalis. Pada penelitian ini telah berhasil disintesis nanopartikel MgO dan material core-shell MgO@SiO2 melalui metode sol-gel dengan surfaktan kationik (CTAB) sebagai pengarah struktur. Ke dua katalis tersebut sudah dikarakterisasi dengan FTIR, XRD, SEM, dan BET. Seluruh data karakterisasi mendukung terbentuknya nanopartikel MgO dan MgO@SiO2. Sintesis MgO@SiO2 tanpa surfaktan dan dengan menggunakan surfaktan CTAB, sesuai data SEM memperlihatkan bahwa core-shell MgO@SiO2 yang dihasilkan dengan surfaktan CTAB memiliki struktur yang lebih seragam. Katalis nanopartikel MgO dan katalis core-shell MgO@SiO2 diaplikasikan sebagai katalis utama dalam pembentukan FAME dari rekasi transesterifikasi minyak goreng bekas dengan alkohol rantai pendek, dan FAME yang dihasilkan dikarakterisasi dengan GC-MS. Hasil uji ke dua katalis, MgO dan MgO@SiO2 dalam menghasilkan FAME didapatkan bahwa persen yield menggunakan katalis MgO@SiO2 (72.58%) lebih besar dibandingkan dengan katalis MgO (50.55 %).

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Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is a renewable fuel as an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels. In principle, the production of FAME depends on the transesterification reaction of fatty acids contained in vegetable oils or waste rich in fatty acids such as used cooking oil with short-chain alcohol with the help of a catalyst. In this study, MgO nanoparticles and MgO@SiO2 core-shell materials have been successfully synthesized through the sol-gel method with cationic surfactant (CTAB) as a structural guide. The two catalysts have been characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and BET. All characterization data support the formation of MgO and MgO@SiO2 nanoparticles. Synthesis of MgO@SiO2 without surfactant and using CTAB surfactant, according to SEM data showed that the core-shell MgO@SiO2 produced with CTAB surfactant had a more uniform structure. MgO nanoparticle catalyst and core-shell MgO@SiO2 catalyst were applied as the main catalyst in the formation of FAME from the transesterification reaction of used cooking oil with short-chain alcohol, and the resulting FAME was characterized by GC-MS. In the test results for the two catalysts, MgO and MgO@SiO2 in producing FAME, it was found that the percent yield using the MgO@SiO2 catalyst (72.58%) was greater than the MgO catalyst (50.55%)."

"Kurnia AI, Purwanto E, Mahajoeno E. 2010. Exposure copper heavy metal (Cu) on freshwater mussel (Anodonta woodiana) and its relation to Cu and protein content in the body shell. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 48-53. To determine the relationship of Cu exposure in water to the freshwater mussel exposure experiment is conducted with water containing Cu. Which measured the influence of Cu and protein content in the body shell. This study used the freshwater mussel species, Anodonta woodiana. Oysters were exposed for four weeks in the water with Cu concentration of 0.02 ppm, 0.04 ppm, 0.06 ppm and 0.00 ppm control. Cu content and protein content in the body shells are checked every week. Cu analysis was done by AAS method and the protein content using Kjeldahl method. Cu analysis showed elevated levels of Cu in mussel body after exposure. The pattern of increase in Cu content was not the same, where the pattern of the largest increases occurred after the fourth week. The statistical test showed no significant effect between the treatment with Cu accumulation in the body shell. Protein analysis showed an increase of protein content after exposure of the second week and decreased after the third and fourth weeks. The pattern of changes in protein content varied among the various treatments. The statistical test showed no significant effect between treatment with the protein changes in the body shell. Correlation test of the relationship between concentration of Cu in mussel body protein level showed a positive correlation between them with a fairly good level of relationship (correlation coefficient r =0.836). "

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kesertaan latihan fisik usia dan jabatan dengan pengendalian berat badan karyawan perusahaan T yaitu perusahaan minyak dan gas di Kalimantan Timur Metode Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode potong lintang kepada karyawan perusahaan T yang konsisten mengikuti Medical Check Up MCU dari tahun 2009 ndash 2011 Data sekunder didapatkan dari hasil MCU tahun 2009 ndash 2011 dan daftar hadir latihan fisik di tempat kerja tahun 2009 ndash 2011 Hasil Penelitian Jumlah karyawan yang konsisten mengikuti MCU adalah 110 orang merupakan jumlah sampel yang diteliti Proporsi karyawan dengan berat badan terkendali lebih banyak yang tidak latihan fisik usia 21 ndash 35 tahun dan teknisi Secara statistik menunjukkan proporsi karyawan dengan berat badan terkendali pada kelompok mengikuti latihan fisik tidak berbeda bermakna dengan yang tidak mengikuti latihan fisik OR 0 64 90 CI 0 28 ndash 1 41 proporsi karyawan dengan berat badan terkendali pada kelompok usia 21 ndash 35 tahun tidak berbeda bermakna dengan 35 tahun OR 1 63 90 CI 0 85 ndash 3 40 akan tetapi tingkat pengendalian berat badan karyawan teknisi berbeda bermakna dengan superintendent dan supervisor OR 5 61 90 CI 2 75 ndash 16 46 Analisis multivariat menunjukkan jabatan memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan pengendalian berat badan OR 5 41 90 CI 2 26 ndash 12 92 Dari 29 karyawan yang mengikuti latihan fisik proporsi karyawan dengan berat badan terkendali lebih banyak pada usia 21 ndash 35 tahun dan teknisi Secara statistik menunjukkan bahwa proporsi karyawan dengan berat badan terkendali pada kelompok usia 21 ndash 35 tahun tidak berbeda bermakna dengan 35 tahun OR 3 75 90 CI 1 01 ndash 13 80 akan tetapi tingkat pengendalian berat badan karyawan teknisi berbeda bermakna dengan superintendent dan supervisor OR 7 333 90 CI 1 80 ndash 29 73 Analisis multivariat menunjukkan jabatan memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan pengendalian berat badan OR 5 63 90 CI 1 26 ndash 25 07 Kesimpulan Karyawan teknisi perusahaan T mempunyai peluang memiliki berat badan terkendali 5 415 kali dibanding jabatan lain setelah dikontrol variabel kesertaan latihan fisik dan usia Kata Kunci aktivitas fisik berat badan lebih latihan fisik pengendalian berat badan program pengendalian di tempat kerja.ABSTRACT Background This study was conducted to determine the association between participation in physical exercise age and position with employees body weight control company T which is an oil and gas company in East Kalimantan Method The study was conducted by cross sectional method to employees who consistently perform Medical Check Up MCU in 2009 ndash 2011 Secondary data used were MCU result and attendance list participating in physical exercise in 2009 ndash 2011 at the company T Result The number of employees who consistently perform MCU in 2009 2011 was 110 who became the sample of this study The proportion of employees with controlled body weight was higher among employees who do not participate in physical exercise were at the age 21 ndash 35 years and were technicians There were no significant association between participation in physical exercise and age with controlled body weight but a very significant difference in controlled body weight was found between technicians and superintendent supervisor OR 5 61 90 CI 2 75 to 16 46 Multivariate analysis showed that job position has a very significant association with body weight control ORadj 5 41 90 CI 2 27 to 12 93 Among 29 people who attend physical exercise the proportion of employees with controlled body weight were higher in employees aged 21 ndash 35 years and technicians There were no significant associations between age with controlled body weight but a significant difference in controlled body weight was found between technicians and superintendent supervisor OR 7 33 90 CI 1 81 to 29 73 Multivariate analysis showed that job position has a significant association with body weight control ORadj 5 63 90 CI 1 27 to 25 1 Conclusion Technicians in company T have opportunity to have controlled body weight 5 41 times compared to other positions after controlled by participation rate in physical exercise and age variable Key words body weight control control programs in the work place obesity overweight physical activity physical exercise."

"Ekuitas merek sebuah produk berdasarkan persepsi pelanggan sangat penting diketahui karena hal itu memberikan perhedaan tersendiri dnlam usaha persaingan, dan terhadap pemhangunan nilai merek serta keberhasilan pengelolaan merek. Pemhangunan nilai merek produk ritel SPBU di tengah meningkatnya jumlah merek behan bakar minyak SPBU global yang masuk ke industri minyak dan gas di Indonesia rnemiliki peran besar dalam menghadapi iklim persaingan yang semakin tinggi dan cepat seperti saat inL Ekuitas merek berhasis pelanggan (customer-based brand equity I CBBE) yang positif dapat membawa kepada pendapatan yang lebih besar, biaya yang lebih rendah, dan keuntungan yang Jebih besar dan pada akhirnya membawa kepada sustainable competitive advantage atau keunggulan daya saing lestari bagi perusahaan.

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Customer-Based Brand Equity of a product is critical to be recognized for il provides any differential effect in the framework cf competitiveness, and its contribution toward brand value establishment and also lo the success of managing a brand. The brand value development of station retail product in the mid of increasing amount of global branded fuel entering Indonesian oil and gas industry hold a great role to overcome higher and faster competitive market recently. Positive customer-based brand equity can lead to greater revenue. lower cost. and higher profit which finally deliver to sustainable competitive advantage to the company."

"Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) merupakan tiga faktor penting dari pelaku industri untuk mendukung keberlanjutan (sustainability). Target utama kriteria lingkungan dalam ESG antara lain adalah upaya mengatasi perubahan iklim dengan mengurangi dampak lingkungan dari kegiatan operasi yang dilaksanakan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi potensi dampak lingkungan dari produksi minyak mentah berat di lapangan Zuli melalui melakukan Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) menggunakan software SimaPro. Ruang lingkup penelitian ini adalah cradle-to-gate, meliputi proses pemboran, well service, ekstraksi bahan baku, proses pemisahan, proses flaring, pengangkutan fluida kotor, dan pengolahan air terproduksi. Dengan menggunakan beberapa metodologi karakterisasi dampak, yaitu IPCC 2013, CML-baseline dan non-baseline, dan Cumulative Energy Demand, hasil penilaian dampak menunjukkan bahwa untuk 1 MJ minyak yang dihasilkan, kontribusi potensial 2.49 g CO2-eq GWP, 1.49×10-10 kg CFC11-eq Ozone Layer Depletion, 2.66×10-6 kg PO4-eq Eutrophication, 1.05 MJ Fossil Abiotic Depletion, 9.42×10-10 kg Sb-eq non-Fossil Abiotic Depletion, 1.71×10-5 kg ​​SO2-eq Acidification, 1.10 × 10-4 MJ dan 1.03 × 10-4 MJ Cumulative Energy Demand non-Renewable dan Renewable.

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Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) are three important factors for industry players to support sustainability. The main targets of the environmental criteria in the ESG include efforts to overcome climate change by reducing the environmental impact in every stages of their activities. This study aims to identify the environmental impact of crude oil production in the Zuli field through conducting a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) using SimaPro software. The scope of this research is cradle-to-gate, covering the drilling process, well service, raw material extraction, separation process, flaring process, dirty fluid transportation, and produced water treatment. By using several impact characterization methodologies, namely IPCC 2013, CML-baseline and non-baseline, and Cumulative Energy Demand, the impact results show that for 1 MJ of oil produced, potential to contribute 2.49 g CO2-eq GWP, 1.49×10-10 kg CFC11-eq Ozone Layer Depletion, 2.66×10-6 kg PO4-eq Eutrophication, 1.05 MJ Fossil Abiotic Depletion, 9.42×10-10 kg Sb-eq non-Fossil Abiotic Depletion, 1.71×10-5 kg ​​SO2-eq Acidification, 1.10 × 10-4 MJ and 1.03 × 10-4 MJ Cumulative Energy Demand non-Renewable dan Renewable."

"Fluida Carreau non-Newtonian, yang menunjukkan sifat penipisan geser, memberikan pendekatan yang lebih realistis untuk mensimulasikan fenomena penjarian kental dibandingkan dengan fluida Newtonian. Sifat penipisan geser dari cairan non-Newtonian memungkinkan cairan yang disuntikkan untuk menyerang daerah dengan radius lebih kecil dengan lebih mudah, yang dapat mempengaruhi proses penjarian kental dan mendorong pembentukan jari. Sebaliknya, simulasi Pinilla et al. (2021) yang memanfaatkan fluida Newton tidak memberikan gambaran yang lengkap dan detail tentang bagaimana jari kental dapat terjadi dalam situasi kehidupan nyata. Simulasi penulis, yang menggabungkan sifat fluida non-Newtonian, menawarkan gambaran fenomena viscous fingering yang lebih realistis, mirip dengan eksperimen yang dilakukan oleh Doorwar dan Mohanty (2015), di mana CFD dapat mensimulasikan VF dalam 3D dengan meniru fitur umum dari fenomena ini. , seperti kelahiran jari, penggabungan atau penggabungan, pemblokiran, pemisahan ujung, dan perluasan jari utama. Porositas dapat memainkan peran penting dalam mempengaruhi kemunculan dan pertumbuhan jari-jari kental pada media berpori, mempengaruhi faktor-faktor seperti penekanan jari dan interaksi dengan rasio viskositas. Dalam hal ini, nilai porositas terendah yaitu 0,29 merupakan simulasi terbaik karena membentuk semua parameter yang dibutuhkan lebih baik dibandingkan dua nilai porositas lainnya. Dengan memvariasikan nilai porositas, kita dapat mengetahui nilai porositas mana yang paling sesuai dengan simulasi kita yang dapat dengan mudah membuat parameter jari kental yang diperlukan, seperti pemisahan, perpindahan, dan penggabungan.

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Non-Newtonian Carreau fluids, which exhibit shear-thinning properties, provide a more realistic approach to simulating viscous fingering phenomena compared to Newtonian fluids. The shear-thinning property of non-Newtonian fluids allows the injected fluid to invade smaller-radius regions more easily, which can affect the viscous fingering process and promote the formation of fingers. In contrast, Pinilla et al.'s (2021) simulation, which utilizes Newtonian fluids, does not provide a complete and detailed picture of how viscous fingers can occur in real-life situations. The author's simulation, which incorporates non-Newtonian fluid traits, offers a more realistic portrayal of the viscous fingering phenomenon, similar to the experiments conducted by Doorwar and Mohanty (2015), where the CFD can simulate VF in 3D emulating common features of this phenomenon, such as finger birth, merge or coalesce, blocking, tip-splitting, and expansion of main fingers. Porosity can play a significant role in influencing the occurrence and growth of viscous fingers in porous media, affecting factors such as finger suppression and the interplay with viscosity ratios. In this case, the lowest value of porosity, which is 0.29, serves as the best simulation as it forms all the needed parameters better than the other two values of porosity. By varying the value of porosity, we can learn which value of porosity serves our simulation the best that could easily create the needed parameters of the viscous finger, such as the splitting, displacement, and coalescence."

"Dalam upaya peningkatan produksi minyak mentah di Indonesia, lapangan minyak marginal dengan karakteristik minyak berat pun menjadi penting untuk dilakukan studi kelayakannya. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan studi pencampuran minyak berat-berat dari lapangan marginal dan pengaruhnya terhadap harga minyak dan kelancaran transportasi perpipaan dengan pendekatan Flow Assurance. Minyak dari lapangan marginal X diangkut ke Gathering Station (GS) menggunakan truk minyak untuk dicampur dengan minyak Y. Simulasi flow assurance dilakukan pada pipa eksisting dari GS ke kilang. Blending Simulator dengan variasi Blending ratio (BR) digunakan untuk mendapatkan kualitas minyak campuran, berupa oAPI, pengotor, Wax Content, dan Wax Appearance Temperature. Sedangkan simulator OLGA dengan variasi BR dan temperature digunakan untuk memperoleh profil temperatur dan pengendapan wax. Perhitungan Indonesian Crude Price (ICP) menggunakan formula ICP Individu yang diperoleh dari analisis regresi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa minyak X memenuhi kelayakan teknis untuk diproduksi mengunakan metode blending dengan sesama minyak berat, tanpa harus membangun infrastruktur mandiri yang signifikan ataupun mengubah kondisi operasi pipa eksisting. Proses pencampuran minyak berat-berat ini dapat meningkatkan kualitas dan harga minyak dengan tetap menjamin tercapainya Flow Assurance. Proyeksi waktu pigging adalah 298 hari dan dengan BR X:Y tertinggi 8:2 didapat margin harga 1,5495 USD/BBL. Sehingga, total penambahan pendapatan adalah 88.977,41 USD/day.

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In an effort to increase oil production, the feasibility study about heavy crude oil from marginal field becomes important to do. This research discussed about the effect of blending heavy oil and marginal heavy oil in Sumatera towards crude price and pipeline transportation using Flow Assurance (FA) approach. Oil from marginal field X was transported to Gathering Station (GS) using oil trucks to be blended with oil Y. FA analysis was carried out on existing pipeline from GS to Refinery Unit. Blending Simulator with Blending Ratio (BR) variation was used to get the blended oil qualities and OLGA simulators with BR and temperature variations were used to obtain Temperature and Wax Deposition profiles. Indonesian Crude Price (ICP) calculation used Individual ICP formula obtained from a regression analysis. The results showed that oil X is feasible to be produced by blending method, without having to build significant infrastructure or change the operating conditions of existing pipelines. This blending process can improve the quality and crude price while still ensuring the achievement of Flow Assurance. The projected pigging time is 298 days. With BR X:Y at 8:2, a margin of 1.5495 USD/BBL was obtained. Thus, the total additional revenue was 88,977.41 USD/day."